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A new departure of unusual importance in Institute annals was in-augurated by the trip of President Philip N. Moore to the Local Sections at Nevada, Southern California, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Montana, Utah, and Colorado. Everywhere the visit of the President was the occasion of an enthusiastic and successful meeting, which is reflected in the account, published under the different Sections in this and other Bulletins. The President also joined the members of the Columbia Section in their visit to Nelson, British Columbia, at the International Mining Convention, which was attended by mining engineers of Canada and the United States. The President of the Canadian Mining Institute, as well as the officers and members of the Western Section also attended this convention. For full particulars we recommend to our readers the ac- count of this very interesting meeting, which is given on another page of this. Bulletin. It is believed that this is the first meeting between the mining engineers of America and any other country since America joined the Allies. The Secretary of the Institute accompanied the President at the first four meetings and was expecting to attend the others also, but was called home by a death in his family.

Jan 7, 1917

By S. J. Aparo

After surveying the beneficiation techniques in the Florida phosphate field, it is apparent that optimum beneficiation of this ore is a difficult task. Due to continually changing grade, size distribution and basic nature of the ore, there appears to be no universal technique nor a single reagent entirely satisfactory for achieving optimum metallurgy under these dynamic conditions. Although no major change in the basic flow sheet has been made in the last 20 years, there have been many refinements of the process in recent years which have helped increase production, improve recovery, lower unit cost of operation and make the beneficiation of lower grade deposits economically feasible. Among the significant changes is the use of larger plants and equipment which has helped to increase production significantly. The use of cyclones has facilitated and reduced the cost of slimes removal in these large plants. There have also been several new approaches to the flotation of coarse phosphate that are mentioned in the text of this paper. Lastly, significant improvements have also taken place in the area of flotation reagents.

Jan 1, 1970

By A. H. Jones, J Leasia, S. J. Green, R. D. Perkins

Previously, two groups have conducted studies in order to define the influences of the intermediate principal stress. Mogi studied biaxial compression on prisms of Dunham dolomite and concluded that the intermediate principal stress should be taken into account. His study showed that failure strength increases with increasing [02], but less than the strength increase with increasing confining pressure. Handin, Heard, and Mogouirk's study on cylinders of Solenhofen limestone in torsion also found that the strength depends on the magnitude of [02]. More recent investigations by Mogi varying all three principal stresses independently and by Wawersik varying two of the principal stresses independently provide more detailed data confirming the effect of [02] on failure. All these tests were at low strain rates, and only the work of Wawersik reports measurement of all strains. The investigation here measures axial and transverse strains and included uniaxial and triaxial stress compression tests and biaxial stress tests using tubular samples (axial load and internal or external fluid pressure) at strain rates to 103/sec to provide the stress-strain response and to define the maximum stress or yield locus of Solenhofen limestone and Westerly granite.

Jan 1, 1971

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is .desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 6, 1917

I have attended these meetings, every year, since 1926 and have served on both the Pittsburgh and the National Executive Committees, so that I am fully aware - of the ruling of this organization regarding, "No Papers by Vendors". Since I am now classified as a VENDOR, I wish to express my sincere appreciation for the invitation to formally discuss these very interesting papers --all of which herald the coming of an entirely new era in the manufacture of quality steels. I also appreciate the references by Mr. Mosser and Dr. Swinkels to my first paper on the oxygen probe which was presented at the meeting of this group, here in Chicago, in 1966 and was subsequently published in the NOH Proceedings of that year. (1)

Jan 1, 1972

Jan 1, 1940

Plans have been completed with only details to be arranged for the first Metals Branch Conference in the Northwest. The two day meeting will be held jointly with the Industrial Minerals Div. on Friday and Saturday, May 9 and 10, 1952, at the Davenport Hotel in Spokane, Wash. For, some time the metals activities in this area have been neglected. Expansion of metal producing and fabricating industries in Washington and neighboring states has brought sufficient interest to insure the success of such a meeting. A committee has been hard at work for several months. Nonferrous extractive metallurgy men will find an extensive program in the April issue of JOURNAL OF METALS. Sessions for iron and steel producers, physical metallurgists, and educators will make the Metals Branch picture complete. Metals Branch members residing in Washington, British Columbia, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah, or who can be in the Northwest at this time should make plans now to attend. A Metals Branch luncheon is planned for Friday and a dinner jointly with the Industrial Minerals Div. is planned for Saturday according to F. R. Morral, metallurgist with the metallurgical research div. of Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., P. O. Box 1451, Spokane, Wash.

