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By FRANK RIEBERS

IN DISCUSSING the selection of a geophysical method, much of what the writer will say is applicable to any of the various methods and to their use in prospecting, whether for oil or for other minerals. Specifically, the writer's subject is the problem, particularly pressing on the Pacific Coast, of checking the rising cost of the discovery of new fields by the proper employment of geophysical methods. Table I was prepared from statistics published by the California State Milling Bureau. The writer selected five of the largest a:ld most active companies operating in California, segregated the number of wild-

Jan 1, 1930

By Cyril Smith

THE method of thermal analysis, so important in the development of metallographic science, has of recent years been falling into disuse owing to the development of other physical methods which give results easier of interpretation and which can be used for the study of either equilibrium or transitional conditions because they do not require a continuously changing temperature. Nevertheless thermal analysis remains useful in the study of reactions that take place rapidly, and the simplicity of the experimental technique and the general availability of the apparatus involved are points in its favor. Theoretically, thermal analysis is capable of giving specific and latent heat measurements and therefore should permit the study of reactions on a more fundamental basis than any other method. It is, however, difficult or impossible to obtain quantitative heat measurements from cooling curves obtained in the usual way. Even if the furnace containing the sample is cooled or heated at a linear rate, or if a gradient furnace is employed to maintain a constant rate over a large range of tempera-ture, the heat flow from or to the specimen depends on its previous his-tory, for the difference of temperature between the specimen and its surroundings varies. The emissivity of the specimen surface, moreover, is unlikely to be constant. The able mathematical analysis by Russell,1 although it prevents misinterpretation of data, has an effect rather the reverse of that intended, and leaves the reader doubtful of the possibility of ever obtaining quantitative results from thermal curves. Nothing can be done to apply thermal analysis to the study of equilib-rium conditions of reactions that are not completed at rates of tempera-ture change below about 1° C. per minute, and this unfortunately excludes most solid transformations in alloys. ? For the determination of liquidus

Jan 1, 1939

By Tell Ertl

THE term oil shale is defined. Foreign oil-shale developments are outlined briefly, The richest and most extensive oil-shale deposits in the United States lie in Western Colorado. The Bureau of Mines is opening two adjacent areas for underground mining in Western Colorado. From the first area the oil shale is mined selectively as required by the retorting plant. The second area is being developed as a unit of a full scale oil-shale mine to ascertain the most practical methods of mining oil shale and to determine costs. In both of these mining areas, research will be carried on to develop new and improved practices for mining oil shale.

Jan 1, 1947

By Craig R. Barrett, Oleg D. Sherby

The creep characteristics of four pure metals with widely Varying stacking-fault energies (silver, copper, nickel, and aluminum) were evaluated above 0.5Tm. Creep tests were performed under conditions of constant atomic diffusivity and constant stress over the elaslic modulus. The sleady-state creep rate, Es, was found to he a funclion of the THE most common empirical representation of the steady-state creep rate, Es, at high temperatures and intermediate stresses is of the form where a is the applied stress, E is an elastic constant, A and n are constants (n is typically stacking-fault energ, y, such that Es is proportional to y3,5. In addition, it was uncovered that the primary creep strain and the strain to fracture increased with increasing y, and that the ratio of initial to steady-state creep rate decreased with increasing y. about 5), Q is the activation energy for creep (usually equal to that for self-diffusion), and kT has its usual meaning. sherbyl and McLean and ale' have used this expression to correlate creep data for a number of pure metals. An interesting aspect of Eq. [I] is the absence of any dependence on the stacking-fault energy. While most creep data seem to obey the stress and temperature dependence predicted by Eq. [I], when data for several metals are put on a master plot they do not fall on a common line but form a band. The width of this band corresponds to a variation in Es of 102 to l03. sherbyl attempted to explain this band by assuming that a grain-size effect was present which led to the observed variation. On the other hand, Felt-

