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By J. B. STEWART

T HE position of each hole of any series of holes was carefully located by the surveyor, plotted in plan and elevation, and numbers assigned to them. The second series was staggered halfway between the first and so on for each succeeding series. Two and a, half to three months was frequently required to grout a series of holes calculated to insure safety for sinking a distance of 10 meters or say 33 ft. Naturally the initial operation called for drilling and grouting two series of holes but thereafter each sinking campaign required only one series of holes as shown in Fig. 8. The pump handling about 75 gal. per minute corresponds to 46 tons of grout or 6 tons cement delivered as a fair over-all average for the 24 hours. Thus 600 to 800 tons of cement was used for a single section of 33 ft. depth of shaft. One campaign used nearly 1100 tons of cement. Some holes were effectually sealed with as low as 30 tons, while many required 60, and some 80 to 90 tons.

Jan 1, 1926

By J. D. Price, W. M. Bertholf

In preparing a paper on coal washing in Colorado and New Mexico, it is difficult to refrain from entering into a discussion of the historical aspects of this subject, for the story of coal washing in these states goes back well into the last century. This phase of the subject could well make a complete paper in itself, and of necessity this present discussion must be limited to current operations. Therefore, we are taking into consideration only those washing plants which have operated for some period during the years of 1947 and 1948.

Jan 1, 1949

William Kent, New York, N. Y.:—The Institute may congratulate itself on the opportunity of reading the splendid address of President Brunton. It is an admirable summary of the progress that has been made in the mining and metallurgical arts in recent years. The paper rightly gives the chief credit for this progress to the aid which has been rendered to these arts by the advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. It is notable that most of the headings in Mr. Brunton's address refer to the work of the mechanical engineer, the electrical engineer, and the chemist, rather than to that of the specialist in mining-operations. It seems that the most successful mining engineer of the present day is the one who makes the most intelligent application of the inventions and designs of engineers and others who are not directly engaged in mining. A tabulation of the headings of the address, grouped as below, shows this most clearly. Work of the Mechanical Engineer—Rock-drills, hoisting-machinery, tramming, pumping, ventilation, dredging, Sampling, concentration, briquetting, fume-recovery. Work of the Electrical Engineer—Electric machinery for hoisting, pumping, tramming, lighting and signaling, electric transmission, electric smelting. Work of the Chemist and Metallurgist—Explosives, chlorina-tion, cyanidation, roasting, lead-smelting, and copper-smelting. Work of the Geologist—Economic geology. Work of the Mining Engineer—Mine-mapping, surface-mining, timbering, tunneling; and planning and supervision of the work in general. The mining engineer of the present day, who is in responsible charge of a large plant, finds his chief work not in doing those things he was trained to do as a specialist, but in making use of the knowledge of geologists, chemists, and electrical and

Jan 1, 1910

By Arthur C. Spencer

(Glen Summit Meeting, June, 1911.) THREE great deposits of iron-ore, in Camaguey and Oriente Provinces, Cuba, are well known to me through careful field-examinations executed in the years 1901 and 1907. In 1901 I visited the Cubitas iron-ore district, which lies about 12 miles distant from the city of Camaguey in a northerly direction, and the Mayari district, which includes the Sierra Nipe, lying opposite Nipe bay on the north side of Oriente Province. In 1907 I again visited the Cubitas district, and also made a sojourn of several days in the Moa district, where the extensive deposits of iron-ore were observed and studied. The observations of 1901 were made under the auspices of the then Military Governor of Cuba; Gen. Leonard Wood, and my conclusions concerning the value of these deposits were incorporated in a report.1 The examination of certain denouncements of iron-ore in the Moa district in 1907 was made in behalf of iron-masters operating in the United States, to whom I reported the existence of large amounts of easily-workable limonitic iron-ore, properly designated " brown iron-ore " in the terminology now current among iron-ore producers in the United States. In 1908 I published a paper entitled Three Deposits of Iron Ore in Cuba, outlining the occurrence and origin of the surficial ores existing in the Cubitas, Mayari, and Moa districts.2 . 1 A Geological Reconnoissance of Cuba, by C. Willard Hayes, T. Wayland Vaughan and Arthur C. Spencer, printed as a part of the report of the Military Governor of Cuba for the year 1901, vol. i. 2 Bulletin No. 390, U. S. Geological Survey, pp. 318 to 329 (1908).

