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By Eugene A. Stephenson

THE year 1935 is noteworthy for the superior legislative measures passed by several states. Sincere efforts have been made to establish equity between the various producing tracts in oil and gas fields. Outstanding legislative measures include the New Mexico law, known as Senate Bill No. 79, approved on Feb. 23; the Oklahoma law on April 22; the Texas law on April 30; and the Kansas law, which became effective July 1. Primarily designed to prevent waste, but more or less the direct out- growth of the current excess of potential oil and gas production, these statutes fall in the class of "Proration Laws."

Jan 1, 1935

By W. D. Johnston, T. P. Thayer

THE minerals that collectively are known as chromite form an isomorphous series of the general formula (Mg,Fe) 0. (Cr,Al,Fe) 203. So wide is the range in chemical composition in this group that chrome ore consisting entirely of the mineral chromite may range from less than 30 pct to more than 60 pct Cr203. The most comprehensive published data on the chemical com- position of chromite are by Stevens,62 who made complete analyses of 52 samples of chromite concentrate from many localities in North, Cen- [ ] tral, and South America. These samples were mechanically purified to remove associated silicates and might be regarded as the cleanest chromite that could be obtained by any mechanical milling process. Fig 1 shows the predominant zone of isomorphism, within the triangular prism of composition defined by the mineralogical end members of the series, wherein his analyzed samples fell.

Jan 1, 1949

[RALPH ADAIR Ore Dressing Consultant Bull Mtn. Rd., Asheville, N. C. Phone 4-1693 JAMES A. BARR Consulting Engineer Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee Washington, D.C. BEHRE DOLBEAR & COMPANY Consulting Mining Engineers and Geologists It Broadway New York 4, N. Y. I. R. BERENT Engineering Consultants and Contractors Mineral Exploration, Mine Evaluation, Mine Designs and Mine Management 156, Ataturk Bulvari-Ankara, Turkey BLANDFORD C. BURGESS Registered Professional Engineer Mining Consultant Monticello, Georgia GLENVILLE A. COLLINS Mining Engineer Uranium examinations Cable "Coins" 8 Howard-Canfleld Bldg. Santa Barbara, Calif. COWIN & CO. Mining Engineers and Contractors Consulting Shaft & Slope Sinking Appraisal Mine Development Reports Mine Plant Construction I-lath St. S. W. B'ham, Ala., Phone 56-5566 MILTON H. FIES Consulting Engineer Rooms 1201-2. Albama Power Co. Bldg. Birmingham, Alabama]

Jan 1, 1952

By E. F. Johnson, V. O. Naumann, D. P. Bossler

A method is presented for calculating individual gas and oil or water and oil relative permeabilities from data obtained during a gas drive or a waterflood experiment performed on a linear porous body. The method has been tested and found both rapid and reliable for normal-sized core samples. INTRODUCTION Individual oil and gas or oil and water relative permeabilities are required for a number of reservoir engineering applications. Chief among these is the evaluation of oil displacement under conditions where gravitational effects are significant, such as a water drive or crestal gas injection in a steeply dipping oil reservoir. Numerous proposed methods of obtaining relative permeability data on reservoir core samples have been too tedious and time consuming for practical use, or have yielded questionable and sometimes inconsistent results. A method has been developed by which the individual relative permeability curves can be calculated from data collected during a displacement test. The method is based on sound theoretical considerations. Using this method, with a properly designed experimental procedure, relative permeability curves can be obtained using core samples of normal size (i.e., 2 to 3 in. in length and 1 to 2 in. in diameter) within a few days after receipt of the core. In a recent publication D. A. Efros1 describes an approach to the calculation of individual relative permeabilities that is based on the same theoretical considerations. We believe the approach described in the present paper is more adaptable to practical application than the method implied by Efros. In addition, comparisons with independently determined relative permeabilities are furnished to substantiate the reliability of the new method. DERIVATION Previously the theory of Buckley and Leverett as extended by Welge2 as been used to calculate the ratio of relative permeabilities. In the derivation which follows, this theory is further extended to permit calculation of the individual relative permeabilities. The theory assumes two conditions which must be achieved before the method is applicable. They are that the flow velocity be high enough to achieve what has been termed stabilized displacement,3 and that the flow velocity is constant at all cross sections of the linear porous body. In stabilized displacement the flowing pressure gradient is high compared with the capillary pressure difference between the flowing phases. The high pressure drop insures that the portion of the core in which capillary effects predominate will be compressed to a negligibly small fraction of the total pore space. The assumption of constant flow velocity at all

