Search Documents

By J. A. Russell

AS THE LOCAL electric generating plants increased in size and capacity and costs of producing electricity came down, it became apparent that it was no longer good economy to operate individual boiler plants at the Company's various collieries to power steam hoists and compressors. Great economies could be made by burning the Coal at central power plants and using electric power at the collieries. During the period after the end of the war, a steady and continuing programme of replacing first the smaller steam-driven units, and later the steam-driven compressors, was undertaken, and finally the larger hoists, those at No. 12 Colliery in New Waterford and No. 20 Colliery in Glace Bay, were the last units operated by steam.

Jan 1, 1958

ALBERT Ladd Colby, who died suddenly of influenza at Torquay, England, on Apr. 30,1924, was born in New York City, on June 26,1860. He was educated in the public schools of New York, at the College of the City of New York, and received the degree of Ph. B. from the Columbia School of Mines in 1881. He continued his studies at Columbia, acting occasionally as assistant to Prof. C. F. Chandler, until 1883. For the next three years he was Assistant Professor of Chemistry in Lehigh University; then head chemist and metallurgical engineer of the Bethlehem Steel Co., at Bethlehem, Pa., occupying the latter position until 1903. As head chemist his active and inventive mind devised several improvements in apparatus for increasing the rapidity and accuracy of the analytical work; as metallurgical engineer, he was, from time to time, in charge of the blast-furnace, open-hearth, bessemer, and puddling departments; he had entire charge of the inspection, assignment, and economic use of all metallurgical materials, and he early gave his attention to the formulation of specifications for metallurgical materials—an activity in which he long held a distinguished part in this country, and as a representative of his own country in England and Europe. He also sewed as expert for his company in patent suits, again laying the foundation for valuable service later as a consulting engineer. In this latter capacity he was excelled by few, if any, contemporaries in the iron and steel industry. His mind was ingenious, thorough, clear, and keen, both in the preparation of evidence and its presentation to the Court. He very quickly appraised the value of evidence, or of an answer to a question, and knew how to secure the infermation, either from the available literature of any language, or by special researches or plant studies. In the executive control of literary research for patent purposes, his long training, infinite capacity for digging through long series of articles in English, German or French, and clear formulation of the vital subject matter for the guidance of assistants, made him invaluable. He was also an adept in collecting information on special branches of his profession. For example, when the science of metallography began to assume importance, he made the first really comprehensive bibliography covering the literature of all siderurgical countries; for the newly formed International Nickel Co. he gathered all the information extant on the subject of nickel steel, both in the literature and in the minds of experts in America and Europe. Two books testify to the thoroughness of his work in this capacity, vie.: "American Standard Specifications for Steel,"

Jan 1, 1924

By Davi Alves Marques

Este trabalho visa analisar a temperabilidade dos aços ABNT 1045 e ABNT 4140 através do ensaio Jominy e correlacionar suas propriedades com a variação microestrutural devido ao gradiente de transferência de calor através dos corpos de prova, também como analisar o efeito dos elementos de liga presentes. O ensaio Jominy foi realizado segundo a norma ABNT A255-10. Foi observado que o aço ABNT 4140 apresenta maior temperabilidade que o ABNT 1045 devido à maior profundidade de têmpera e, por conseguinte, apresentou produtos de transformação martensítica em profundidades maiores do corpo de prova. Visto que o teor de carbono em ambos os aços é aproximadamente igual, a maior temperabilidade do ABNT 4140 se dá devido aos elementos de liga presentes. Os elementos de liga do ABNT 4140 contribuem para uma maior percentagem de carbono equivalente, quando comparado ao ABNT 1045, deslocando assim o diagrama de transformação isotérmica para a direita, reduzindo então a taxa de resfriamento crítico.

Oct 30, 2017

By Kenneth L. Cashdollar

This report describes three types of optical dust probes that have been designed, built, and tested by the Bureau of Mines. Each of the probes measures dust cloud concentrations by the attentuation of light. The first is a single-path-length probe, the second is a double-path-length probe, and the third is a single-path-length probe that employs jets of air to keep the windows of the light source and detector free from dust coating. The theory of operation and the calibration procedures for each of the probes are described. The results of the Bureaus laboratory, mine, and field tests of the probes are also reported.

