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By J. S. Browning

The purpose of this Bureau of Mines project was to develop a method for recovering kyanite and sillimanite from the present zircon-mill tailing of the Jacksonville and Starke, Fla., plants of Humphreys Gold Corp. The kyanite and sillimanite in the ore are not being exploited at present, but procedures for recovering the two minerals were worked out by the Bureau in the interest of conserving natural resources. The current zircon-mill tailing of the Starke plant contains up to 20 percent of a mixture of kyanite and sillimanite. A similar product of the Jacksonville plant contains up to 15 percent kyanite and sillimanite. The average annual production of the tailing now being stockpiled contains several thousand tons of the two minerals. Laboratory batch-flotation tests were made on the materials to determine the feasibility of flotation methods for recovering high-grade concentrates. Various reagents were employed under different conditions to determine the optimum conditions for flotation of kyanite and sillimanite and retardation of the gangue materials. The results of the preliminary flotation tests were encouraging enough to warrant more comprehensive testing of a larger sample of the ore in the laboratory pilot plant.

Jan 1, 1956

By D. M. Lewis, J. K. H. Ma, Y. Rojanasakul, J. Y. C. Ma, J. H. Kang, V. Castronova

"Tetrandrine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid which has been shown to exhibit antifibrotic activity against silicosis. Tetrandrine is characterized by its strong binding to alveolar macrophages and inhibition of particle-induced respiratory burst activity in these phagocytes. In contrast, tubocurine and tubocurarine are structurally similar to tetrandrine but exhibit little effect on fibrosis or activation of alveolar macrophages. The objective of the present study was to test the effect of tetrandrine on macrophage production of monokines in response to occupational dusts, and to determine tetrandrine's effect on monokine-medicated cell growth using a mouse thymocyte proliferation assay and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a positive control. Stimulation of alveolar macrophages by respirable silica dust resulted in a release of monokines which caused a fourfold increase in thymocyte proliferation. Coal dust, on the other hand, had no effect on macrophage production of this cytokine. Tetrandrine was found to exhibit a dose-dependent inhibition of monokine release from both silica and LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. In experiments where thymocytes were directly treated with tetrandrine, a dose-dependent inhibition of thymocyte proliferation was noted with both interleukin-1- (IL-1) specific and nonspecific mitogenic (concanavalin A) actions. In contrast to the inhibitory potency of tetrandrine, tubocurarine was found to have no effect on either the production of monokines by LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages or IL-I-mediated thymocyte proliferation. These results provide a correlation between the ant:fibrotic effect of tetrandrine and inhibition of macrophage activation. INTRODUCTIONThe pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhalation of occupational dusts has been associated with abnormal activation of alveolar macrophages such as the release of various cytokines capable of inducing fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. These macrophage-derived cytokines include interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-B (TGF-(B), macrophage derived growth factor (MDGF), and interferon [1, 2].Interleukin-1 is a major macrophage-derived cytokine that has been shown to exhibit multiple biological effects on a variety of target cells. It is known to cause leukocyte [3, 4] and endothelial cell activation [5, 6], and to affect the synthesis and maintenance of the extracellular matrix by stimulation of fibroblast proliferation [7-9], synthesis of collagens [10] and gluco-saminoglycans [11], and prostaglandin E2 production [12]. In addition, IL-1 plays an important role in the initiation of an immune response through its direct activation of lymphocytes and stimulation of the production of other cytokines, such as interferons and hemopoietic colony-stimulating factors, needed for the expression of an immune response [13]. As a major cytokine in the immune-inflammatory sequela, IL-1 is also produced by epidermal, epithelial, lymphoid, and vascular tissues after infection, injury, or antigenic challenge [14]. Agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), immune complexes, and particulates are known to activate the synthesis and release of IL-1 by monocytes and macrophages [15]. These substances also trigger intracellular signals leading to altered arachidonic acid metabolism. Although the mechanism is still not clear, prostaglandins have been shown to suppress IL-1 translation via the induction of cyclic adenosine-monophosphate (CAMP), whereas leukotrienes produce a positive signal for IL-1 production [13]."