By J. W. Mills

In 1956 the discovery of nickel on Jumbo Mountain, Snohomish County, Washington, focused attention on this part of the Cascade Range, far more renowned for its timber than for its mineral resources. Hand specimens assaying as high as 13 pct Ni encouraged Discovery Mines Inc. of Mount Vernon, Wash., to stake 12 claims in Township 31 North, Range 9 East of the Willamette Meridian. The property was leased to Climax Molybdenum Co. in January 1957. Trenching, sampling, and geologic studies were carried out during the late summer of 1957 when most of the snow had disappeared. Although the deposits are only about four miles south of the logging town of Darrington and about two miles. as the crow flies, southeast of the end of a good gravel road from that town, all camp supplies and equipment were air-dropped, owing to the extremely rugged nature of the terrain. GEOLOGY The rocks of Jumbo Mountain comprise a series of folded Tertiary sediments forming a belt one half to three quarters of a mile wide, trending northwest about parallel to the strike of the beds. This belt is sandwiched between two extensive in-trusives—gabbro on the northeast and quartz dio-rite on the southwest—and has been intruded by dikes of fresh and serpentinized dunite. Shear zones follow many of the dunite-sedimentary rock contacts, and in these the nickel mineralization is concentrated. A few transverse faults offset the sediments and ultrabasics. Sedimentary Rocks: Two kinds of quartzite make up the greater part of the sedimentary section. One is dark purplish gray, very fine-grained, and thin-bedded; the other is light gray to white, medium-grained, and well-bedded. Locally the light-colored quart lites contain grit and conglomerate horizons, rich in pebbles of white chert and very fine-grained quartzite. Intercalations of dark argillites near the summit of the mountain give many of the cliffs a striking banded appearance. Dark gray to black, aphanitic, thin-bedded argillites occur throughout the entire sedimentary belt. Beds vary from a few inches to a few tens of feet thick and some, near the summit, contain numerous fossile (willow?) leaves. Only the thicker beds were mapped. The sediments are quite fresh on the northeastern side of the belt and become more metamorphosed (hornfelsed) toward the southwestern side. Brown biotite is present in the metasediments in increasing amounts as the quartz diorite is approached. Near the intrusion, porphyroblasts of plagioclase, up to 1 in. across, testify to the soaking of sedimentary rocks by solutions emanating from the quartz diorite. Most of the sediments mapped lie along the southwestern limb of an anticline, the axis of which follows the crest of the mountain and plunges at a low angle to the northwest.

Jan 1, 1961

By AIME AIME

WTHIN the next month all members of the Institute will be given an opportunity to vote for a new President, two Vice-Presidents, and five Directors. All of the candidates nominated by the official committee are well known to certain groups of the Institute membership but a brief record of their professional lives will be given here for the information of those that will vote. Not since 1927, when Everette DeGolyer guided the destinies of the Institute, has a member of the Petroleum Division been a candidate for President. John Meston Lovejoy has been a Director since 1930, and a Vice-President as well for the last year: In the three years 1932-4 lie was also chairman of the Admissions Committee. Dir. Lovejoy graduated from the Columbia School of Mines in 1911, just before lie was 22 years old, and began his professional career as a copper miner at Chuquicamata. Chile. Silver and gold mining later claimed his % attention, and it was not until 1914 that lie gut into the oil business, as geologist for the Standard Oil Co. of N. Y. This took hint to China and he later worked for the company in Wyoming. In 1917 lie joined the Army where lie rose to be captain of Field Artillery. Upon his return to the United States he went to work for the Amerada Petroleum Co., of which he later became vice-president and general manager, with headquarters in Tulsa. Since coining to New York he has been president of the Petroleum Bond & Share Cu.. and is currently president of the Seaboard Oil Co.

Jan 1, 1935

Who's Who in Mineral Engineering - The 1978 Membership Directory of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME

Jan 7, 1978

By James P. Sloss

A PERMANENT assay office is commonly established as part of the general plant equipment of operating gold and silver properties, but during the development stage of a mine, the cost of such an office is usually so assay work must be done elsewhere. In most instances only a few samples will be taken each day, but if the mine is to be developed scientifically, the analyses of those samples will guide further development. Under such circumstances, the time element in assay returns is important, since the lapse between the taking of the samples and the receipt of results may determine the success or failure of a small-mine operator. The following description of fur-