Jan 1, 1981

By D. A. Reynolds

THIS REPORT gives results of an investigation of the carbonizing properties of two Tennessee coals, one from the Jellico bed in Campbell County and the other from the Sewanee bed in Marion County. Jellico coal and blends with 20 and 30 percent Pocahontas No. 3 coal were carbonized at 800° and 900° C. by the BM-AGA method. Sewanee coal was carbonized by the same method at 800°, 900°, and 1,000° C.; blends with coals of similar and different ranks were carbonized at 800° and 900° C. The coals were subjected to various physical and chemical tests, including complete chemical analyses, low-temperature assays, and agglutinating, free-swelling, friability, plasticity, and expansion tests. The Tennessee coal field is a part of the Appalachian field, which extends from northern Pennsylvania to central Alabama. The Jelico bed, one of the most important in the State, is part of the Jellico formation, which is above the Lee formation of the Lower Pottsville. Sewanee coal bed belongs to the Sewanee conglomerate and is stratigraphically lower than the Jellico bed.

Jan 1, 1953

By A. S. Bayne

THIS paper will present a review of the mining operations of one of Canada's most lately established gold mining districts (1). The history of the Little Long Lac and Sturgeon River areas is interesting in view of the fact that, although they have long been the scene of a certain amount of mining activity, they remained little more than an uninhabited wilderness until 1933, since which time ten producing gold mines and mills have been established in permanent operation, eight of these having entered production since the beginning of 1937. As complete a background as possible will be given concerning the major influences having a bearing upon living and economic conditions in the mining communities. The object, here, is to show the diversity of problems which demand the attention of the operator starting up and operating a new mine in present times, and to indicate the ways in which these problems are successfully met in this district. A description of the power facilities and plant equipment will be followed by a summary of the problems encountered and methods applied in exploration and development. This is to aid in forming a background showing the circumstances which influence the mining methods and costs of the various operations. The paper will conclude with a description of the mining methods used and the costs of the operations, including summarized analyses of the stoping methods and mining conditions. The various phases of operation will be dealt with separately, in so far as this is possible, in order to present clearly the salient features. It is necessary, however, that the reader bear completely and constantly in mind the fact that in actual operations these phases arc, to a large extent, intimately related and greatly affect each other, as well as being, in turn, affected by other circumstances beyond the control of the operator. A few of these circumstances are: capital available during the development period and early stages of productive operation; strength of rock comprising the ore and its boundary walls; grade, size, shape, and location of ore-bodies; and many other natural items which must be carefully weighed in relation to the details of operation.

Jan 1, 1940

By Pete G. Kovalchik, Lynn A. Alcorn, Rudy J. Matetic, Adam K. Smith

Over-exposure to noise remains a widespread, serious health hazard in the U.S. mining industries despite 25 years of regulation. Most other categories of illnesses and injuries associated with mining have improved, with the exception of hearing loss. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) coal noise sample data collected from 2000 to 2002 show that 65% of the equipment whose operators exceeded 100% noise dosage is comprised of seven different types of machines. The continuous mining machine is first among all the equipment with 35% of the noise overexposures. The ational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting research to reduce excessive exposure for operators of continuous mining machines and preventing additional cases of oise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) by developing low-cost retrofit noise controls for mining equipment. This paper describes a noise control for reducing the noise overexposures of continuous mining machine operators. Underground results show a 26.4% and 27.4% noise exposure reduction for the continuous mining machine operator. This research is providing the mining community with an additional noise control to be utilized on continuous mining machines, therefore reducing operator noise overexposure. Utilizing this newly developed noise control, along with previously proven controls for the continuous mining machine chain conveyor, will provide operators of these machines an opportunity to be within the MS HA-Permissible Exposure Limit (MSHA-PEL).