Mar 1, 1992

By James W. Miller

An investigation was begun by the Bureau of Mines in 1948 to determine the preparation characteristics of American coals. Results of the investigation were planned to be reported on a county basis and from the data developed, to determine: (a) Which coals either as mined or after beneficiation by conventional preparation are chemically suitable under present standards for producing metallurgical coke; (b) Which coals require special and more intensive treatment in preparation than is now practiced; and (c) Which coals cannot be considered potential sources of metallurgical coke, regardless of preparation. This report is one in this county series that describes the preparation characteristics of the coals of Perry County, Ky.

Jan 1, 1956

By G. W. Jones, F. E. Scott

"INTRODUCTION During the last war, considerable attention was given to the search for materials or combinations of materials for use as expelling agents for aerosols in the well-known ""aerosol bomb."" These materials must be free of fire and explosion hazards under normal conditions of use.In cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies interested in the work, the Bureau of Mines carried out a laboratory investigation on the inflammability of- dimethyl ether-dichlorodifluoromethane air mixtures. 4/The method of investigation was essentially the same as that used in a similar investigation dealing with the inflammability of propane-butane-dichlorodifluoromethane mixtures. 4/SOURCE OF MATERIALSThe dichlorodifluoromethane (commonly known as freon-12) and the dimethyl ether were supplied by Dr. Lyle D. Goodhue., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md. It was reported that the freon-12 was manufactured by the Kinetic Chemical Co. Wilmington, Del., and the dimethyl ether by the Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., Charleston, W. Va..The materials were obtained in small metal cylinders and were used as received. Before using, the cylinders mere placed in an upright position, and 5 to 6 liters of the gas was released from each cylinder to the atmosphere to remove any trapped air that may have been introduced when the cylinders were filled."

Sep 1, 1947

By Rees D. Groves

The Bureau of Mines conducted research on reactions of copper sulfide minerals with chlorine in an aqueous system. Selected samples of covellite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, bornite, and pyrite were leached with aqueous chlorine solutions. The mineral samples were sized on to minus 100- plus 325-mesh, individually mixed with precleaned sand and leached in an enclosed percolation column. Each mineral was leached in stages to achieve about 90 percent mineral dissolution. The chlorine leaching solutions were produced by reacting sodium hypochlorite with hydrochloric acid within the closed system. The study showed that when the mineral dissolution was complete, the reaction products (copper, iron, and sulfur) were in their highest oxidation states and a stoichiometric amount of chlorine was consumed. Although elemental sulfur formed as an intermediate product, it was oxidized to sulfate during the leach.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. W. Paul

This circular is one of a series of reports on coal mining methods and cost s which are being prepared by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for the purpose of making available to those interested in the industry a knowledge of the mining methods employed in mines where mechanical and hand loading is practiced and the cost data on the several operations pertaining to the removal of coal from the working faces and its transportation to the tipple for loading into railroad cars. The methods employed are influenced by the natural local conditions with respect to the thickness and character of the coal beds and the overlying strata, the means employed for roof support and its control, and the disadvantages incident to the development of mines in thin coal beds.

Jan 1, 1929

By Foster Fraas

Review of the literature on solid solutions discloses that the relation between composition and magnetic susceptibility is not linear . Recalculation using a transformation of composition values to parameter v values provides for a linear relation with the magnetic susceptibility to the 1/2 power . Application to minerals is illustrated by the olivine and enstentite series .

Jan 1, 1964

By R. O. Dannenberg

This Bureau of Mines report describes the results of research to develop a process for recovering additional beryllium from a commercial mill waste product, fluoferrate leach residue. Forty-five percent of the total beryllium in the leach residue was recovered in a beryllia product assaying over 98 pct Be0 by a process comprising (1) leaching with 1 N sulfuric acid, (2) adjusting the acidity of the leach liquor to pH 2, (3) extracting the beryllium with di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (EHPA), (4) stripping the loaded extract with sodium hydroxide solution, (5) boiling the sodium beryllate strip solution to precipitate beryllium hydroxide, and (6) calcining the beryllium hydroxide. Calculated reagent requirements per pound of Be° recovered by a proposed flowsheet were 28.1 lb sulfuric acid, 0.04 lb flocculent, 0.15 lb EHPA, 0.06 lb isodecanol (IDA), 0.22 gal kerosine, and 6.3 lb sodium hydroxide.