Jan 1, 1935

By J. B. Dilworth

I. INTRODUCTION. THE purpose of this paper is, first, to give a general account of a little-known coal-district of SE. Kentucky, its topography, drainage, and mineral resources, for those who may be interested in its economic development; and secondly, so to describe the geologic features of the field as to furnish available data to those engaged on the broader problems of Appalachian coal-geology. The data from which the major portion of the paper has been prepared were obtained, in professional investigations for private individuals and corporations, within the last decade. The area under review, defined by a heavy line on the map, Fig. 1, lies between Little Black and Pine mountains, and extends from Harlan on the west to a N-S. line crossing Looney creek 3 miles from its mouth on the east. This area can be divided for description into a Western and an Eastern Division. The character of investigation pursued in the Western Division, below Fugitt creek, was very different from that employed in the Eastern. In the former, only a rapid reconnoissance was attempted : such coal-openings as had been made by prospectors or by citizens in obtaining fuel were visited, their sections measured and, in many instances, sampled. Elevations were obtained barometrically and approximate locations sketched on a small-scale map. In a field where the coals are so well opened, the reconnoissance method gives a very fair idea of the number and character of the principal beds and their relative positions, and affords much evidence for their correlation over wide areas, without permitting the more refined work required to discover all the seams of the measures and to determine the details of geologic structure.

Feb 1, 1912

By W. L. Connell, O&apos

The properties of some heavy liquids which can be used in sink-float separations are discussed with major emphasis being given to the halogenated hydrocarbons. Data are presented on density, viscosity, thermal characteristics and the effects of moisture and temperature on the corrosiveness of the liquids towards various materials of construction. The toxicity of these materials, the hazards involved in handling them, and the procedures for handling them safely are also discussed. True liquids have certain advantages over colloidal suspensions for sink-float separation of minerals which makes their use especially advantageous when close separations, fine particle sizes or water-soluble minerals are to be treated. For best separating results, the medium should have an easily controlled, uniform, stable density. Here, true liquids have the advantages of allowing closer control of density and of not requiring agitation to maintain a uniform den- sity in the equipment. Low viscosities are desired in a separating liquid so that rapid separations of fine material can be made. Many liquids have lower viscosities than the colloidal suspensions at operating gravities of 1.4 to 5.0. For economic reasons and to prevent contamination of the product, the separating medium must be easily and completely removed from the ore. Normally, true liquids must be more completely removed than the cheaper suspensions and thus cause more problems in this area. The fact that the medium should not react with the minerals, air, water or the common materials of construction limits the choice of liquids which can be used, but many are available which are sufficiently stable. A more serious objection to the use of true liquids is that many of them present a toxic hazard to operating personnel and users of the product. Most true liquids are toxic to some extent, but modem knowledge of toxicity allows us to recognize the hazards inherent in handling them and enables us to design around them. Three types of true liquids are available for this use: 1) Halogenated hydrocarbons cover the gravity range from 1.2 to 3.3. They are generally more volatile and less viscous than the other liquids.

Jan 1, 1963

By D. H. NETLAND

DURING the year 1907 an investigation of the Clinton formation in New York has been carried out under the direction of the State Geologist, and a full account of the results has been prepared for publication.1 The more important economic features of the report are summarized in the present paper. Previous knowledge of this, the type, section of the Clinton has been contributed mostly by Hall and Vanuxem in their reports for the Natural History Survey of New York, which were issued in their final form in 1842-43. Brief accounts of the ore-occurrences have been given by B. T. Putnam,2 J. C. Smock,3 A. H. Chester,4 and E. C. Eckel.5 Prof. C. H. Smyth, Jr.,6has discussed the origin of the Clinton ores in two papers, which, so far as the local occurrences are concerned, have removed all doubt that may have existed on that subject. Distribution of the Clinton Formation. The Clinton strata in New York State are restricted to a single belt, Which extends from the eastern central part to the Niagara river, which it crosses, and thence continues for some distance into the province of Ontario. The New York

Mar 1, 1909

By Edward H. Williams

IN the middle of the eighteenth century John Frazier and wife, Sarah Ingraham, removed from Boston, Mass., to Philadelphia, Pa., where he was held in such esteem that we find him one of the Committee which arranged the ball at Washington's inauguration. Their son John. Nalbro Frazier, was prosperous in his mercantile career and fortunate in his wife, .Anne West; who was an important personage in the early life of Professor Frazier. This cultured lady brought into the family an atmosphere of religious enthusiasm, of thoroughness and: of unity of purpose. Her son, Benjamin West Frazier, inherited her traits and displayed them during a. short and active life. Like his father, he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was a member of the firm of Zimmerman, Frazier & Co. In their interests he lived for a short- time in Montevideo, and on his return married Isabella Zimmerman, a daughter of the head of the firm. Their happy married life was cut short by the death of Mrs. Frazier shortly after the birth of the subject of this sketch which, occurred October 3, 1841. Mr. Frazier did not long survive her, and left his orphaned sons to, the care of his mother, from whom he had inherited a lovable and deeply religious nature, an : artistic temperament and a capacity for thorough work. Whatever of these traits fell by inheritance to these children were strengthened by the influence of their grandmother, and. the purity of mind, the delicacy of sentiment, the refinement of honor, which characterized. Professor Frazier, are due to Anne West Frazier, and are generally present in the characters of all of gentle blood who have been under the sole and immediate influence of a mature and refined woman. Professor Frazier was educated at the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia, and passed thence through the University of