By AIME AIME

THIS year the Petroleum Division holds its fall meeting at Houston, Texas, Oct. 2 and 3, with head- quarters at the Lamar Hotel. Technical sessions will be held in the morning and afternoon of both days. A smoker on Friday afternoon will afford an opportunity to get together socially. Saturday evening is left free for private parties to the beach at Galveston, where a wide variety of entertainment is available. On Oct. 4 there will be an excursion to Sugarland oil field, with luncheon at Boling and a visit to Boling sulfur mine and plant in the afternoon. There are nine technical papers on the program for Friday. Saturday morning will be devoted to oil production control and it is planned to make the discussion more

Jan 1, 1931

By B. D. Pandey, D. Bagchi, Premchand

During the separation and recovery of metals from the ammoniacal leach liquor of Indian Ocean nodules by solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW) in close-loop operation, the copper electrolyte containing ~40g/L Cu, 20 g/L Ni and 180 g/L sulphuric acid is bled-off to control the impurities. The recovery of copper and nickel as powders has been examined from the copper bleed solution following partial decopperisation, crystallization of mixed sulphate of the two metals and aqueous hydrogen reduction. From the dissolved sulphate solution containing 17.68 g/L Cu, 18.83 g/L Ni and 0.03 g/L Fe, the copper powder was precipitated at initial hydrogen pressure of 26 bar in an autoclave in 90 min at 140 °C. The residual copper from the spent solution was removed as sulphide and nickel powder was then recovered (99%) in two stages from a solution of pH 4.5 at 40 bar pressure and 190 °C. However, 98% nickel recovery in one stage was achieved when hydrogen reduction was carried out from an ammoniacal solution in the pH range 9-11. Copper and nickel powders were produced from the bleed solution with acceptable purity and specifications suitable for P/M applications.

Jan 1, 2004

By C. Feng, W. Song, B. Moudgil, P. Zhang, W. Xiao

Separation of dolomite from phosphate is the most challenging problem in phosphate mineral processing. Over 50% of the future phosphate reserves in Florida contains too much dolomite to process using the current industry practice. The FIPR Institute has collaborated with worldwide experts in the field to address this issue. As a result, the industry is now offered with three feasible options. Optional 1 involves crushing and grinding of high-dolomite phosphate pebbles followed by dolomite flotation at slightly acidic pH using a new collector that does not require phosphoric acid as a phosphate depressant, achieving a final concentrate analyzing less than 0.9% MgO at about 87% P2O5 recovery. Option 2 offers three methods for reducing MgO content in the concentrate from the Crago process, including adding a dolomite depressant in the rougher flotation step, dolomite flotation of the cleaner concentrate, and scrubbing the cleaner concentrate in quartz sand. These methods could reduce MgO content in the final concentrate by 20-40%. Option 3 is a gravity separation technique using an innovative separation jig, and may well be the ultimate solution to the problem. INTRODUCTION Magnitude of the Dolomite Problem With the depletion of the higher grade, easy-to-process Bone Valley deposits, the central Florida phosphate industry has moved into the lower grade, more contaminated ore bodies from the Southern Extension. The phosphate deposits in the Southern Extension may be divided into two zones: an upper zone and a lower zone. The upper zone is readily processable using the current technology, but the lower zone is highly contaminated by dolomite. Geological and mineralogical statistics (Hassan and Bogan, 1994) show (Table 1) that more than 50% of the phosphate resource would be wasted if the lower zone is bypassed in mining, and about 13% of the resource would be wasted if the dolomitic pebbles in the lower zone were discarded.

Jan 1, 2019

By Bobby G. Cahoon

The ( ) Tayaaja ( ) . The deposit ( ) 130 kilometers due east of the continental divide and approximately 290 kilometers east-southeast of Lima (Figure 1). Relief in the immediate vicinity of the mine, which lies or the west side of the Mantaro river, is in excess of 2,000 meters, and the elevation varies from a low of 2,000 meters above sea level on the Mantaro River to a high of 4,386 meters at point T-27 (Figure 2). Although the Cobriza deposit was first reported by the Italian Geographer Antonio Raimondi in 1866, only three reports have been published on the deposit, which began production in 1966 (Duefias, 1908; Fernandez Concha and Garcia y Garcia, 1961; Petersen. 1965). Many private reports have, however, been written by geologists employed by the Cerro de Pasco Corporation. These reports and the author's observations, while employed as the Cobriza Division Mine Geologists form the basis of the present paper, which describes the relations between-the ore controls in the Cobriza mine and the regional and local structure.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. Bonifaz, R. Subiabre

The Chagres Smelter, part of the Anglo American plc group, situated 80 Km north of Santiago in Chile, completed a series of operational improvement in 2005 resulting in an optimum capacity in its operational units. At present the Chagres Smelter has developed an operational strategy which seeks to reduce bottle-necks in the production process. In this way we have managed to lower operational cost, decrease energy consumption and maximize the capacity of the Acid, Oxygen, and Smelting, Converting, Refining and Casting units. A constant review of international benchmarks together with continuous staff improvement and the latest smelter technology have combined to place Chagres among the finest smelting works in the world. In response to environmental challenges, we have studied various options for investment that will yield a suitably profitable business to benefit both Anglo American and Chile. The most relevant technical indicators are: energy consumption=6,3 GJ/ton fine copper (1st in the world), intensity of smelting rate in Flash Smelting unit of 6,900 ton of copper concentrate/m2 of furnace area (1st in the world) and to be one of the top five smelters in achieving the lowest direct cash cost .