Mar 1, 1911

By C. A. LINDBERG

Several new methods have been developed on the Iron Range to remove the material adhering to truck bodies in freezing weather. A machine known as a Gradall, incorporating the features of digging both above and below the horizontal, digging angle of blade control, full revolving, travel almost anywhere, and operated by one man, has proven successful in trials at body cleaning. Several of these units are in use with great saving in box-cleaning costs and improvements in efficiency of the truck operation with full capacity boxes. In addition to their winter use, the same machines have been used for ditching and excavating in the summer with great saving. The latest method of combating this freezing problem is to carry the exhaust from the engine through the body, making use of the tremendous heat that is now being wasted. To do this, the present wood sandwich which is used between the bottom of the box and the wear plate is removed and replaced with angles or channels run lengthwise of the box and spaced to permit gases to flow between or through them and also provide a good sup- port for the wear plate. The channels or angles are cut a little short on each end to form a cross passage that permits the gases to flow through the area. In the front end, openings are made in the wear plate and connect to a manifold created by welding a plate across the whole front of the box, spaced from the original end by the original vertical reinforcing angles at that point. The body being described is for a Euclid truck which is the only truck that has been adapted to this body-heating idea to date. At the rear of the truck, the holes from the cross passage are made in the bottom plate of the body and lead into a triangular-shaped body cross member under the scoop end of the truck.

Jan 1, 1949

This consolidated index covers all publications of the Institute for the years 1926 through 1935. The following list indicates subjects of volumes and gives numbers or abbreviations used to designate them. TRANSACTIONS VOLUME *G26. Petroleum Development and Technology in 1925 (Published in 1926). *G26. Petroleum Development and Technology in 1926. *E27. Institute of Metals Proceedings. 73. Nonferrous Metallurgy, Milling and Concentration, Nonmetallic Minerals, Institute of Metals and Iron and Steel. [ ]

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1902

Executive Committee. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary, 131 State St.., Boston, Mass. The twelfth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, on Monday evening, May 5, 1913, fifteen members and three guests being present.. The meeting Was called to order by Vice-Chairman Albert Sauveur, Who introduced the speaker of the evening, Utley Wedge, of Ardmore. Pa. Mr. Wedge read a, paper on the chloridizing roasting of copper ores, Which lie illustrated With a stereopticon, and Which will be published in full by the Institute. After Mr. Wedge had closed his paper, Which was received with great interest by all the members. the following discussion took place: Professor Hofman said that iron was formerly thought to bo essential to the Henderson process, but that it is not absolutely essential. Mr. Wedge said that., as far as he knew, the presence of some sulphates Was an absolute necessity, and that lime ores can be worked satisfactorily, although lime has an effect on the subsequent leaching. He added that the low fuel consumption of the latest Wedge furnace is a result of direct application of the combustion gases to the ore. Ten per cent. of fuel Was needed with the muffle furnace. By direct firing lie has been able to reduce the fuel needed to from 2 to 4 per cent. In the latest types of furnaces the uses from the upper hearth are not used. There is doubtless some tem-perature at Which the loss from copper chloride volatilization becomes serious, but in practice on Rio Tinto ores troublesome losses are not experienced.. The copper apparently does not become volatile at the temperatures where we would expect that it would. There are doubtless ores in which there would be serious danger from losses from this source. The latest furnaces do not use the high temperatures that Were needed in the former single-hearth Wedge furnaces.

Jan 7, 1913

By Paul D. Martinka

Coal is the principal energy source for the American Electric Power System (AEP System), which generates and delivers more electric energy to its customers within a seven-state area than any other investor- owned electric public utility. The company expected to burn 21.5 million tons of coal in 1968 at its coal-fired, steam-electric generating stations. About 4.3 million tons, representing 20% of the firm's total annual requirement, was the expected yield of its captive coal mines; the other 17.2 million tons were to be purchased from commercial mines in Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. American Electric's largest captive coal mining operation is conducted by Central Ohio Coal Co., a subsidiary of Ohio Power Co., at the Muskingum mine in the Meigs Creek No. 9 coal field of southeastern Ohio. The mine was started in 1953 to produce the coal requirements of the Philo and Muskingum River generating plants of Ohio Power Co., and it has been supplying their annual requirements in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 million tons since that time. The Muskingum River plant is one of the major steam-electric generating stations on the AEP System. This plant began operation in 1953 with a 215-megawatt unit and now has five generating units with a total plant capacity of 1,495 megawatts. The addition of the 615-megawatt Unit 5 in the summer of 1968 increased the total annual coal requirement of the plant from 2.6 to 4.4 million tons. In order to produce the additional 1.8 million tons of coal for the Unit 5 addition and to exploit the remaining coal reserves at the Muskingum mine most economically, Central Ohio Coal Co. has undertaken a $41 million expansion and modernization program, involving the world's largest dragline and an electric railroad.