Sep 1, 1905

By P. A. Beck

ACCORDING to a recent hypothesis of Sully,' xY. binary CT phases are characterized by 1.7 bonding 3d electrons per atom, which completely fill the first Brillouin zone. This hypothesis appears to imply that there are no empty 3d orbitals in the u phase, and that, correspondingly, this phase must be dia-magnetic, or at most weakly paramagnetic. On the other hand, Bowen and Hoar' reported that a u phase extracted electrolytically from an alloy steel became ferromagnetic when cooled to about —113°C. In view of the fundamental interest of the problem from the point of view of the electron structure of the u phase, it seemed worthwhile to study the magnetic properties of massive u phase specimens of various known compositions. Sigma specimens of the following compositions were tested: 1—40 atomic pct Fe, 40 atomic pct Cr, and 20 atomic pct Mo 2—35 atomic pct Fe, 35 atomic pct Cr, and 30 atomic pct Mo 3—48.7 atomic pct Fe, 50.2 atomic pct Cr, and 1.1 atomic pct W 4—40.7 atomic pct Co and 59.3 atomic pct Cr All specimens were found to be strongly paramagnetic at room temperature, particularly alloy No. 1. At liquid nitrogen temperature, alloy No. 1 be- came ferromagnetic; the other u alloys remained paramagnetic. Even though apparently not all u alloys become ferromagnetic at liquid nitrogen temperature, in view of their strong paramagnetism it is probable that the electron structure proposed by Sully is not correct. Similar qualitative studies were made with the p, P, and 8 phases." A p phase specimen of 57.2 atomic pct Co and 42.8 atomic pct Mo; a P specimen of 19.9 atomic pct Cr, 37.8 atomic pct Ni, and 42.3 atomic pct Mo; and a 8 specimen of 50.4 atomic pct Ni and 49.6 atomic pct Mo were tested at room temperature, and all were found to be paramagnetic, although considerably weaker than the u phase specimens described above. A test at liquid nitrogen temperature gave similar results for all specimens; none became ferromagnetic. Thanks are due to D. K. Das for preparing several of the alloys and to Pol Duwez of California Institute of Technology for kindly loaning four specimens of cr alloys. References 1 A. H. Sully: The Sigma Phase in Binary Alloys of the Transition Elements. Journal Inst. Metals (1951) 80, p. 173. - K. W. J. Bowen and T. P. Hoar: Low Temperature Ferromagnetism of Sigma Phase in an Alloy Steel. Research (1950) 3, p. 484. 3 S. Rideout, W. D. Manly, E. L. Kamen, B. S. Lement, and P. A. Beck: Intermediate Phases in Ternary Alloy Systems of Transition Elements. Trans. AIME (1951) 191, p. 872; Journal of Metals (October 1951).

Jan 1, 1953

By AIME AIME

TWO days of solid discussion, with barely time out for meals, characterized the Tulsa meeting of the Petroleum Division. It was preeminently an earnest gathering devoted to technical matters. Sessions were held in the Crystal room of the Mayo Hotel with luncheon served each day in the back of the same room so that talk of methods, while slightly less formal, extended right through the lunch hour. Thursday evening the Committee did provide a little relaxation in an informal dinner at the Tulsa Club where, after a brief musical program and an amusing skit by the local Herman the Great, brief addresses in non-technical vein were made by President Farish and Vice-president Rice of the Humble Company, Henry L. Doherty of Cities Service, Secretary. Bain of the Institute, and others. The presence of leading executives of a number of the oil companies at the dinner and the sessions, and the cordial approval they expressed of the work of the Division were especially gratifying. The total registration was 215 with 100 at the dinner and 70-to 80 lunching together each day.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. S. COOLEY

TO talk about a "factor of economy" in connection with the wire ropes used in mining practice may be coining a new phrase. If such be the case it needs no other apology than that economy in wire rope usage is so bound up with the factor of safety as to justify a similarity in naming that makes one suggest the other. At the latest Wire Rope Research Conference, held under the auspices of the A. S. M. E., Re- search Committee and Engineering Foundation, data were introduced covering mine ropes working under

