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As fulfillment of the requirements of Contract H0387019 for the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, a complete field kit, for performing on-site determinations of individual employee Time Weighted Average (TWA) exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO), has been developed by MDA Scientific, Inc. This report provides background information and experimental data validating the use of this kit with confidence to ? 10 percent accuracy.

Jan 1, 1981

By Yury Kapelyushin

Formation of cementite in the reduction of hematite by CO–CO2 gas was studied in situ using high temperature XRD (HT XRD) analysis. Reduction of hematite was examined in the temperature range 873–1173 K by CO–CO2 gas mixture with high carbon activity. When carbon activity in the system was 1.5, cementite was formed only at 1023 K; it was not observed in experiments at 973, 1073 and 1123 K. Formation of cementite was observed at 923–1073 K when carbon activity increased to 3–5; and at 873 K when carbon activity was 10. Formation of cementite at 973–1073 K proceeded through metallic iron; however, in the reduction of hematite at 873 and 923 K, iron was not observed; cementite apparently was formed directly from wüstite. XRD spectra were used to estimate concentration of carbon in austenite in the process of cementite fromation.

By Cunningham J. C

JUST prior to the war the Broken Hill South Ltd: raised, on the average, 6628 tons of ore per week, all of which was crushed and treated in the 4-section gravity mill and the slime flotation plant, for the recovery of lead concentrate carrying silver. The sandy residues from that treatment were railed to the treatment plant of the Amalgamated Zinc (De Bavay's) Ltd. for the recovery of zinc concentrate by flotation, on the joint account of both companies. Subsequent to that-since 1916-approximately 1000 tons of old dump slime were also treated weekly for the recovery of lead and silver as slime-lead concentrate.PLANT CAPACITYUnder this programme the Babcock and Wilcox boiler plant of 8 boilers was taxed to such an extent as to call for the installation of two additional boilers, each of 2690 sq. ft. of heating surface and 55 sq. ft. chain-grade area.The electric generators and the air compressors of the old powerplant were also loaded to their maximum capacity. In view of the fact that the old power-plant had been added to from time to time since 1901, and that further extension was notpossible, and as it was not, moreover, an economical arrangement, the whole question of power generation was reconsidered. The considerations that determined the installation of entirely new plant were as follows:(1) The need for more compressed air for underground work and more electric current for the extension of the slime-flotation plant for the recovery of zinc, as well as lead, as slime concentrates. Provision of additional power was also deemed advisable for the...

Jan 1, 1921

By Vladimiros G. Papangelakis

During the past five years, chemical modelling work at the University of Toronto has elucidated the role of soluble magnesium on the autoclave acidity and has demonstrated why feeds rich in magnesium, and other divalent metals, require more than the stoichiometric requirements in acid to produce a leaching performance comparable to that of low magnesium feeds. This understanding has allowed the calculation of acid additions to the pressure acid leach (PAL) on a less empirical basis. Optimizing acid additions to the PAL confers savings in neutralization costs, ensures high productivity and minimises corrosion problems. Hence, our picture of the solution chemistry inside the autoclave during the PAL process has been substantially improved and is reviewed here. Experimental techniques based on solubility and direct acidity measurements that support the theoretical predictions are presented. Concepts of chemical modelling of electrolyte systems at high temperature and software issues are also discussed. Finally, a better understanding of the solution chemistry at temperature has led to better kinetics models because all metal dissolution and precipitation reactions are acid driven and controlled. . Therefore, reactor modelling efforts by our group are also presented and a reactor model with very good performance, as compared to pilot-plant data, is also made here. Finally, in spite of the above success in PAL solution chemistry and reactor modelling, significant challenges lie ahead in theoretical data gaps and instrumentation; these are also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Laterites, process modelling, pressure acid leach, solution chemistry, chemical modelling, reactor simulation