Jan 1, 2007

By C. Williard

Computer based mine monitoring and control systems represent a relatively new technology to be applied in the U.S. mining industry. While computer assisted engineering, design, and planning have been accepted as tools for specific technical and engineering jobs within the industry, integrating mine-wide monitoring and control systems into mining operations has been slow. This paper reviews the state of the art of mine monitoring and control systems and provides insights into future trends and developments.

Jan 1, 1988

By H. Burton

"The selection of the ultimate pit shell has a major impact on the overall value of a mining project. The size and shape of this pit drives the selection of pushbacks, equipment, and project strategy, each of which are significant in their own right. Optimization of the ultimate pit shape is typically done using the Lerchs-Grossman algorithm with inputs of production costs, commodity prices, and pit slope constraints. This method ensures that every tonne mined is profitable but does not take into consideration the timing of material release. This timing is essential when calculating the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project, which is one of the most popular metrics for valuing deposits. Often, when the mining schedule and discounting are applied, material that was considered profitable before discounting becomes sterilized. The objective of this paper is to show the methodology for improving ultimate pit selection by considering the production schedule. Application of this technique will generally produce a smaller and higher-value pit than using the Lerchs-Grossman algorithm alone. INTRODUCTION The Lerchs-Grossman Algorithm was developed in the 1960s and exists to produce a mathematically optimum shape for open pit mines (1). This algorithm is now an industry leading technique for producing the theoretical optimum shape for open pits and is used in many popular pit optimization and strategic planning software packages, such as GEOVIA’s Whittle. The Lerchs-Grossman (LG) Algorithm is based on graph theory and optimizes on the assumption of non-discounted cash flows. This produces a mathematically optimum shape, but does not consider the timing with which the material will be removed from the ground. This is an important consideration, given that one of the most popular metrics for evaluating mining projects is Net Present Value (NPV) (2), which relies on the timing of cash flows as a major differentiator between options. This paper will discuss issues inherent in the use of ultimate pit selection based on undiscounted economic factors and illustrate a simple technique in Whittle, a leading software package, which can be used to improve the NPV of projects."

Jan 1, 2015

By M. A. A. de Klaver

Functional Description Figure 1 is a typical flowsheet for a system for solid fuel addition to filter cake. Solid fuel, coal, coal breeze, or charcoal, is fed from a,stockpile to a surge hopper. The solid fuel is metered into a grinding mill. The fuel is dried and ground in a grinding mill. The on-size particles are removed from the mill by air sweeping. The ground solid fuel is separated from the air stream by a cyclone and stored in a surge hopper. The ground solid fuel is then pneumatically conveyed to a small hopper in the balling area. The fuel is proportioned into the filter cake just prior to mixing. An efficient mixer is very important to have a successful operation. The exact flowsheet would depend on a number of factors including what fuel is used, how the fuel is received, and the cnaracteristics of the fuel as received. Availability of floor space in the plant may also affect the flowsheet. For example, drying air may be supplied from the pellet furnace if the grinding mill can be located near the grate, or the pneumatic conveying system and a surge hopper may be eliminated by placing the grinding mill adjacent .to the mixing area. Also, for a multiple line plant, a ball mill rather than a roller mill may be more suitable.

