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By Ross W. Smith, Mine-Yun Hwang

Many studies have been made of the microflotation of quartz (de Bruyn, 1955; Fuerstenau, 1957; Somasundaran, 1964; Smith, 1973; Fuerstenau, 1976; and Smith and Akhtar, 1976) and alumina (Somasundaran, 1964; Smith and Akhtar, 1976; Fuerstenau and Palmer, 1976; Fuerstenau and Akhtar, 1976; Fuerstenau and Yamada, 1963; Modi and Fuerstenau, 1960) using various anionic and cationic heteropolar hydrocarbon surfactants as collectors. A few studies have been made on these materials using amphoteric hydrocarbon collectors (Wrobel 1969 and 1970; Smith. Haddenham, and Schroeder, 1973; Gupta and Smith, 1975) and only a few studies have been made on the use of fluorocarbon surfactants as flotation collectors Cooke and Talbot, 1955; Somasundaran and Kulkami, 1973). The present investigation compares microflotation response of the two minerals in hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon collector systems of the anionic, cationic, and amphoteric types. An attempt is made to relate flotation response of the minerals to their electrokinetic behavior and the pKa values of the collectors.

Jan 1, 1981

By G. S. Hume

The largest development program in the history of Alberta was undertaken in 1941 in an effort to increase oil production. The drilling record is as follows: In Alberta there was the largest exploratory campaign for oil in the history of the Province, although drilling of wildcat wells was somewhat less than in the previous year. A great deal of geophysical work was done. This included three gravimetric and five seismic parties as well as a number of geological survey parties by the major oil companies and by the Geological Survey of Canada. Seismic work was done by one party in southern Saskatchewan. The production of petroleum in Canada is shown in Table I. About 98 per cent of the total production comes from Alberta and the yield of the various fields is shown in Table 2. The greatest developments in Turner Valley have been in the north end. In 1941 about two miles of new productive area was proved by drilling, extending the field to a length of 20 miles. The wells at the

Jan 1, 1942

By G. S. Hume

The largest development program in the history of Alberta was undertaken in 1941 in an effort to increase oil production. The drilling record is as follows: In Alberta there was the largest exploratory campaign for oil in the history of the Province, although drilling of wildcat wells was somewhat less than in the previous year. A great deal of geophysical work was done. This included three gravimetric and five seismic parties as well as a number of geological survey parties by the major oil companies and by the Geological Survey of Canada. Seismic work was done by one party in southern Saskatchewan. The production of petroleum in Canada is shown in Table I. About 98 per cent of the total production comes from Alberta and the yield of the various fields is shown in Table 2. The greatest developments in Turner Valley have been in the north end. In 1941 about two miles of new productive area was proved by drilling, extending the field to a length of 20 miles. The wells at the

Jan 1, 1942

By N. B. Hoffman

Much of the drill steel produced in America is manufactured into hollow rods. After all forging has been finished the entire bar should be thoroughly annealed and heat treated before the point is hardened and tempered, at least where the drill has heavy duty, such as working in deep holes and hard rock. A large number of tools of like character and doing work requiring similar properties are now being made of alloy steels; for instance a steel with a carbon content of 0.75 to 0.85 per cent., manganese 0.25 to 0.35, phosphorus under 0.020, sulfur under 0.030 and vanadium 0.18 to 0.23 has proved very satisfactory for chisels. A steel of this type properly manufactured will be far superior to the ordinary carbon steels, while at the same time is one whose price range should not prove prohibitive. Much of the cutting efficiency of a drill depends on proper heat treatment. This vanadium steel has a far greater safe hardening and forging range than ordinary carbon steels, making it more nearly foolproof. It will harden nicely at 1400" I?. but will also harden well and satisfactorily at 1550" F. retaining its quality of hardness and toughness in either case.