Jan 1, 2004

By M. R. Hosseini

Among all gravity concentration methods, Shaking-table is the most effective one from the metallurgical point of view. In this study, Shaking-table was used for concentrating a manganese ore sample from Ghasem Abad area in Kerman, Iran. Experiments were designed by using L8Taguchi design with five variables and each variable in two levels. The influence of each variable and their interactions on the operation of the device was studied. The variables under investigation were: table slope, table frequency, water flowrate, feed rate, and particle size. The manganese concentrate grade and recovery were used as response variables. It was shown that water flowrate, table slope, feed rate, and particle size are the significant variable on concentrate grade; while, all the variables influence manganese recovery.

Jan 1, 2014

By Osmar Roberto Bagnato

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo do desgaste de insertos e tensões residuais em diferentes estratégias de entrada de ferramenta no fresamento da liga Ti-6Al-4V. Esta liga possui propriedades mecânicas que a torna ideal para aplicações onde é necessária uma ótima relação resistência-peso. O objetivo é reduzir o desgaste dos insertos no processo de fresamento e analisar as tensões residuais na usinagem da liga Ti-6Al-4V. A integridade superficial do material após a usinagem deve ser conhecida já que esta liga é utilizada em aplicações criticas. Quatro estratégias de entrada foram estudadas, sendo que no faceamento foi utilizada a entrada por rolagem e a frontal reta e no fresamento de cavidade foi utilizado mergulho reto e em rampa. Em todos os ensaios foram utilizados os mesmos parâmetros de usinagem. As tensões residuais foram medidas por difração de raios-X (Luz Sincrotron), pelo método sin²?, utilizando um difratômetro de raios-X instalado no LNLS. No faceamento a estratégia por rolagem mostrou uma importante redução do desgaste e uma pequena redução da tensão residual quando comparada com a estratégia frontal reta. No fresamento de cavidades a estratégia de mergulho reto mostrou um inesperado aumento do desgaste e uma significativa redução da tensão residual quando comparada com o mergulho em rampa. Todas as tensões residuais encontradas foram compressivas. As tensões residuais encontradas em todos os experimentos se mostraram favoráveis a aplicações sujeitas à fadiga.

Aug 8, 2018

By John Gann

THE following investigation constitutes a brief resume of the more important binary magnesium alloys from the standpoint of metallographic technique, and the effect of heat treatment on structure and properties. The comparative newness of the subject justifies this procedure as a preface to a more detailed study of each individual series of alloys. The work was started with the idea of practical application in the industry rather than as a theoretical investigation. The alloy compositions studied were selected as those most likely to show whether heat treatment would produce beneficial results. Furthermore, it was considered satisfactory to use commercial 99.9 per cent. magnesium, the best commercial grade of alloying ingredients, and to limit the time of heat treatment at the expense of incomplete equilibrium. These facts must be kept in mind when examining the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn.

Jan 1, 1928

By H. W. Parsons

Several low-temperature, dry chlorination processes for the treatment of sulphide minerals are reviewed, in a chronological order. These processes include the following: the Swinburne-Ashcroft, Baker-Burwell, Maim, Comstock-Wescott (Aldermac) and the Mitterburg Mining Process. Dry chlorination investigations at the Canadian Mines Branch (now CANMET) and the U.S. Bureau of Mines are discussed, as is a proposed process by the South Africa National Institute for Metallurgy. The techniques used in the process are discussed, as are the shortcomings, problems and failures of the methods.