Jan 1, 1966

By T. J. Ballard, Austin B. Clayton

"INTRODUCTION The Conrad Hill mine was first opened as a gold mine about 1832 and has been operated at various times since then.The Bureau of Mines, as part of the strategic minerals program, mapped and sampled the accessible mine workings.The: work failed to reveal appreciable copper values or evidence of additional ore deposits.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the and that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, Oliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests.The field work embodied in this report was under the direction of Austin B. Clayton. The final report was prepared by T. J. Ballard uncle,- the general supervision of Mitchell H. Kline, chief, Raleigh, N. C., Branch, Mining Division. Analyses of samples and beneficiation tests were made by the Metallurgical Division. ACCESS AND OWNERSHIPThe property is 6 miles southeast of Lexington, N. C., and can be reached by U. S. Highway 64, turning off at Hedrick Grove Church, and is 1 mile north from the highway on the county road. The mine is in Davidson County at approximately 35° 47' latitude and 80° 10' longitude (fig. 1).The property comprises 471 acres and is owned (1943) by the McKeeMining Co., 512 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The property was optioned to Woodrow McKay of Lexington, N. C., in 1943, who in turn subleased the property to the Robert G. Lassiter interests of Raleigh, N. C."

May 1, 1948

By B. W. Madsen

Research by the Bureau of Mines has shown that treatment of open pit waste by crushing and sizing followed by flotation of the fines and leaching the coarse fraction results in greater metal recoveries than obtained by leaching only. Tests with a chalcocite-bearing quartz monzonite mine waste sample that had been crushed to minus 6 inches and screened on 1/2 inch yielded copper and silver recoveries of 71 and 22 percent, respectively, by the combined flotation-leaching process, compared with 48 percent of the copper and no silver recovered leaching the run-of-mine material. Copper was more readily leached from the coarse material with the minus 1/2-inch fines removed than from material with the fines included. The improved leaching was attributed to improved permeability and the associated improved circulation of air to the interior of the ore column. Cost estimates showed that the proposed intensive treatment of mine waste will require a greater capital investment and higher annual operating costs than conventional milling and dump leaching process. However, the income from the additional metal production offsets the increase in capital investment and operating costs, resulting in additional profit.

Jan 1, 1975

By E. D. Gardner

"A fire hazard exists in nearly all mines. Progressive mining companies recognize this danger and take all possible precautions to prevent any conflagrations, but in spite of such safety measures, mine fires do occasionally occur and endanger life and property. In order to be prepared for such an emergency, miners are trained in the use of self-contained breathing apparatus and the necessary fire-fighting equipment is kept on hand. Men trained to wear breathing apparatus can penetrate workings full of poisonous fumes, but in order to successfully combat fumes or to rescue miners, the rescue crews must be trained in fire-fighting operations and know how to proceed with a minimum loss of time when they get to the scene of action.In order to perfect fire-fighting plans and to train men of the Globe-Miami district under conditions approximating those found at an actual mine fire, mine-reseue maneuvers were held at Globe, Arizona, on October 17-20, inclusive. The work was done under the direction of Orr Woodburn, director, and his associates of the Globe-Miami District Mine Rescue and First Aid Association. He was assisted by Albert Tallon, safety engineer, and Herbert Finnegan of the Old Dominion Co.; Herbert Hodson, safety engineer for the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.; A. 3. Martinson and J. M. Harrington of Car One, and F. D. Gardner of the Southwest Station, Bureau of Mines. Invitations were issued to mining men likely to be interested and representatives of mining companies from other districts were present and observed the work.The Globe-Miami District Mine Rescue and First Aid Association is maintained by the mining companies in the district and each company contributes to the organization's support in proportion to the total number of men on the pay roll. A central station*, between Globe and Miami, has been established and a truck with 10 sets of 2-hour self-contained breathing apparatus and the necessary accessories is always in readiness to respond to a call to any of the mines in the district. Besides being in readiness for emergency work, the station employees train men in the use of mine-rescue apparatus and in first-aid to the injured at the mines of the association. The Globe-Miami Mine Rescue organization has been developed to high point of, efficiency under Mr. Woodburn's direction and is one of the best in the country. The three largest mines of the district such maintain a crew of 15 men trained in the use of breathing apparatus, and other mines keep crews of 5 men each."