Jan 1, 1969

By Alan M. Bateman

POSSIBLE postwar trends of the more important world minerals will be determined in part by their present world position and by the acts and forces that have operated during the war period, so it is desirable first to review briefly what has been happening in the foreign field of metals and minerals. When we first entered this war we of the mineral profession were all acutely conscious of our lack of strategic minerals and other materials, which had to be imported in great quantities-minerals such as manganese, chrome, tin, mercury, nickel, and antimony. But we realized also that we had to acquire vast quantities of those minerals of which we had thought we were bountifully supplied. Our assumed domestic abundances turned out to be woefully deficient, and demands also arose for new minerals never before produced in large quantities. Some threescore minerals entered the strategic list of our imports. Ores from new sources had to be sought, developed, and transported. Tonnages in the millions of such bulk materials as zinc, lead, copper, chrome, and manganese flowed to feed our war efforts. Sparsely distributed minerals such as tin, mercury, antimony, tungsten, cobalt, mica, and corundum had to be lured from their rock lairs in greatly increased quantities to feed the hungry maw of war industry, and the rare minerals such as tantalite, columbite, beryl, and quartz crystals had to be developed and procured in quantities never before dreamed of. New uses such as radio and radar created demands for many minerals formerly thought of only as adornments of museum collections and not as pressing industrial minerals. Such minerals were never before mined in quantity.

Jan 1, 1945

By John V. Beall

Let's start at the beginning, Mr. Turner. Where and when were you born? In Lansing, Mich., on July 31, 1880. And what was your education? I went to the University of Michigan, where I got an A.B. degree in 1902; then to the Michigan College of Mines at Houghton, graduating from there in 1904 with a B.S. and an E.M. What was your first job in the mining industry, Mr. Turner, and what were you paid? In the summer of 1902, 1 was a field assistant for the U. S. Geological Survey in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, working under Israel C. Russell, professor of geology at the University of Michigan, who incidentally, had just returned from an expedition to study the effects of the eruption of Mt. Pelee, on Martinique. I was paid $60 a month and found; in addition to doing geologic and hydrographic work, I cooked many of the meals for a party of four, and wrangled four horses. I slept for four months under the stars, without a tent.

Jan 1, 1949

By T. A. Rickard

An educated man is distinguished neither by his clothes nor by his knowledge; he is replarkable not for the things he says, but for the way he says them. You cannot even stand with him under an archway in the rain without finding him out. He may talk only of the weather. His words and his phrases alike may be simple. -at distinguishes him is the arrange- ment of his words; however desultory his talk, it will be method- ical; he has habituated himself to foreseeing the part to be played by each word he uses and the place to be taken by each sentence he utters. On the other hand, the uneducated man, though shrewd and well-informed, will relate facts and events as they recur to him, generally in disorder; in his effort to recollect and in his attempt to rectify forgetfulness he will pause irregularly, filling the intervals with meaningless phrases, such as "and then ", "and: so ", or 'said he to me", "said I to him"; and even the contipuous parts of his story will be told confusedly-because he has not learned the proper use of words.* My own experience as an editor of technical manuscripts has taught me that the misuse of 'that' and 'which' is a fruitful cause of obscurity and confusion. The relative pronouns have distinct functions, and no writer can express himself clearly until he has learned to discriminate between these I functions. For example:

Jan 1, 1931

By David J. Mack

A SURVEY and critical appraisal of published information about Young's modulus was originally made by the writer because of a complete lack of information about this very important quantity in works on mechanics, physical metallurgy, physics, and other sciences. It was felt that a comprehensive summary of such information about Young's modulus might be of general interest and may suggest new problems or lines of attack on other problems that involve E. Hence this paper has been prepared even though it is only a review, with no new ideas or experimental data. The references are only those used in assembling the paper. No attempt was made to compile a complete bibliography on the subject of Young's modulus. CALCULATION OF YOUNG'S MODULUS FROM THEORETICAL OR EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS Many attempts have been made to compute E from theoretical considerations. The earliest calculations were probably those of Tomlenson (1883) and Southerland (1891), but Fessenden 41,42 made extensive calculations a few years later and arrived at the relationship: [2E = 78. 101 (_L V] where V is the atomic volume. In 1923, Peczalski,43 working from the same stand-point but with more information available on atomic structure, arrived at an identical relationship, which he expressed as: [E=B(m) 2] where B is a constant of value about 8 • 10 7, p is density and m is atomic weight; the atomic volume, of course, being m/p. Portevin44 immediately pointed out that while the equations of Fessenden and Peczalski were true of the common metals, they gave low values for the refractory metals with high moduli (Fig. I). He showed (Fig. 2) that much better concordance was obtained by means of an empirical equation of the form: [E _ KT'Vb] where K is a constant; T the absolute melting point; V, atomic volume, and a and b constants of value approximately I and 2 respectively. This constant K in the Portevin equation is not necessarily the same for all elements, as shown by Thompson.45 Other equations for E based upon theoretical considerations have been derived by Honda and Yamada49 and Lasareff. 50 The most recent calculations of elastic moduli based upon quantum mechanics are probably those of Fuchs.46-48 He extended the method of Wigner and Seitz for calculating the lattice energy and compressibility of monovalent metals and computed the elastic constants of lithium,