Jan 1, 1978

By Waghorne E. P

The State Electricity Commission of Victoria is Australia's largest single coal producer. Approximately 19 Mt of coal will be produced in 1989 from the SEC V's newest mine, Loy Yang Open Cut (LYOC), which com- menced overburden stripping operation in October 1982. When the adja- cent Loy Yang Power Station is completed in the late 1990's, LYOC will supply between 35 to 45 Mt/a, depending on power station performance and demand of coal for non-power generation uses. LYOC has been a major challenge for the SECV. It is the biggest single open pit coal mining development undertaken in Australia, with a whole of life capital cost approaching A$1 billion. The mine has supplied a very rapidly growing demand for coal from the expanding power station while developing in breadth, length and depth. Coal demand has consistently been above the figures anticipated during the initial planning because of the substantially improved performance of the 500 MW units of the Loy Yang A Power Station. The superior performance of the LYOC and power station has generated additional electrical energy during the first 5 years of power station operation compared with the initial planning targets- at almost no additional capital cost. This has been a major benefit to the SECV. LYOC will continue to present major challenges for the SECV, particularly in achieving overburden removal and coal reserve targets as development of the open cut continues to full depth over the next 15 years.

Jan 1, 1989

By B Flynn, P Knights

Low-loaders or 'floats' for relocating equipment in surface mines are limited to a capacity of approximately 350 t. In the iron ore industry it is desirable to be able to rapidly relocate excavators in order to maintain production rates within appropriate quality limits. In addition, the ability to rapidly relocate heavy equipment raises the possibility of improving the quality of repairs by performing maintenance in controlled shop conditions. However, many iron ore operations operate hydraulic excavators in the 600 to 800 t range, with newly released excavator models exceeding 800 t. These excavators are too large to float using conventional technology. This paper examines the potential for using multi-bogie transporters to relocate large hydraulic excavators in surface mines. Recent innovations have seen the development of modular transporters which can be coupled together to achieve larger platform areas. When separated, and with their drive bogies neutralised, these units are able to be towed behind prime movers and relocated between mines via public roads. The potential cost savings for relocating a Terex RH170 excavator in an open pit coal mine are examined. In the first six months of 2008, the analysis showed the potential for a 38 per cent reduction in total travel time with a corresponding revenue increase of approximately $350 k. The paper recommends that a feasibility study be conducted into offering a heavy equipment relocation service within the Pilbara region.

Jan 1, 2009

By John Johnston

ONLY two of the Institute's 26 Local Sections were unrepresented at the delegates' three sessions, held on Monday morning and afternoon and Thursday afternoon of the annual meeting. The Philadelphia and Wyoming Sections alone sent no delegates. In all, seven hours were spent most profitably in reviewing the work done by the Institute at headquarters and in the field, comparing ideas and practices in varied activities, and in establishing personal contacts. Cordiality and the co¬operative spirit marked the meeting and apparently no one had any serious grievances to air. Four motions were introduced and unanimously passed. The first, which was introduced by B. L. Sackett, was a recommendation by the delegates that a national committee be appointed to cooperate with Local Sections in the matter of student activities, to promote Institute welfare. It was agreed that this recommendation be made simultaneously to the Board of Directors and to the Mineral Industry Education Division. A subsequent resolution by A. M. Smith was passed asking that a part of the duties of this committee be to secure the opinions of Local Sections as to the most desirable methods of interesting students in the preparation of technical papers, by giving prizes or otherwise, and to report their findings at the Section Delegates' meeting next year.