Jan 1, 1952

Zinc is just now a very important metal. Its use in cartridges and shrapnel brass are in the public eye. But its uses after the war are no less important. Brass as an engineering material for electrical machin-ery, journal bearings, and plumbing fixtures takes fully 50 per cent. of the production, and its use in these lines would have been increased in the last few years but for the price. Its use for barbed wire is probably more in war time than in peace. In the composition of paints, it is becoming more and more necessary. One of the forms of pigment, litho- pone, is the base of nearly all interior wall paints; of all the sanitary enamels for bath-rooms and bath-tubs, and is now in great demand. Zinc oxide is also increasing in use for paint, and for manufacture of linoleum. When we realize that this district-Missouri, Oklahoma, Kansas and Arkansas-produces now over one-third of the zinc ore of the world, it is at once seen that a meeting where the geology, mining, concentration

Jan 6, 1917

URANIUM is commonly recovered by either column ion exchange (IX) or basket ion exchange (RIP) from solutions resulting from sulfuric acid leaching of uranium-bearing ores. In both operations a solid state ion exchanging resin is used, the major difference being that practically clear uranium pregnant solutions are required for passage through resin columns whereas in RIP, leach slurries from which only the sands have been removed are caused to flow through ion exchanging resins contained in baskets. The solvent extraction process as used for recovering uranium from acid leach solutions is also an ion exchanging process, but one in which the ion exchanging medium is a liquid rather than a solid state resin. For this reason, SX is often referred to as liquid ion exchange, although liquid- liquid extraction is probably more accurate. Uranium in its sulfuric acid leach solutions exists in an equilibrium that may be visualized as follows: [ ] Because of an equilibrium of this nature, uranium may be recovered on either cation exchanging or anion exchanging resins and then concentrated during the resin eluting operation. Similarly, solvent extraction processes may utilize either anion ex- changing or cation exchanging liquid organic phases, which capture the uranium and permit its subsequent concentration when the organic phase is stripped.

Jan 9, 1957

By M. N. Qureshy, D. D. Sarma, B. K. Verma

Kolar Gold Fields are one of the best known gold deposits in South India where gold occurs in quartz reefs in Archaean hornblende schists and shows large variation in grade. The history of mining goes back to 18th century. The workings at Nundydroog Mines, chosen for Operations Research studies, have entered a depth of 2150 meters. The gold values in these mines were thought to be erratically distributed. However, by using 10540 samples from 49 blocks of ore, it is established that the gold value properties in inch- pennyweight units follow a two parameter log-normal distribution. Emperical relationships between arithmetic means and estimates based on peripheral and internal block values have been worked out using the estimator suggested by Krige (1951) instead of 't' estimator suggested by Sichel (1952). These relations can be used in arriving at block estimates with respective standard errors. There is no significant emperical relationship between depth and the grade of ore.

Jan 1, 1969

By Fred D. DeVaney

Probably no ferrous metallurgical process has ever found such ready acceptance and rapid expansion as the pelletizing of iron ores. The process was first commercialized in the early 1950's and since then it has grown to the point where the amount of material pelletized worldwide will approach 100 million tons in 1971. The term agglomeration is used to describe any process by which fine material is formed into larger shapes or agglomerates and includes, in addition to pelletizing, such processes as sintering and briquetting. Sintering cannot be used to efficiently agglomerate iron materials containing a high percentage of 100-mesh fines but the method has been widely used over many decades for agglomerating flue dust, mill scale and iron ore finer than 3/8 in.