May 1, 1923

By E. O. Wagner, Manuel Gomez, W. S. Landers

The Bureau of Mines studied coking rates of a special Columbia - Geneva six - coal blend to establish the effect of the coking rate on coke properties . The tests were conducted in a 500 - lb , 14 - in experimental slot oven at essentially constant conditions of blend composition , size distribution , surface moisture content , and bulk density . The coking rate was varied as a function of oven flue temperature . Coking rates within the range of 0.56 to 1.35 in/hr were achieved . Increase in the coking rate decreased the size of the coke . The stability factor of the coke showed no significant change with coking rate until coking rates greater than 1.0 in/hr were reached , after which a decrease in the stability factor was observed . The apparent specific gravity increased to a maximum value at coking rates approaching 1.1 in/hr and decreased sharply with further increase in the coking rate . Coke parameters correlated well with the coking rate .

Jan 1, 1963

By William A. Beck

"The Piedmont Manganese Belt extends from Taliferro County, Georgia, 70 miles in a northeasterly direction through Greenwood County, South Carolina, and conforms with the trend of the Piedmont Province. The total area of the belt is reported to be about 1,000 square miles, and the maximum-width is about 24 miles.Manganese has been known to exist in the belt since 1845. M. Tuomey mentioned a deposit in the Edgefield district on Hard Labor Creek in South Carolina in a report on the geology of South Carolina published in 1848.Ore was first mined about the time of the first World War, when the Colley mine, near Lincolnton, Ga., was. Opened. The only operation in the area at present is that of the Abernathy & Kehaya Mining Co., at McCormick, S. C.The geographical position of the belt is from west longitude 82° 57’, north latitude 33° 39' to west longitude 82° 06', north latitude 34° 08'. The towns of Washington and Lincolnton, Ga., and McCormick and Greenwood, S. C., are in or near the belt.An exploratory project of the Bureau of Mines was started on the McCormick, S. C., deposit in April 1944, and trenching, test pitting, and hand-auger drilling-were done on a small scale until early in October 1944. (Fig. 1.) In November 1944 work was begun on a property 12 miles north of McCormick, known as Parsons Mountain, which is leased to M. H. McKnight by the United States Forest Service. From March 15 to March 24, 1945, work was done on the property of Mrs. H. B. Ross, which is known as the Morgan farm.The Abernathy & Kehaya manganese mine contains what is locally known as the Dorn gold mine; mineral rights on the property were owned by M. G. & J. J. Dorn, Inc."

Apr 1, 1946

By K. O. Bennington

Enthalpies of formation of three sodium titanates were determined by hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetry, The values obtained for formation from the elements at 298.15° K are -370.9±0.5 kcal/mole for Na2TiO3, -832.1±0.9 kcal/mole for Na2Ti307, and -1,510.9±1.7 kcal/mole for Na2Ti6013. Tables of enthalpies of formation and Gibbs energies of formation are given as a function of temperature both from the elements and from the component oxides for Na2Ti03 and Na2Ti307.

Jan 1, 1973

By G. A. Appell

"INTRODUCTION During the summer of 1945, the Bureau of Mines conducted an investigation and program of churn drilling near the village of Tennyson in Grant County, Wis. The work was undertaken as part of a general investigation of the zinc-producing area of southwestern Wisconsin at a time when all effort was being made to increase the production of metals important to the war program.The area for special investigation was selected on the basis of favorable structural disclosures, evidence of widespread zinc mineralization, absence of any great amount of exploration to depth beneath the productive shallow workings, and the favorable results of several churn-drill holes in the village of Tennyson.During the Bureau's investigation, 30 churn-drill holes aggregating5,888 feet were completed.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to-the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual. Investigative work, and prepares the final report.The work described herein was accomplished under the direct supervision of Francis C. Lincoln and the author, mining engineers of the Bureau of Mines. Final data on the investigation were prepared under the direction of Edward F. Fitzhugh, Jr., chief Minneapolis Division, Mining Branch."