Jan 1, 1965

By M. E. Wadsworth, K. J. Richards

The oxidation rates of tantalum in various partial pressures of carbon dioxide in the temperature range 700°to 950°C were measured with a thermo-gravimetric balance. Oxidation involved a surface -controlled reaction associated with the formation of a nonprotective layer of Ta2O5. Below about 720°C, there was a change in the rate-determining mechanism, and above 830°C the linear rate was preceded by a complex region of nonlinear oxidation behavior. The linear oxidation of tantalum has been explained quantitatively in terms of carbon dioxide adsorption, followed by a rate-controlling surface reaction. The initial adsorption has been expressed both as an equilibrium process and as a steady-state reaction. The enthalpy for chemisorption of CO, was determined to be -17.3 kcal per mole. The surface-controlled reaction had an activation enthalpy of 40.4 kcal per mole. A considerable amount of interest has been shown in recent years in the oxidation of tantalum and the nature of the oxide film produced. This interest is associated with the increasing demand in our technology for structural materials to withstand high temperatures and corrosive atmospheres. The low oxidation resistance of tantalum has severely restricted its application as a high-strength, high-temperature material. As a fundamental approach to the realization of the full poten- tials of this metal, the kinetics of the oxidation of tantalum in oxygen and air have been extensively studied; however, very little work has been reported on the effect of other gases, including carbon dioxide. According to Miller,' the only reported study of the reaction between tantalum and dry carbon dioxide is a restricted observation by O'Driscoll et al.2 at 8 atm absolute pressure and 500°C. Therefore, this study was made to investigate the reaction of tantalum with carbon dioxide. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS The vacuum-annealed tantalum used in this study was obtained from Fansteel Metallurgical Corp. as 0.025-mm-thick sheet stock. This material had less than 0.1 pct total impurities, and the maximum individual impurity concentrations were

Jan 1, 1964

By D. M. Deason, R. M. Chhatre, G. Y. Onoda

INTRODUCTION The treatment of colloidal suspensions is a subject of increasing interest in mining and benefication (1). Colloidal suspensions are not readily operated upon by mechanical and physical methods useful with coarse suspensions, such as filtration, thickening, and flotation. This is because colloids are strongly affected by interfacial and interparticle forces that may be large compared with, and resistant to, external forces. The degree and type of interactions between colloids can be modified by small additions of reagents such as coagulants, flocculants, dispersants, and immiscible liquids. These alterations in turn change the properties of the suspension and provide possible opportunities for transforming suspensions to a more favorable condition for a given processing operation. Phosphate slimes are an example of a colloidal system of interest today. In the mining and beneficiation of phosphate rock in Florida, slimes are a waste product. The phosphate ore (called matrix in the industry) is slurrified hydraulically and pumped to a beneficiation plant, where the -150 mesh material is removed by cycloning from the coarser phosphate rock and silica. The resulting -150 mesh slurry, called phosphate slime, is pumped to large impoundments. The solid content of the slime entering the impoundment is around four weight percent, and over 80% of the solids is less than one micron in size. The immediate problems with phosphate slime relate to their disposal (2, 3). The disposal problem is associated with the very large volumes and the poor dewatering characteristics of the slimes. To have sufficient impoundment volume, large earthen dams are built around the mined areas. The volume above ground level approaches and

Jan 1, 1980

By Michael K. O’Leary, William D. Coplin

Risks from political instability and government policies restricting equity ownership, local operations and transfers of payments affect the profitability of foreign mining ventures. More than seat-of-the-pants judgments and old-boy networks are required to anticipate these risks and to take actions appropriate to offsetting them. A system for making political forecasts, called the Prince System, and a series of charts relaying risks to a production of key minerals has been developed.