Jan 1, 1971

By W. L. Freyberger

In a study of the kinetics of flotation of coal, employing a single-cell continuous flotation system, Jowett and Safvi1 pointed out that it was experimentally impossible to float all of the coal which could be floated in a batch tests. On the other hand, deBruyn and Modi, in a discussion of their paper, suggested that under certain conditions the recovery of floatable material from a similar one-cell continuous system would have been 100%.2 Both of these pairs of authors make the assumption that a state of perfect mixing exist in the flotation cell. This assumption, usually made by investigators studying flotation kinetics in a continuous system, has been confirmed experimentally on several occasions. The work is summarized by Arbiter and Harris.3 It is the purpose of this note to demonstrate that, for conditions of perfect mixing, one of two conditions exist: 1) the recovery of floatable material is 100%, and the flotation is infinitely fast, or 2) the recovery of floatable material must be less than 100%. This theorem can be proved simply in the following manner: 1) If recovery, R, of the floatable material is 100%, the concentration in the tailing must be zero. This follows from the definition of recovery as

Jan 1, 1964

By C. E. Shoenfelt

Wildcat drilling operations in Utah in 1937 added nothing of importance to the commercial oil and gas possibilities of the state, and such operations consisted largely of efforts to reach objectives in wells started in former years. The Standard Oil Company of California, jointly with the Continental Oil Co., completed a wildcat well in sec. 22, 23 S., 11 E., on the San Rafael swell in Emery County, which was abandoned in metamorphic rocks at 4900 ft.; it tested the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian sections and probably ended in Devonian or older rocks. The Utah Southern Oil Company's test of the Cisco structure in sec. 33, 22 S., 22 E., was abandoned at 6715 ft.; it may have been through the Pennsylvanian section at this depth. The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. continued the development of its Clay Basin gas field, and with the completion of two wells in 1937 added 35,571,000 cu. ft. initial daily gas capacity to its reserves. This company constructed 21 miles of 10-in. gas pipe line from the Clay Basin field to its South Baxter Basin terminal in Wyoming, and during the closing months of 1937 delivered 2,225,000,000 cu. ft. of gas through the Salt Lake trunk line.

Jan 1, 1938

The Arizona Committee, consisting of GERALD F. G. SHERMAN, Chairman, ARTHUR NOTMAN, Secretary, NORMAN CARMICHAEL, B. BRITTON GOTTSBERGER, W. L. CLARK, J. C. GREENWAY, W. G. MCBRIDE, FOREST RUTHERFORD, has arranged the following program for the Arizona Meeting, which has been approved by the President of the 'Institute and by the Executive Committee. It is printed herewith for the information of members, and probably will not be changed in any material respect. Monday, September 18, 1916.-Arrive at El Paso, Texas,, 6.30 A.M. Arrive at Deming, N. Mex., 9.30 A.M. Arrive at Chino, Ariz., 11.30 A.M., where luncheon will be served, after which there will be a visit to the Chino mines. From there the train will proceed to Hurley, N. Mex., where a visit will be made to the mill of the Chino Copper Co. Tuesday, September 19, 1916.-Arrive at Douglas, Ariz., at 8.00 A.M. The morning will be spent at the reduction works of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co. "and of the Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. After luncheon a technical session will be held, with "Smelting" as a special subject for discussion. There will be a banquet in the evening, followed by another technical session or-a business meeting.

Jan 6, 1916

By Lawrence Addicks

F. N. FLYNN, Clifton, Ariz.-As a number-of my associates in Arizona know, for a great many years, I have felt that leaching was one of the coming problems. We are about to start experiments at Clifton, along the idea of leaching wet flotation concentrates direct, without roasting-differing in this respect from Mr. Addicks' suggestion. We are prompted in starting these investigations by the difficulty in. transporting and handling flotation concentrates, and consideration for drying and roasting dust losses. I have had the idea for 5 or 6 years past, that those very fine concentrates could best be treated by leaching at the concentrating plant, thus eliminating our transportation difficulties to the smelter, and dust losses at the smelter. Given flotation concentrate, if it must be dried and roasted, it would, in our case, undoubtedly be cheaper to smelt the calcine, but if it can be leached raw and wet and the drying difficulties- and dust loss eliminated, it would be very advantageous to leach it at the mill. I realize that it will be a difficult problem, and one which may take several years to develop, but if developed, it would pay for many years' expense of investigation, and we have been encouraged by our general manager to investigate its merits.