Jan 1, 1980

By Haragobinda Srichandan

The present study aimed to investigate the bioleaching efficiency of moderate thermophilic microorganism in a growth medium without Fe supplement on three different size fractions of spent catalyst obtained from petroleum refinery. All the experiments were conducted on shake flasks at a temperature of 65 °C and a pulp density of 10% (w/v) on three size fractions viz. 45-106 µm, 106-212 µm and >212 µm and a working volume of 100 ml comprising of 10 ml of microbial inoculums and 90 ml of Modified Kelly medium. The parameters like pH, redox potential, viable planktonic cell count and the amount of acid addition was measured and quantified on regular basis to follow the progress of the bioleaching. The pH varied much in the lag and logarithmic phase of the experiments but stabilized toward the stationary phase. The total acid additions in each batch experiment were determined the amount of Conc. H2SO4 requirement, which ranged between 683-757 kg/ton of spent catalyst. The redox potential values ranged between 625-650 mV, Ag/AgCl, but were very low ranging between 350-450 mV during initial period. The planktonic viable cell count ranged between 108-109 cells/ml active in the bioleaching system, without any toxic influence of the spent catalyst, but initially due to fall in redox potential and new environment for the microbes, their population was low. The leaching yield of Ni was found to be promising with very high leaching yield of 92-96% followed by Al as 61-62%, which means both Ni and Al leaching were favored by the moderate thermophilic bioleaching compared to the mesophilic bioleaching. There was very little difference in the leaching yield, when compared with different size fractions and hence grinding can be avoided prior to leaching. This process seems to be economical as no Fe source is supplemented together with no requirement of grinding and over all a biological process resulting for an eco-friendly process for future optimization of the metal recovery from petroleum refinery spent catalysts. Keywords: bioleaching, spent catalyst, thermophile, 9K medium

Sep 1, 2012

By W. Vickers

SALKOVITZ1 has given a number of useful angles between planes for use with the Laue method in determining the orientation of bismuth single crystals. Bismuth is usually considered as having a face-centered-rhombohedra1 structure with its axial angle 87°34', Fig. 1. A similar figure given by Sal-kovitz appears to be in error in that the angle there marked as 87°34' should be 92°26. The primitive cell is a single rhombohedron of axial angle 570 14. The structure is almost face-centered-cubic and hence high accuracy in measurements is essential if there is to be no confusion in indexing poles or zone axes. It is easier to get this accuracy if zone axes are plotted on the stereogram because they will lie near the basic circle where the net has a more open scale. The zone axes can be read from the film, using a Greninger chart, and can be plotted more accurately than poles. Also, the angles between points near the basic circle can be read more accurately than those between poles near the center. In order to use the zone axes the angles between directions have been calculated from a formula given by Niggli,2 and are given in Table I. Miller indices

Jan 1, 1958

By L. E. Porter

The demand for crude oil on the Pacific Coast during the year 1945. was so acute that the California crude supply had to be augmented by tank-car imports from the Texas and Rocky Mountain fields. Crude imports reached a high of 64,800 bbl. per day during June, with a total of 14,259,000 bbl. imported during the first 11 .months. The U. S. Navy also implemented the crude output from California pools by drilling and completing approximately 300 wells in the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (Elk Hills), from which an established production of 65,000. bbl. per day was reached in late February and maintained until Aug. 17, 1945, when it was reduced to its preprogram level of 15,000 bbl. per day. Even with the conclusion of the Pacific war on V-J day (Aug. 14), the military petroleum product requirements have permitted little material reduction in output of California crude to prewar rates. During the year, a total of 327-760,000 bbl. of crude was produced, or 19 per cent of the total crude production within the United States during the same period, as compared with 310,996,000 bbl. or 18.4 per cent of the nation's crude production in 1944.