Jun 1, 1947

By M. E. Volin

The Buckeye manganese deposits are in Stanislaus County, Calif., about 33 miles south of Tracy. From 1917 to 1919 the deposits produced 13,370 tons of ore reported to average 46 percent manganese and 14 percent silica. The deposits are confined to two areas of' development, known as the north mine workings and the south mine workings, about 700 feet apart horizontally. Mineralization occurs chiefly as rhodochrosite and psilomelane interbedded in cherts of the Franciscan formation. As a part of the Bureau of Mines program of investigation and development of domestic mineral deposits, a development project was started November 25, 1940, and completed June 27, 1941. The Federal Geological Survey cooperated by mapping the topography and geology and logging the drill cores. The program included road and. trail building, trenching, underground excavation, diamond drilling, and sampling. The following pages mention the location, brief the history, and note the physical .features of' the district. Mine workings are sketched, the deposit is described, and the plan of the project is noted. The work performed by the Bureau of Mines is explained in the concluding pages with a summary of the drill-hole logs.

Jan 1, 1949

By Lucia Kuizon

The Antimony RARE II area is underlain principally by Mesozoic igneous rocks associated with the Sierra Nevada batholith. The San Andreas fault zone is near the southern boundary. Metallic mineral deposits are associated with the fault zone. These deposits were formed from magmatic solutions, and tend to be along shears and fractures within the country rock. Marble and dolomitic marble deposits occur in Paleozoic roof pendants or inclusions in the Mesozoic intrusive rocks in the area (Troxel and Morton, 1962, p. 52).

Jan 1, 1982

By Jr. Sharkey

The Bureau of Mines investigated gases from flash and laser irradiation of Pittsburgh seam (hvab) coal to determine the action of high temperatures on coal. Temperatures in excess of l,000° C were reached with both types of irradiation. Craters about 300 microns in diameter were produced in the coal with millisecond pulses from the laser unit rated at 1.7 joules' output. Gaseous products from laser and flash irradiations in vacuum contained 21 and 8 percent acetylene, respectively. Diacetylene, vinylacetylene, and other products to molecular weight 130 were indicated in the mass spectrum of the gas from the laser study. Single experiments were also conducted in which the laser energy, particle size of the coal, and atmosphere were varied. The results indicated that the distributions of products obtained from the flash and laser irradiations of coal were different from that produced in high-temperature carbonization.

Jan 1, 1966

By Peter H. Toepfer

This report presents the factual data obtained by the Bureau of Mines during diamond-drilling investigation of the Sunset copper deposit in the Index mining district, Snohomish County, Wash. The Sunset mine, first produced copper ore in 1902, but its main period of activity was from 1923 through 1930, The mine has produced 263,500 tons of ore, from which 1,500 ounces of gold, 156,000 ounces of silver, and 12,912,000 bounds of copper-were recovered. The mine has, been idle since 1946

Jan 1, 1953

By John A. Breslin

Size distributions and concentrations of particulates emitted from diesel engine exhausts were measured with cascade impactors. Samples were taken from the exhaust of two types of engines using three types of fuel and operating under five different engine speed and load conditions. The measured mass median diameters of the diesel particulates were typically about 0.3 um. There was no significant difference in mass median diameter between engines or fuels and only a slight dependence on operating mode. Concentration measurements ranged from 14.2 to 250.9 mg/cu m, and calculated mass outputs, from 52 to 3,443 mg/min. Significant differences in mass output were found between engines, fuels, and especially between different operating modes. The quantity of clean dilution air that would be required to reduce the particulate mass concentration below the 2.0 mg/cu m respirable dust standard for coal mines was greater than the dilution air required to meet the standards for noxious gases for both engines tested.

Jan 1, 1976