Jan 1, 1922

By W. G. Woolnough

Production of oil in Australia is negligible at present. A very small quantity of crude is being recovered from lean pumpers in Victoria, and a little activity is evidenced in Queensland, where two new wells were sunk during 1934. One of these, at Warooby Creek near Roma, obtained a noteworthy gas flow, but no oil production has been recorded. Geological investigation is going on in Western Australia, but no drilling activity is apparent. The "boom" in oil prospecting came to an end when the wave of depression swept over the country, and the investing public turned its attention actively towards gold. There is great activity in gold prospecting at present. I still maintain as strongly as ever that the prospects of obtaining flow oil in Queensland, Western Australia and Victoria are good, and that really scientific methods must ultimately succeed. Active and excellent geological work is being carried out in the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, and it is reported that drilling is likely to be undertaken next year. Matters in Papua are at a standstill. The question of extraction of oil from the oil shales of New South Wales and Tasmania is perennially active, and attempts to exploit this source commercially are renewed from time to time. Hydrogenation of coal is also receiving a good deal of attention.

Jan 1, 1935

The School of Mineral Industries is dedicated to education in mineral conservation and research by which the means may be found to make conservation effective. This includes diligent search for mineral truths and the energetic discovery, complete recovery, and maximum utilization of irreplaceable mineral resources. Standards of living depend upon two factors: human resources-intelligence, imagination, initiative, know-how, work; and natural resources-plants, animals, and minerals, including water, air, soil, heat and light from the sun, and all other such resources that are useful to man. Human relationships have not kept pace with scientific achievement; as a result man, in desperation, wittingly, premeditatively sacrifices freedom for security. Many natural resources, through overproduction, mismanagement, and greed, have definitely moved over into the exhausted or exhaustible category. The United States cannot maintain present standards of living on an agricultural economy alone, and serious harm can ensue if there are marked disproportions in numbers and relationships between city and rural populations. The most materialistic New Yorker must see virtue in bucolic loveliness. The United States is rated wasteful and inconsistent most of the time. It does not make sense to dole out through the keyhole what a wage earner can bring through the open door; to raise wages to lower the cost

Jan 1, 1950

At the Kidd Creek mine operated by Ecstall Mining, Ltd. near Timmins, Ontario, Honeywell has installed a sophisticated new quick- thinking computer system that keeps tabs on conditions along three separate processing streams at once and relays continuous 60-second data to the mill operator. Believed to be the first of its kind, the system picks up data from two independent x-ray spectrometers simultaneously. A digital computer from Honeywell's Computer Control Division receives and interprets real-time information gathered by online x-ray analyzers, and the system then advises control room operators of the relative amount of each of five elements at five points in each of the three process streams. The system is reported to provide a quantitative analysis of the five elements at a given point in the process within one minute-which is about 120 times as fast as a chemical laboratory assay could be performed. With this instant data at his command, the mill operator can make timely process adjustments to correct any deviation from optimum flotation results, thus salvaging valuable minerals that would inevitably be lost with slower detection methods. The minerals recovered at Kidd creek are copper, lead, iron, silver and zinc.

Jan 8, 1968

By Nick Turner, E Walker, George C. Bowser

A fully field tested mine-wide data/communications system is presented which integrates total data acquisition, control, and instrumentation into a single system. Installations at Kitt #1 and Amonate Mines (W.Va.1 use an LSI-11 series computer which communicates with easily installed field data stations over a single twisted wire pair. Complete field test data are presented, identifying the problems and successes experienced in the development, installation, operation and maintenance of the system, and the training of mine personnel. Of particular interest is the system installed at Kitt #1 which has been in continuous use since February 1982. The paper will also deal with the application of a computer-based carbon monoxide monitoring system installed at the Amanate mine in September 1982. The purpose of that system is to monitor air quality and to provide early fire detection in the belt entry to permit the use of belt air for face ventilation.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. W. Raymond

In connection with the paper of Mr. Locke on Gilsonite or Uintahite (Trans., xvi., 162) read at the Salt Lake session of the Utah and Montana meeting, in July, 1887, the following data may be of interest and value. In December, 1887, I received from Mr. William Wagner, Seeretary of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway Co., a box of specimens of an asphaltic mineral from Utah. In the course of the correspondence which followed, I learned that the box had been forwarded by Mr. J. A. McMurtrie, of the firm of McMurtrie & Streeter, railroad contractors, Denver, Col. Mr. McMurtrie was, in 1883, chief engineer of the Denver $ Rio Grande Railway, and the mineral mas first brought to his attention in that year by Mr. Thomas H. Wigglesworth, who was then employed in making preliminary reconnaissances for wagon-roads to be used in constructing the Utah extension (now the Denver, Rio Grande $ Western) of the railway. Mr. Wigglesworth, I understand, was subsequently chief engineer of the Colorado & Utah Midland, and is now again employed by the Rio Grande. He writes substantially as follows concerning this mineral:

Jan 1, 1889

By J. B. Scuffham, G. A. Rowden

The use of ammonia as a leaching agent has been well-documented but only recently have its advantages been fully exploited on a commercial basis. When compared with conventional sulfuric acid leaching processes, the major advantage of ammoniacal systems is their ability to reject iron and many acid consuming gangue materials. Although metallic copper, nickel, zinc, etc. are dissolved rapidly in ammoniacal liquors at ambient temperature in the presence of air the sulfide ores of these metals are more resistant to this treatment. Sherritt Gordon Mines in Canada treats sulfide concentrates at its Fort Saskatchewan plant under pressure with ammoniacal am- monium sulfate solution to solubilize the non-ferrous metal values. Typical leach operating conditions are 80-95°C and 115- 128 psig. Although the metals present in the ammonical solution could be recovered via solvent extraction techniques, Sherritt Gordon Mines currently operates a pressure reduction process using hydrogen to yield metal powders directly from the ammoniacal solution. The basic Sherritt Gordon technology has been applied world wide for the treatment of nickel/cobalt concentrates.

Jan 12, 1973

An appropriation of $4000 was made to the United Engineering Society for the support of the work of the Engineering Council. It was resolved that the proposed amendments to the Constitution, regarding requirements for membership, be sent to the membership without comment thereon by the Board of Directors. Forty-one members, and three associates were elected. The status of two junior members was changed to member. The resignation of one member was accepted. The dues of nineteen members who are engaged in active duty with the Allied armies were remitted. B. B. Thayer was elected a member of the Board of Trustees of the United Engineering Society for a period of three years, to succeed himself. John H. Janeway was elected a member of the Library Board for a period of four years, to succeed himself. George C. Stone was elected a member of the Library Board in place of E. F. Roeber, deceased. E. Gybbon Spilsbury was elected representative of this Institute on the John Fritz Medal Board of Award, to succeed himself. J. Parke Channing was elected a member of the Engineering Council for a period of three years, to succeed himself.

Jan 1, 1918

By Iichiro Omori

THE Mabuki process, a Japanese hearth process for the treatment of matte, uses the same princi-ple as the Bessemer steel process. The only difference between the two is that in the Mabuki proc-ess a hearth furnace, not a converter, is used. Though the hearth is not as good as the converter, the first cost is very low and the capacity is compara-tively small; so the process is most suitable for smelters FIG. 1.-PLAN AND SECTION OF HEARTH. having a small production. To construct the hearth, an excavation, 6 ft. in each dimension, is made in the ground and a drainage channel is dug at the bottom. Then all side walls are faced with stone or slag brick and the cavity is filled with fireclay or brasque, except the hearth at the top.

Jan 9, 1922

The suggestions of the members of the Institute are very much desired by the Committee on Nominations prior to deciding upon its nominations to fill the places of those officers who retire early in 1917. The Committee must make its final report to the Board of Directors early in October. The members are, therefore, asked to send in promptly their suggestions for Directors as well as for Vice-Presidents and President. The Committee hopes to hear from a large number of the members. The officers to be elected at the annual meeting in February, 1917, are: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President. Five officers, known as Director. The attention of members is called to Articles V and VII of the Constitution, and to By-Law XIII, which reads as follows: "The geographical districts to be considered by the Committee on Nominations shall be as follows, until otherwise ordered by the Board. District No. 1. New England, New York, and New Jersey, excepting New York City and district, which is provided for in the Constitution. (N. B.-New York City and district is designated District 0.) District No. 2: Pennsylvania.