Jan 12, 1916

By H. I. Aaronson

THE TTT-curve for the beginning of transformation in hypoeutectoid steels containing appreciable amounts of relatively strong carbide-forming alloying elements often exhibits a "bay" at intermediate temperatures. In many of these steels, proeutectoid ferrite is the initial product of the decomposition of austenite not only at temperatures above the bay but also in an appreciable temperature range below the region of the bay. Hultgren has postulated that ferrite formed above the bay, termed "orthoferrite", contains the equilibrium concentration of alloying element at temperatures above the eutectoid range, and the extrapolated metastable equilibrium concentration at lower temperatures. The ferrite formed below the bay, on the other hand, termed "paraferrite", was assumed to inherit completely the bulk alloy content of the austenite without regard for the compositional requirements of equilibrium. As shown schematically in Fig. 1, the two types of ferrite were taken to have different Ae3 temperatures and different C-curves on a TTT-diagram. Their different kinetic behaviors were thus considered responsible for the bay in the TTT-curve for the proeutectoid ferrite reaction in this type of alloy steel.

Jan 1, 1962

By E. F. Jr. Young, H. E. Steinman, G. C. Smith

Through a progressive laboratory and pilot-plant program Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp has analyzed and corrected mine drainage pollution problems at all of its coal mines. In conducting this program, the company found no "typical" drainage discharge. Each discharge point at each mine was unique, so that varied approaches were needed to eliminate stream pollution. To illustrate the variety of these approaches, the treatment of drainage from foul, discharge points at three mines in Pennsylvania will be considered here. The flows and critical analyses of the drainage sources and treated effluents arc shown in Table I. Hydrated Lime Works at Thompson Borehole The discharge stream from the Thompson bore- hole at the Vesta No. 5 mine flowed into a small branch creek where it created a "yellowboy" deposit and affected aquatic life. Investigation indicated that hydrated lime would neutralize the acid and precipitate ferric iron without aeration. Treatment of the 150.000-gpd flow, however, created about 4000 gpd of wet sludge for which there was no nearby accumulation site. With State approval, this sludge was deposited through an unused borehole into an abandoned section of the Vesta No. 6 mine several miles away.

Jan 1, 1970

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. II. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the undersigned are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1923

President MRS THORNS E LLOYD 14 Green Hill Road Morristown, N J First Vice-President MRS A B PARSONS 52 Edgewood Road Scarsdale, N Y Second Vice-President MRS H A PROSSER 1001 Park Avenue New York, N Y Third Vice-President MRS HARRY J WOLF 3 Glenwood Avenue Littleneck, N Y Fourth Vice-President MRS MARK LAWRENCE REQUA 140 North Plymouth Blvd Los Angeles, Calif Fifth Vice-President MRS NEWELL G ALFORD 314 South Homewood Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa

Jan 1, 1952

By Joseph M. Dawson

Although eight new fields were discovered along the south central fault-line district of Texas during 1938, only one can be considered as of major importance. and as a whole the year was one of no very great development. Several prospects, particularly two, were condemned through drilling, which had been considered important for probable Edwards limestone production. The oil produced was approximately the same as during 1937; namely, about 9 million harrels. This, of course, does not represent potential production but that allowed under proration. The year witnessed the very rapid decline of operations and interest in Austin chalk production. It has been found that only in rare instances mill chalk production pay for itself, because the wells decline extremely rapidly and the recovery per acre, formerly estimated at 2500 bbl., is now considered to he around 1000 barrels. There was an intent interest in the drilling arid producing of edge and abandoned properties in the three Edwards lime producing fields; namely, Luling, Salt Flat and Darst Creek. Many good wells were completed on properties formerly considered below the water level or produced beyond the economic limit The Edwards is penetrated only a few inches and a very small charge of acid is used. The results have been surprisingly

Jan 1, 1939