Jan 1, 1946

By P. M. Robinson, M. B. Bever

THE heats of formation at 273°K of the compounds InBi, In2Bi, and TIBi2 have been determined by metal solution calorimetry with bismuth as solvent. The published information on the thermody-namic properties of these compounds is limited. The structure of the compound InBi (mp, 383°K) is tetragonal of the PbO (B10) type.1 The compounds In2Bi (mp, 362°K) and TIBi2 (mp of highest-melting composition, 486°K) are now believed to have structures of the NizIn (B8) type273 and not the A1B2 (C32) structures reported earlier.4, 5 The compounds In2Bi and TIBi2 have limited homogeneity ranges at room temperature, while the compound InBi has no detectable homogeneity range.' Samples of the compounds were prepared from 99.99 pet Bi (Mallinckrodt Chemical Works), 99.999 pet in (American Smelting and Refining Co.), and 99.99 pet Tl (Amend Drug and Chemical Co.) by melting the components in sealed, evacuated Vycor tubes. The compounds InBi and in2Bi were of the stoichiometric compositions. The compound TIBi2 contained 40 pet T1; this composition was chosen because at room temperature the alloy of stoichiometric composition does not lie within the homogeneity range.' The melts were held approximately 50°C above the liquidus for 8 hr and then quenched into iced brine. The samples were homogenized for 48 hr at temperatures 20°C below the temperature of complete solidification. Metallographic examination of sections taken from the center and the ends of the ingots did not reveal second phases or segregation . The heats of formation were determined as the difference in the heat effects on solution of a compound and of a mechanical mixture of its components added from the reference temperature of 273°K to liquid bismuth at 623°K. The details of the calori-metric procedure and method of calculation have been described elsewhere? The calorimeter was calibrated by adding bismuth at 273°K to the bismuth bath at 623°K. The calculated values of the heats of formation of the compounds, listed in Table I, are based on a value of 4.96 keal per g-atom for the difference between the heat contents of bismuth at 273" and 623oK7 No published values are available for the heats of formation of the compounds InBi and In2Bi. Hultgren et a1.7 have calculated a value of -0.50 i 0.10 keal per g-atom for the heat of formation at 423°K of the compound TIBi2 containing 40 at. pet T1 from heat-content measurements in the range from 398" to 700°K and the heats of formation of the liquid alloy. The difference between this value and the value of -0.66 * 0.01 keal per g-atom at 273°K is too large to be attributed to a difference between the heat capacities of the compound and the components over the temperature range 273o to 423oK7 However, the direct determination of the heat of formation by a calorimetric method should give a more accurate value. The heats of formation at 273°K of the compounds InBi and In2Bi lie on a straight line when plotted as a function of composition, Fig. 1. The compound In2Bi, therefore, appears to be barely stable with respect to its neighboring phases. In order for the free energy vs composition curve to be concave towards the composition axis, the entropy change on formation of In2Bi must be more positive than that on formation of InBi. As the compounds are ordered,2, 3, 8 there is no configurational entropy change on formation. The difference between the entropy changes on formation of the two compounds, therefore, is probably associated with the vibrational entropies. In view of the low heats of formation, the changes in vibrational entropy, due to changes in bond strength on formation of the two compounds, are likely to be small. Owing to the volume contractions on formation of the two compounds,5 the vibrational entropies probably decrease slightly but the decrease of the vibrational entropy of InBi is expected to be larger than that of In2Bi.

Jan 1, 1965

By D Sert, A Jayasekara, P Gardin, B J Monaghan, S J. Chew, P Zulli, D Pinson, X F. Dong, R Ferreira

In an ironmaking blast furnace (BF), molten slag and hot metal form in the softening-melting (cohesive) zone and then trickle through the coke packed bed before being discharged from the taphole. During their downward flow, there are significant interactions occurring between liquids and other phases, such as gas and packing particles. Overall, the formation, dripping and discharging of these liquid phases, particularly molten slag, have a significant impact on BF operations in terms of furnace permeability, fuel consumption, process stability, product quality and ultimately, productivity. Hence, understanding the liquid flow behaviour in the BF lower zone is critical for designing optimal operations. In the current investigation, the flow behaviour of slag droplets was investigated at a mesoscopic level using a combined numerical and physical modelling approach. The interaction between slag and carbonaceous materials was studied using sessile drop wetting experiments, slag flow through a funnel and a high temperature packed bed and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) modelling technique. Molten slag flow and counter-current gas-slag flow in the packed bed was investigated in terms of superficial gas velocity, slag properties and packing structure. The gas-slag flow behaviour at a mesoscopic level was numerically visualised, with gas velocity gradually increased up to the flooding point. The strong interaction between gas and slag was uniquely identified, which can cause localised slag flooding as well as gas channelling. Detailed information concerning the effect on slag holdup distribution, residence time and flow patterns of wettability, slag properties and bed structure were obtained. The current investigation highlights the significant role of research at a mesoscopic level in understanding macroscopic slag flow behaviour. Gas channelling, which is a critical phenomenon in a packed bed with counter-current gas-slag flow, is predicted. It can be speculated that significant gas channelling in the BF can inevitably occur prior to operational limits being reached. In the BF process, the formation of permanent gas channelling and large slag rivulets should be avoided to maintain appropriate contact between phases and hence, furnace permeability.

Jun 19, 2024