Jan 6, 1916

By Edward Walsh

The difficulty of securing for experimental research the actual conditions to be found in practice very frequently deters many from engaging in such work. Probably no metallurgical operation is more difficult to imitate in the laboratory than the blast-furnace process. So many complex reactions take place within the furnace, under such varied conditions of time and temperature, with innumerable mechanical, physical, and chemical mutations, that while the results reached may approximate those obtained in practice, there is always something wanting. Much work of this kind has, nevertheless, been done, and is now being undertaken. We are indebted to the bold minds who have attempted it for our present real knowledge of the blast-furnace process. Not that those who have performed series of experiments at a few given temperatures can claim the honor. It required more than this—the ability to make a summary of all preceding experiments, to supply those which were wanting, and to confirm those that were doubtful. Sir I. Lowthian Bell, whose able papers before the Chemical Society and the British Iron and Steel Institute (forming the basis of his great work, The Chemical Phenomena of Iron-Smelting) has

Jan 1, 1889

By Edward C. John, Wilbur H. Smith

At the Bingham Canyon pit operated by Kennecott's Utah Copper Division, the demand for geology has recently grown and diversified so rapidly that it has necessitated a revolution in geologic mapping techniques. The most significant changes in method have been in the preparation of the base map and in the computer application of collected data. Formerly maps were prepared by surveying with a transit or plane table. Now, however, a photogrammetric map with a scale of l in. to 200 ft is prepared semiannually and updated continuously to keep pace with the removal of more than 350,000 tons of material a day. Larger-scale bases of areas with specific problems such as un- stable slopes are prepared with aerial and terrestrial photography and photo-mosaics. Note sheets designed for computer application speed the processing of data. The multiplying applications of geology at the Bingham mine now include studies of the effect of structure, rock type, and alteration on slope stability, the relationship of sulfide mineral distribution to concentrating results, the effect of rock and mineral types on waste dump leaching, and the requirements of a reliable internal source of silica flux for smelting, as well as many others.

Jan 9, 1969

By William Braden

This paper is presented in the hope that it will be instructive in view of the future large expansion of the mining industry in the west-coast countries of South America. There is a more or less general impression that the Spanish-American workman is inferior to the American, but after some years of experience and observation I doubt the correctne~s of this view. Taking into consideration all the elements which make for efficiency of labor, it has been found, particularly in Chile, that under proper organization native labor yields as much, man for man, and more, dollar for dollar, than in the Western United States. If a manager is willing to accept unreservedly the costum-bres del pais, without combating intelligently and patiently the ones tending to inefficiency, he should expect no better results than he deserves. He must conscientiously insist that a " square deal" be given and exacted; that liquor be excluded from camp as far as possible; that comfortable quarters and other uplifting elements of life be provided; and that past and existing methods and customs shall not be over-ridden rough-

Jan 1, 1910

By R. V. Whetsel, V. R. Garfias

The production of petroleum in Mexico during 1933 totaled 33,430,-000 bbl., or 625,000 bbl. more than in the previous year. This is the first time since the peak in 1921 that the declining trend of output has been reversed. Drilling activity in the proven areas of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Northern fields increased substantially during the year. The completion of two producers in the Poza Rica area south of Tuxpam and a shallow gas well in the Camargo district near the American border were the outstanding features of development. Late in September the Northern fields and the oil port of Tampico were swept by a hurricane followed by floods which caused loss of life and heavy damage to the City of Tampico and to transportation, tank farms and refineries. For three weeks, owing to the silting of the Tampico Bar and destruction of terminal facilities, no oil could be shipped for export. About half the wells of the Northern fields were closed for a period of 30 days. The prompt and effective steps taken by General Macias, chief of military operations, prevented the spread of epidemics and any serious aftermath of the catastrophe.

Jan 1, 1934

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1943

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION [AMENDED Nov 22, 1912, AND JUNE 27, 1919 ] WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I of said law, the existing unincoiporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained II That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council, that the undersigned are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904

Jan 1, 1923

By S. O. Reichert

The nuclear industry has made a considerable effort to reduce environmental pollution with the result that knowledge in the field of radioactive waste management is well advanced. An example of the methods used for radioactive waste disposal is provided by the Savannah River Plant (SRP) operated by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. for the AEC. It occupies an area of 320 sq mi along the Savannah River downstream from Augusta Ga., and has production facilities that include a fuel preparation area, three reactor areas, two chemical separation areas (F and H), and a heavy water plant. Gaseous, Liquid and Solid Radioactive Wastes Are Handled During Disposal The primary sources of radioactive waste are the reactor and chemical separation facilities. The reactors are cooled and moderated by heavy water which, in turn, is cooled by river water in heat exchangers. This arrangement prevents irradiation of the river water so that radioactivity is not discharged into the river water except when small quantities of moderator are lost by heat exchanger leaks. Because of the high cost of heavy water, these losses must be kept to a minimum.

Jan 9, 1968