Jan 1, 1985

By Joseph Jensen

No outstanding example of an important producing unit operation exists in California today where the competitive drilling drainage feature is or was entirely eliminated We need not feel, however, that the thought of unit operation had its birth in 1924, when Henry L. Doherty named and sponsored it so strongly before the American Petroleum Institute and our own organization. No man or company in California ever drilled a wildcat well without exerting every possible effort to get all of the structure, so as to control drilling and avoid competition. Overproduction did not begin in 1923, so there has always been the wish to avoid it. In this state the practice of selling acreage around a wildcat has not been followed, except possibly in rare instances. The operator drilling the wildcat knew he must pay the bill alone, so he endeavored to get the benefit of his effort by tying up all of the land around his well and by so planning his different lease obligations as to avoid as much offsetting as possible. If he failed to get all of the land, it was because someone's price was too high, some other oil man also had the same idea and already held some lands, a competitor took leases away from him while his work was still incomplete, or (as was so often the case) the hidden structure when developed did not prove to be where the wildcatter thought it would be. The last named condition often led to a forced drilling campaign by the last leases secured and thus to serious drilling drainage problems. Ownership of the Land The land situation differs a great deal in various parts of the state. In the San Joaquin Valley, all the land is surveyed into sections and townships. Railroad land grants embraced a part of the land. In the areas that were developed at an early date, as at Kern River, Coalinga, McKittrick and the Sunset-Midway field, such land as the railroad company's diligent land department had been unable to sell for a song as grazing land still remained in its ownership. Operation and ownership

Jan 1, 1930

By W. E. D. Stokes

The faster that aircraft fly the sooner some new and stronger material must be found to take the place of the present aluminum alloy used in all-metal planes. Experts of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. in studying hi-speed aircraft, are convinced that the present all-metal plane, of semi-monocoque, aluminum alloy construction, is not the ultimate in aircraft design. Magnesium alloys and steel are under consideration.

Jan 1, 1942

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE,. Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. Boston HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE, HENRY A. WENTWORTH. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY, S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 8, 1914

By W. Blaschke, E. Malysa

INTRODUCTION In recent years in Poland, a problem connected with the occurrence of a considerable amount of liberated galena grains in size fractions under 1mm has arisen in the zinc-lead processing area. Operating practices have included crushing of ore particles under 0.2 mm followed by flotation. Jigs were applied to separate the concentrates from size fractions under 10 mm and to prevent the galena overgrinding. However, the fractions being too wide, the jigs have not worked effectively, in spite of the great differences in specific gravities of galena, blende and gangue minerals. Fine galena grains move into light fractions in considerable amounts and hence are overground. Therefore, the flotation becomes difficult and galena is lost in its tailings. These losses could be avoided by introducing separation in the grinding and classification circuits. The amount of 0-1 mm fraction is great; therefore, the application of concentrating tables or other kinds of jigs is impossible from an economic point of view. Taking these factors into account, the possibility of application of pinched-sluices was investigated. These are simple devices without moving parts, they have a high output for the unit areas, and their water and energy consumptions are low. In this paper, the results of zinc-lead ores beneficiation in pinched-sluices are presented.

Jan 1, 1980

By Chester B. White

ARGENTINA is a country that has never been properly prospected. This is my settled conclusion after reporting on mines in this country ever since 1914, crossing all the mining provinces from Chubut, in the South, to the territory of Los Andes, in the North, chiefly on muleback. It is difficult and costly to get from one district to another. Apart from petroleum, some mineral discoveries have been made but they have been the result of casual rather than systematic work. In Neuquen, Mendoza, San Juan, Cordoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, and Los Andes attempts at mine development have resulted in failures, involving in each instance several million pesos.