Jan 1, 1933

By C. S. Yust, Lida K. Barrett

The change in shape of the void in a sirzterir~g copper mass has been investigated as a juntction of' density. A serial sectioning' technique was used to eoaltrate the irregular shape of the void at two levels qf density. A measure of the void size and configuration, the proximity number, is defined and used to describe the progress of void removal. The process of. void removal deduced front the observations of this study contrasts with current sintering models in that it takes into account the irregularity of structure of a sintering mass and demonstrates that isolated Porosity does not occur first as spherical pores, but as large, definitely nonspherical sections of the void void volume. The process of sintering, about which there is much practical and theoretical knowledge, has evaded a direct and thorough analysis despite the intensity with which it has been studied for 60 years or so. This is due, of course, to the complex structure of a sintering mass and the inability to observe directly the development of a fully dense solid from the initial particulate arrangement. Extensive theoretical analyses have been based on the adoption of one or another of several model systems, that is, by visualization and analysis of some sort of regular assembly or arrangement of geometric "particles" approximating the conditions of a sintering mass. It seems appropriate at this time to try to examine experimentally in some detail the extent to which a sintering mass of irregular particles dlffers from these models. Many models deal with neck growth and the initial stage of sintering and follow the direction established by ~ucz~nski' in 1949 for the sintering of spheres to flat plates. Recently Johnson and cutler2 have adapted these models to sintering of powder masses. coble3 has presented a mathematical model for sintering that applies to the middle and final stages of the process. These papers, without exception, assume a regular geometry, generally spheres in contact in a regular array. Rhines~ and coworkers, however, are studying the sintering process by applying a model based on the topological concept of genus which permits them to consider an irregular structure. whites has described the various models with the exception of that of Rhines et al., and the assumptions on which they are based and their shortcomings. The present paper examines the geometric changes that occur in the powder mass during sintering by examination of the void. The method is to analyze a series of partially sintered structures and to propose from this analysis the sequence of events which occur in the removal of the void space as a sintering mass progresses from a collection of individual particles to a solid body. The irregular nature of the stacking of particles and of the particles themselves will be taken into account. The significant points derived from this study are: first, accurate reconstructions of the irregular void shapes are presented; second, it is clearly established that closed porosity occurs first as widespread volumes of interconnected porosity, definitely nonspherical in shape; and third, a new factor, the proximity number, is defined, which serves in this paper as a tool for describing the void shape changes observed, and which will be used in a later paper as part of the basis of a mathematical model for sintering. While the specific material studied is copper, the observations are thought to be relatively general as indicated by comparison of the results with partially sintered structures in other materials presented in the literature, both metallic and nonmetallic. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Four series of specimens representing progressive stages of the sintering process were prepared by sintering high-purity copper powder for various time periods. A relatively large particle size was used so that the void-solid interface could be readily distinguished at low magnification. In three series of specimens a loose stacking of particles was obtained by pouring powder into an alumina mold and lightly tapping the mold. The green density of such compacts was approximately 40 pct of theoretical density. Two of these three series utilized irregularly shaped particles in the size range -230 +325 mesh, one series sintered in vacuum and one in hydrogen at 950°C. The third series of loosely stacked particles consisted of spherical particles in the size range -270 +325 mesh, sintered in hydrogen at 950°C. A fourth series was prepared from compacted irregular particles sintered in hydrogen at 950°C. The specimens for this series were formed by lightly pressing the irregularly shaped particles in a steel die; the green density of the pressed pellets was approximately 60 pct. The irregularly shaped particles used in this study are shown in Fig. 1. The density of these particles, measured by a toluene picnometer technique, is 98.2 pct of theoretical density. Each particle is highly convoluted, and in some instances appears in cross section to contain internal porosity. The density measurement, however, indicates that completely enclosed porosity is very small so that the individual particles have a highly irregular surface but are essentially fully dense copper. Therefore, most of the void space that appears in two dimensions to be isolated within the particle is actually at the particle surface and connected to the external void in the dimension not included in the plane of the cross section. The void space that appears as void surrounded by the par -ticle or within folds in the particle w~ll be r~fc\r?

Jan 1, 1968

By W. J. Dolinar

The U.S. Bureau of Mines implemented the Fe2+ /Fe3+-SO2 anode reaction in a Cu electrowinning cell with full-size electrodes. Electrowinning was conducted using industrial electrolyte at 258 A/m2 (24 A/ft2) and 40 'C. Manifold injection of electrolyte provided circulation between the electrodes. Five-day operation using an optimized manifold gave an average cell voltage of 0.94 V at 89% current efficiency, which amounted to an energy savings of 2.82 MJ/kg (0.355 kW-hr/lb) compared to conventional electrowinning. Acid misting was completely eliminated, and SO2 concentration 23 cm (9 in.) above the cell averaged 0.06 ppm.