Jan 1, 1930

By AIME AIME

WAR undoubtedly accelerates metallurgical progress, although its most obvious effect is a tremendous waste of materials. The necessity for restrictions in normal uses of metals results in a search for substitutes or for enhanced properties that will make a limited supply last longer. An insatiable demand for more metal to be produced more quickly favors trial of new processes, new metallurgical tools, and new methods of fabrication. Greatest advance is made, of course, in practical physical and process metallurgy. Theoretical or fundamental research necessarily must take a secondary position, and is so regarded in this review. It is not that developments in theoretical physical metallurgy are lacking entirely, but, following the same trend noted in other countries as they entered war activities, attention in the U.S.A. has been shifted strongly to those developments having an immediate practical application.

Jan 1, 1943

By A. E. Anderson, H. J. Hilll

Laboratory data for 155 field muds and 77 .shales have been used to develop correlations to estimate the net streaming potential component of the SP. Analysis of these data and comparison with field tests show that streaming potential corrections must be made to obtain an accurate estimate of the electrochemical potential for use in the determinntion of formation water resi-iiviy. The self-potential curve is related to formation water resistivity, and considerable effort within the oil industry has been directed toward clarifying this relationship. The Schlumbergers and Leonardon1,2 recognized that two types of potentials, electrochemical and electro-kinetic, resulted in the net potential variation in the borehole. Most of the later papers have dealt with the electrochemical component and its controlling parameters. The investigations of Wyllie,2" Salisch' and Moore5 provide the most extensive sources of data on streaming potentials across mud cakes. These authors observed streaming potentials of sufficient magnitude to be of critical importance in SP interpretation, if it is assumed that streaming potentials develop only opposite permeable beds. Streaming potentials across shales have been reported by Schenck and by Gondouin, et al.7 Since SP magnitude is the difference in potential opposite shale and sand beds, these authors suggested that the net streaming potential component may be negligible. The present investigation was initiated to evaluate empirically some of the parameters controlling the magnitude of the net borehole streaming potential and to determine whether useful relations between mud properties and net streaming potential could be established. Field muds were used in this investigation. These muds were characterized by the amount and type of chemical treatment utilized for five days before Sampling. Filter loss, mud resistivity, mud density and filtrate resistivity were determined for each mud with conventional methods and apparatus. Mud filtrate pH was estimated with Hydrion pH paper for the appropriate range. Streaming PotentIals Across MuD Cakes Commercial calomel-saturated KC1 electrodes are subject to potential changes attributed to contamination of the very small fiber-tip bridge by particles of clay from the drilling mud.3 To minimize this difficulty, a large diameter bridge (Fig. 1) was constructed with saturated KC1-agar gel and a filter disc of microporous porcelain. Experiments showed that streaming potentials across this bridge are less than 0.2 mv at pressure dif-

By LUDWIG VOGELSTEIN

WE are indebted to Mr. Barbour for his valuable contribution to the literature on copper statistics; it is to my knowledge the only intelligent attempt to throw light on a much misunderstood subject. If I should appear to criticize some of his findings and arguments, I do not want to leave the impression that I do not appreciate the article; I think Mr. Barbour has been painstaking, and even where one might not agree with his conclusions, he has opened our eyes and stimulated us in our search for the truth.' It might be well to define the term "secondary copper" and to make a few remarks about the origin and the reasons for the variation of the supply. Mr. Barbour has touched on these points, but not sufficiently to make them clear to those not in the business.

Jan 1, 1931

Organization Place Date 1917 American Electro-Chemical Society Detroit; Mich. May 2-5 American Waterworks Association Richmond, Va. May 7-11 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York City May 18 America' Society of, Mechanical Engineers Cincinnati, Ohio May 22-25 American Iron and Steel Institute New York City May 25-26 ' Interstate Oil Mill Superintendents Association. Augusta, Ga. May (last wk.) Electric Power Club Hot Springs, Va. June 11-14 Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education .... Evansville, Ind. June 19-22. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Hot Springs, Va. June 25 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 26-30

Jan 5, 1917

Organization Place Date 1919 National Drainage Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 11-13 American Mining Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 1.7-21 Canadian Mining Institute Vancouver, B. C. Nov.. 26-28 American Society of Mechanical Engineers:.... New York, N. Y. Dec. 2-5 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Savannah, Ga. Dec. 3-6 Geological Society of America...; Boston, Mass. Dec. 29-31. American Society of Heating and Ventilating 1920 Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America ... New York, N. Y. Jan. 13. American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers... New York, N. Y. Feb. 16-19 American Ceramic Society Philadelphia, Pa. Feb. 23-26

Jan 11, 1919