Jan 1, 1937

By I. L. Dillamore

I. L. Dillamore (University of Birmingham)—The different textures developed in various fcc metals have long awaited satisfactory explanation and it has now become clear that these differences are related to parallel differences in the deformation characteristics of the metals. Liu is correct, therefore, in seeking to account for the observed textures in terms of the flow mechanisms but I believe, for the reasons outlined below, that the particular interpretation of flow mechanisms proposed by Liu is open to substantial objections. By considering the forty-eight possible designations of the twelve octahedral slip systems found in fcc metals as distinct and separate deformation modes, Liu has fallen into the error of assuming that only positive glide dislocations associated with each system are present. In fact both positive and negative dislocations will be present and the only difference between for instance the systems B4 and B4' (in Liu's notation) is that under a stress of given sign the direction of motion of a dislocation is reversed on changing from B4 to B4'. For both orientations positive and negative dislocations will be present. In considering possible dislocation interactions it is, therefore, inadmissible to differentiate between R4 and R4' as Liu does. Liu considers those dislocation interactions which give the biggest reduction in energy to be the most favorable and neglects, on the grounds that they will form strong barriers to slip, interactions between dislocations with perpendicular Burgers vectors. Setting aside interactions between positive and negative dislocations of the same slip system, which must occur regardless of the combination of slip systems chosen, the biggest reduction in energy occurs for the Lomer-Cottrell interaction and it is Lomer-Cottrell barriers which are thought to provide the stronger dislocation obstacles. On the other hand the intersection of dislocations with perpendicular Burgers vectors is thought to be a low-energy process which contributes only a fairly small temperature-dependent part of the total work hardening. On this basis it seems doubtful whether the reduction in energy through possible dislocation interactions provides a reasonable criterion for choosing the operative slip systems. From the point of view of texture development it is unsatisfactory to ignore the slip rotations leading to an end position and to neglect to consider the stability of the chosen end point. It is also unsatisfactory to treat the two stress axes as interchangeable since, if the stress system is idealized as biaxial, one stress is compressive and the other is tensile. For the same reason the rotations of the two stress axes are not made compatible simply by assuming that the same slip directions are responsible for the rotations of the two stress axes. It is, in short, essential to treat the two stress axes as acting together on the same slip systems. Turning to the question of the difference between the copper-type and the brass-type texture, there now remains little doubt that the difference is attributable to differences in stacking-fault energy (y), as noted by Liu, but it is doubtful whether the temperature dependence of the texture in copper and in silver is due to increasing stacking-fault energy with increasing temperature. The results of Swann and Nutting42 cited by Liu were obtained in Cu-A1 alloys and the apparent increase in stacking-fault energy on raising the temperature may be influenced by short-range ordering. In pure metals such effects are absent and the only data available on the variation of y with temperature are those of Buhler et a1.43 for silver. They report a minimum at 200°C which does not fit the hypothesis put forward by Liu. It is much more likely that thermal activation of cross slip is important in determining which texture develops, as proposed by Dillamore and tors. These workers have proposed an explanation for the differences in observed texture among the fcc metals and the pole figures predicted consist of an orientation spread which is in better agreement with observation than the limited number of discrete orientations suggested by Liu. The theory of Dillamore and Roberts is also able to account for the differences between aluminum and copper which Liu still leaves unexplained. Y. C. Liu (author's veply)—The writer appreciates the interest of Dr. Dillamore, but must discuss some of his comments in order to avoid cross purposes. The phrase, "forty-eight slip systems," which appeared twice in the text—in the caption of Fig. 1 and the first paragraph in the Discussion—might unfortunately have led Dr. Dillamore to disagree