Jan 1, 1995

By G W. Swana

Elastoplastic parameter is a parameter that describe how much materials behave elastically up to certain stress states and plastically thereafter (Hudson and Harrison, 1997). In the continuum analysis, two main parameters of the elastoplastic parameter are modulus elasticity and Poisson’s ratio. In the slope, elastoplastic parameter holds the main role for stability related to deformation in ductile type of rock. There’s a limitation to determine elastic or plastic deformation at the field for ductile rock type. Field manifestation commonly showed that there was no accumulation zone during and after the sliding failure mechanism, in other hand, at the research area, manifestation of deformation at the toe of slope only indicated by bulging shape. This paper will focus at the sliding failure occurred at Coal mining Pit Y owned by Arutmin Indonesia, which according to failure investigation report similar with the condition described above. This paper also will be based on two hypotheses, first hypothesis is claystone rock mass has not been reached plastic deformation yet and the second hypothesis is there is a chance that elastoplastic parameter of the rock mass has been changed during the deformation/sliding failure process. Research method of this paper are back analysis using probabilistic analysis in Finite Element Method (FEM), which conducted before and after failure. Then, the result of the displacement or deformation of the analysis will be checked with the actual deformation shape. Meanwhile, the change of the elastoplastic parameter will be analysed and interpreted. This paper hopefully able to be developed to study about elastoplastic behaviour of rock mass in actual condition and the influence of another uncertainty factor which determine the slope stability.

Nov 29, 2022

Discussion of the papers of Benjamin Talbot. E. A. Beck, Emil Gathmann, Sir Robert A. Hadfield, and P. H. Dudley, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1913, and printed in this Bulletin (No. 76, April, 1913). CHAIRMAN JAMES F. KEMP :-I call upon Prof. Albert Sauveur to open the general discussion on the subject of sound steel ingots. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Cambridge, Mass. :-I believe that I have the privilege, this instant, of opening one of the most important, significant and far-reaching discussions ever held before this Institute. I believe that our talk this morning will be heard far and wide, not only on this side of the water, but also on the other side. Everywhere, in short, where steel is manufactured. I welcome the opportunity of expressing my mind in regard to the production of sound steel ingots, a subject about which I entertain some very decided opinions. I shall not attempt to discuss the relative merits of the various processes that have been described. I shall, on the contrary, confine myself to a general consideration of the important questions before us. So intensely do I feel regarding the production of sound steel ingots that I have put my remarks on paper in my desire to present my Views.

Jan 4, 1913

COLUMBIA SECTION STANLY A. EASTON, Chairman, FREDERIC KEFFER, Vice-Chairman, L. K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. 0. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON FRANK A. Ross The first meeting of the Columbia Section was held on March 24, as a part of the 1916 Northwest Mining Convention which was held under the -auspices of the Spokane Mining Men's Club assisted by the Spokane Chamber of Commerce, the technical program being in charge of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association assisted by the local sections of the A. I. E. E., A. S. C. E., and A. I. M. E. The program of the successive sessions was carefully arranged with view to its application to mining, and in addition to the technical program there were exhibits of ores, minerals, devices, etc., of interest to the delegates, who numbered over 500. A portion of the program was also arranged with special reference to the requirements of the prospector and miner. A reception, a banquet, a complimentary luncheon, a regular daily call' of the Stock Exchange, a visit to the High Schools and to one of the substations of the Washington Water Power Company and to the Union Iron Works kept the visitors entertained, the ladies being looked after by a special committee of ladies who held open house during the entire week. Several important resolutions were passed by the Convention and one by the Columbia Section, A. 1. M. E. With Stanly A. Easton, chairman, presiding, the Columbia Section, American Institute of Mining Engineers, occupied the time between 2.00 and 5.30 p.m., March 24th, the Moorish room of the Spokane hotel being filled with members and their guests. "The Apex Law and the Mineral Surveyor" was a paper presented by F. W. Callaway and generally dis-cussed because of its local application in the Coeur d'Alenes, the conclusions being reached after expensive litigation between two of the large mining operators in that district.