Jan 1, 1965

By J. H. Frye, R. M. Treco

ONE of the chief hindrances to an understanding of the hardness of solid solutions is the sparsity of suitable hardness data. There is great need of a large body of hardness data obtained from many different alloys of high purity by identical testing methods and corrected to correspond to a single grain size. A considerable amount of such data has been obtained by means of the Meyer analysis on copper-rich and silver-rich solid solutions. There are enough of these data to permit comparison of numerous alloys at equal solute concentration in these two solvents, but only in a few cases is it possible to construct hardness-concentration curves for any given alloy. Therefore additional hardness work on most of these alloys is desirable. The primary solid solutions of silver with cadmium, indium, tin, or antimony as solute are of special interest, since all elements are from the same period of the periodic table and since, as shown previously,1 the hardening effect of equal percentages of these solutes is proportional to the lattice expansion produced by them. This paper presents the relation between hardness and concentration in the silver-antimony system from very dilute to nearly saturated solutions of antimony in silver. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Alloys were made from silver, 99.99 per cent pure, and antimony, 99.975 per cent pure. Silver and antimony were placed in graphite crucibles that had an ash content of less than 0.75 per cent. These metals were melted and allowed to solidify in a vacuum, which, after melting was complete, was usually equivalent to 3 mm. Of mercury. A high-frequency furnace was used. The ingots so obtained were worked and annealed to lessen segregation and to control grain size. Annealing was done in evacuated and sealed glass tubes. Hardness measurements on specimens from these ingots were by means of the Meyer analysis.3,4 Using a 4-mm.. ball, impressions were made under seven loads from 25 to 400 kg. The diameter of impression made under each load was measured. This enabled calculation of the constants in the well-known formula of Meyer. L=ad¬n where L = load, d = diameter of impression, a = a constant, n = a constant The Meyer hardness is defined as P = L/(1/4pd2) or P = 4adn-2/p Meyer hardnesses corresponding to d = 1 and to d = 4 are of especial interest, since the first corresponds to comparatively slight plastic deformation and the second to the maximum plastic deformation producible by penetration of the ball. These

Jan 1, 1944

By Wm. Terry Siemers, Frank E. Kottlowski, George S. Austin

The value of industrial rocks and minerals produced in New Mexico in 1978 exceeded $227 million. The state ranked first in the nation in production of potash and perlite and was a leader in pumice production. Other commodities with sizable production in New Mexico include barite, caliche, clay, dimension stone, fuorspar, gypsum, humate, limestone, mica, salt, sand and gravel, scoria, and silica sand. Non-metallic resources are distributed throughout the state, but development and exploitation is concentrated in western and southeastern New Mexico. The value of industrial rocks and minerals within the state grew about 9% to more than $227 million in 1978. Continued growth, however, depends on continued demand, exploration, and development.

Jan 1, 1982

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman. WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman. . THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Boston HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE, HENRY A. WENTWORTH. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY, S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 6, 1914

By G. W. Doepel, W. P. Sibley

A three-dimensional, multilayer, mathematical model has been developed for predicting performance by mis-c.ible displacement. Areal and vertical coverage, total gas-oil ratio, propane-oil ratio and oil-recovery factor for the multilayer system are computed as functions of hydrocarbon pore volumes of solvent injected. The technique has been programed for use on the IBM-7090 digital computer and was used in calculating perfortnance for continuous miscible displacement of a five-spot, 50-layer .system. Results reported are based on the use of published laboratory data for a single, uniform five-spot layer. However, the technique is sufficiently generalized to calculate performance of any system of layers of any pattern configuration and mobility ratio, provided data are available to describe perfortilance of a single layer. The technique has also been adapted for predicting oil recovery resulting from various gas-driven slug sizes. The results presented for both continuous and slug-type injection show, that permeability variation has 0 significant effect on oil recovery but that solvent composition, within the range studied, has a lesser effect on oil recovery. INTRODUCTION Experience from many of the miscible-phase displacement projects currently in operation indicates that the injected solvent flows preferentially through the more permeable zones in the reservoir. This preferential solvent flow in the high-permeability streaks results in a reduction of vertical coverage (C,) and an attendant decrease in oil recovery. The multilayer technique presented in this paper uses areal coverage (C.,) data for a single layer from the literature and from laboratory measurements of displacement efficiency (herein referred to as microscopic coverage, C,,) to calculate areal coverage (C,) and vertical coverage (C,) for the multilayer system. Oil recovery for the multilayer system is obtained as the product of (Ca) (Cm) (Cv). It is assumed that C, in a single layer is 100 per cent; therefore, (C,) (Cm) is a measure of oil recovery from that layer. Data presented in the literature for a single layer generally deal only with areal coverage and/or microscopic coverage —but seldom specifically with oil recovery. Nevertheless, this technique is flexible in that either Ca and C,, of an individual layer or a direct measurement of oil recovery for the layer may be used. In developing this technique, the problem arose concerning a method of determining the relative amounts of solvent that will enter each layer during any increment of solvent injected. To solve the problem, a dimensionless equation was derived for expressing solvent injected into each layer as a fraction of total injection. A finite-difference method was applied in integrating the equation to determine oil recovery for the system of layers as a function of pore volumes injected. The technique subsequently was programed for solution on a digital computer. The method was applied to predict performance of a deep California reservoir under continuous miscible displacement and has been extended for calculating oil recovery as a function of slug size for gas-driven slug injection. The technique may be applied to any petroleum reservoir that can be adequately represented as a layered system, by considering permeability variation,1-3 permeability range and average permeability. Each layer is then assigned its appropriate permeability, porosity and hydrocarbon saturation. RESERVOIR VOLUME CONTACTED BY SOLVENT It has been recognized for some time that high microscopic coverage (C,) can be obtained by injecting a miscible agent, such as propane, into an oil reservoir. These high values of C,,, have been demonstrated in the laboratory and are normally between 80 and 100 per cent, depending on solvent and reservoir oil composition as well as on reservoir temperature and pressure. In miscible-phase displacement, because there is no interface between solvent and oil, effective permeability to solvent is the same as that to oil. (This assumes that oil saturation has not changed and that water is immobile.) Consequently, mobility ratio (M) simply reduces to that of viscosity ratio . Perrine4 and Habermann5 have shown that large