Jan 6, 1916

By Louis D. Huntoon

SHORTLY after publication of the article in the July, 1924, issue Of MINING AND METALLURGY, entitled "Canada as a Gold Producer," requests were received to determine the ownership of production. Advices have also been received that considerable discussion has taken place on the same questions both in Canada and Great Britain. The author is indebted to R. H. Coates, Dominion Statistician, and George C. Bateman, Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, for the following figures and takes this opportunity of expressing his appreciation. There have been no statistics compiled as to ownership of production. Statistics were compiled as of Dec. 31, 1921 relative to the distribution of stocks, bonds and "other securi¬ties" in industrials, agriculture excepted, throughout the Dominion, and "distribution of ownership of securities issued by mining companies incorporated and operating in Ontario" for the same year. Stock registration does not necessarily represent actual ownership' as large blocks may be endorsed and not transferred; neither does registration actually represent production. When the charts are studied individually and collectively one cannot help but be impressed with the fact .that in the mineral industry of Ontario and the Dominion at large, Canadian registration predominates, the United States registration is about half that of Canada, and Great Britain is about half that of the United States. When the nickel-copper industry is excepted the British registration falls to a very low percentage. Since Dec. 31, 1921, British capital has commenced to flow into mining enterprises in Ontario and it has been already rewarded by the discovery of valuable ore deposits.

Jan 1, 1925

By D. Harrington

Most of those in the Health and Safety Branch, Bureau of Mines, necessarily participate in activities associated with essentially all phases of the mineral industries, including coal and noncoal mines, quarries, smelters, metallurgical plants, and various petroleum operations. One of the strictly war activities of the branch - the Explosives Control Division, which administers the Federal Explosives Act of December 26, 1941 - has functions that require contacts not only with nearly all phases of the mining and allied industries but also with those engaged in scores of other occupations that manufacture, store, use, or possess explosives, or many of the ingredients of explosives. The field men of the Health and Safety Branch (approximately 300 in number) Are occupied full time in health and safety activities and annually make thousands of contacts with people in the mineral industries as well as the plants in which they work. From these they formulate several thousand written reports containing sources of thousands of conclusions and recommendations aimed at reduction of health end safety hazards in these industries. Although such activities have been greatly increased during the war and immediate pro-war periods, they have been in effect to a considerable extent since the Bureau of Mines was created in 1910.

Jan 1, 1944

By Robert H. Ridgway

This paper presents the results of the second in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States, inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines and published in Report of Investigations 3329. The study was undertaken in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed statistics on this phase of the iron and steel industry. Thus, for the first time, producers, buyers, sellers, and consumers of iron and steel scrap have had an accurate statistical picture of this important raw material As originally contemplated, the study was to be continued on an annual basis, but, owing to budgetary limitations for the fiscal year 1937-38, the Bureau may be unable to conduct the canvass for 1937.

Jan 1, 1937

By James Vaughan

Australia is a major miner of ore that requires hydrometallurgical processing. According to the 2016 US Geological Survey Minerals Commodities Summaries, the country is 1st for aluminium (bauxite) and lithium, 2nd for gold, zinc and cobalt, 4th for nickel and silver, and 6th for copper mining, not to mention its wealth in coal and iron ore. In this paper, examples of recent Australian hydrometallurgical activities are summarised. Then, selected research projects from the University of Queensland hydrometallurgy research group are profiled. The projects profiled are related to fundamental aspects of processing bauxite with organics and reactive silica as well as the development of a synergistic hydro- and pyrometallurgical process for copper. The process context and motivation for the research is introduced, key results are highlighted with the associated relevant references.