By LOWELL LAWRENCE

MAGNETITE minim and milling in the Eastern States continued at a low rate of production during 1934. The year's output was 50 per cent greater than in 1933, but when one considers that the 1934 output was only 1.5 per cent of the combined plant capacities of the eastern iron ore producers, the far-reaching effect of unrestricted importation of foreign ores and pig iron is apparent. The Chateaugay Ore and Iron Co., at Lyon Mountain, N. Y., produced 1.00,136 gross tons of concentrated and sintered ore up to Nov.1, when operations were closed clown. At Mineville, the Witherbee, Sherman Corp. confined its productivity to part-time operation of its Old Bed and Harmony mines front May 1 Lo Oct. 27. This period of activity was brought about by the use of Mineville ores in the recent blast made by the Green Island furnace at Troy, N. Y. The Forest of Dean property at Fort Montgomery, N, Y., has continued closed down during the year.

Jan 1, 1935

By C. S. Finney, John Mitchell

The growing popularity in the United States of the vertical-flue even was emphasized when in 1905 the United States Steel Corp. chose the Koppers oven as the type which best suited their requirements. Heinrich Koppers was born on November 23. 1872. at a small farm in Walbeck near Geldern on the lower Rhine. When young Koppers was eight years old, however the family moved away from the farm to the industrial city of Bochum in the Ruhr. Here Koppers attended public school and subsequently served an apprenticeship to a tinsmith before taking a job as a lathe operator with a local steel company. He had ambitions to be much more than a machinist, however, and used his week-ends and evenings to improve his theoretical background by taking courses at a vocational-training school in Bochum. After winning the highest honor the school could bestow (the silver Staats-medaille), Koppers went on to continue his education at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Hüttenschule in Duisberg. One of his teachers there, Fritz Wüst who later became a professor at the Technische Hochschule at Aachen, recognizing Koppers' unusual abilities, predicted for him a great future. In 1894 Heinrich Koppers joined the firm of Dr. C. Otto and Co. in Dahlhausen, and in 1899 while superintendent of the Mathias Stinnes mine he built his first battery of ovens for Hugo Stinnes, the German industrialist. Two years later he started his own organization, and in 1902 he made Essen his headquarters. It was to Essen that a group of engineers from the United States Steel Corp. went in 1906 with an invitation to Koppers to design and supervise the construction of four batteries of ovens at the Joliet works of the Illinois Steel Co. Each battery was to consist of 70 ovens. Arriving in the United States in 1907, Koppers established a branch of his firm in Joliet, and construction began. The first battery was fired on July 27, 1908. Rugged and simple, these ovens incorporated basic design features which were to make the Koppers oven and its future modifications the choice of a very large segment of the by-product coking industry of America. The 280 ovens at Joliet were 35 ft long, 8 ¾ ft in height, and tapered from 21 to 17 in. The total daily capacity of the four batteries was 2240 tons of coke. The ovens were of the new cross-regenerative type; that is, instead of longitudinal regenerators serving an entire battery, as in the older Koppers ovens, cross regenerators for each separate oven were employed. Fuel gas was supplied from the side of the battery through ducts in the brickwork known as gun flues, which reached to the center of the battery under the vertical heating-flues. Removable, ceramic gas-nozzles fitted at the top of each gun flue helped to insure good control over the distribution of the fuel gas, and uniform heating conditions were also promoted by regulating the air supply to, and the suction in, each heating flue. A different refractory w& used for each battery. One was built of American silica brick, one of American quartzite, and two of imported German quartzite. The installation at Joliet proved to be very successful, and in 1911, 490 additional' Koppers ovens were built for the Illinois Steel Co. at the great new steelworks at Gary, Ind. By 1912 the H. Koppers Co. had established its headquarters in Chicago and was rapidly extending its business to include construction for such iron and steel companies as the Woodward Iron Co. at Woodward, Ma. (80 ovens in 1912); the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Rail- road Co. at Fairfield, Ala. (280 ovens in 1912); the Inland Steel Co. at Indiana Harbor, Ind. (86 ovens during 1913 and 1914) ; and the Republic Iron and Steel Co. at Youngstown, Ohio (68 ovens in 1913). In 1914 a group of men in Pittsburgh bought a major shareholding in the H. Koppers Co., and moved the headquarters of the organization from Chicago to their own city. Under its new management the company was highly successful in obtaining a large share of the contracts for by-product installations built during World War I. In 1917 the remaining German interests in the company were

Jan 1, 1961

By W. T. Thom

All engineering education is faced by certain basic problems, three of which seem to have particular present importance in geological engineering training in general, and in respect to training for oil field geo-exploratory work in particular. Problem i The first of these problems has to do with present and future educational objectives and with the numbers and qualities of the men who should be coming out of our geo-exploratory training programs. Before the war we needed ever-increasing numbers of graduates at the Bachelor's level and a very much smaller number of men who had reached the Doctorate degree. Now, with more difficult, more extensive, and more costly exploratory work; with a rapid expansion of company "staff" activities, and with the initiation of many new research organizations and laboratories; it is clear that men of exceptional ability will be more and more in demand, and that the schools will need to carry a greater proportion of their students through to the Ph.D, degree. Problem 2 Assuming that the mineral industries will need an increasing supply of well-qualified Ph.D.s for future geoexploratory work (staff, line and research), can the schools expect to provide this supply of able Ph.D.s merely by expanding the proportion of B.S. and B.A. majors who go on through to the doctorate stage of training? And the answer is definitely "No"—as the situation stands at present. Most A.B. graduates are years short of the preparations in basic science and elementary engineering prerequisite to effective graduate study in the geoexploratory fields (paleontology ex-cepted), and similarly many of the annual crop of B.S. graduates lack adequate training in English; in ancient and modern history; and in the modern principles of labor and public relations. Indeed, several basic problems of undergraduate curricular organization and integration remain to be solved before most recipients of a Bachelor's degree will have that sound and broad educational foundation prerequisite to graduate training on a really effective basis. It is for these reasons that we have continued to experiment with our geological engineering program at Princeton, in an endeavor to provide a pilot-plant demonstration of a suitably broad and flexible undergraduate curriculum. Problem 3 But assuming that the schools can and do get undergraduate curricula set up in proper phase and scale to meet needed enrollment quotas for graduate training, what about the most urgent part of our whole mineral-industry educational problem? What about finding and bringing into mineral-industry training those youngsters of superior ability who are, by potential or known inclination, especially well-qualified for geoexploratory work?

Jan 1, 1949