Jan 1, 1945

By HERBERT G. MOULTON

FROM prehistoric times to our own day man has struggled against extremes of climate. Human life, originating in semi-tropical or temperate areas, was unable to progress into the northern latitudes until fire was discovered and some form of clothing provided. It was found possible to maintain life even in the hottest parts of the tropics, but only at a great sacrifice of comfort and efficiency compared with the more temperate zones, or in cooler areas with the protection of clothing and artificial heat. It was no accident, but the natural result of climatic conditions, that efficiency became the greatest and civilization the most advanced in areas where the natural climate was favorable, or in cooler zones where protection against severe cold could be se-cured by relatively simple methods of conserving or producing heat.

Jan 1, 1933

Pumping coal to market may help Appalachian coal operators increase their share of the eastern seaboard fuel business. Transporting it by pipeline is already an accomplished fact, but until recently it had to be dewatered to be used in boiler furnaces. The campaign for these eastern markets was begun in earnest last November by the widely publicized announcement of successful plant-scale firing of a central station boiler with coal slurry pumped to the burners. This latest advance makes coal similar to oil and gas in convenience in handling and controlling at the consumption end of the pipeline. Slurry could be considered a new commodity for the fuel market. HUGE POTENTIAL MARKET The heaviest concentration of power plants in the U.S. is along the line Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston which makes this region the best hunting ground for selling pipelined coal brought from western Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia. Furthermore, if this region is assumed to consume 125 million tons of coal annually, on a comparable basis, the consumption of oil and gas would be about 180 million tons. Even if all of this fuel is not consumed in central stations, it is still a very big market for coal at the right price. Consolidation Coal Co. and Texas Eastern Transmission Co. are trying to line up customers in this area so that a pipeline can be built. This is not to say that there are not many other areas in the U.S. that could not be supplied advantageously by a mine-to-market pipeline.

Jan 1, 1962

By Edwin Ludlow

THE responses to the request of the Finance Committee have been coming in with gratifying results, .but there have also been about a dozen letters received objecting in various ways to the voluntary subscription. These can be summarized as: First.-That the dues should have been increased, and thus impose the same burden on everyone. This would not have met the present situation, as under the constitution no increase could be effective until 1922. Second.-The Institute should 'live within its means, and reduce its expenses to correspond with its income. As far -as possible this was done by deferring the publication of Volume LXIV until 1921, although the papers published in that volume, were presented at the meeting in February, 1920. It is to avoid being obliged to do this again that the subscription is asked, as we feel that it is, a duty we owe to our membership_ to give them the papers presented at as early a date as possible.. Our financial situation is due to the very large increase in the cost of publication; owing to the high price of paper and printing. The cost of paper is now decreasing, and we hope that there will be' wage adjustments that will permit a lower cost for printing. Under present conditions each volume of our TRANSACTIONS costs three times as much as it did in 1917 and we would be able to publish only one' volume per year. Third.-That there are too many papers published that are 'of no interest to the writer of them .complaint.-This is undoubtedly true, but it must be remembered that the membership of the Institute includes all branches of mining and metallurgy and that all these branches are entitled to be' represented in our TRANSACTIONS by papers.

Jan 1, 1921

By Robert Forsyth

As the latest plant on a large scale, the new Bessemer works of the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company, at South Chicago, presents some features of interest to steel-makers, I have ventured to lay before the Institute a short description of that plant, and some* remarks upon the practice there. At the time the South Chicago works were designed the adoption of the basic process in this country seemed imminent. Experience in Europe had demonstrated the perfect success of the process technically, and the question of its commercial value was one which, for any particular works, would have to be settled by its special advantages for procuring the necessary ores and basic materials. Under the circumstances, it was thought best at South Chicago to so arrange the plant as to allow the introdnction of the basic whenever it became advisable, and to make such other changes from the standard type of Bessemer plant as the state of the art seemed to demand and to foreshadow. As the use of metal direct from the blast furnace, while generally condemned by experts here, was in such successful practice in Europe (particularly in connection with the basic process), there was no doubt about its feasibility, while its economy in fuel and labor made it especially attractive to the Western manufacturer. It was accordingly decided to build a direct-metal plant adapted to the basic process. The ingots made were to be rolled into rails at one heat, and were to be of such size (12 inches square and long enough for three and four rails) as to be readily and quickly handled by the rolling machinery proposed. This small size of ingots, and the large number cast from each heat of 10 tons, made it necessary to provide a good deal of room in the casting-pit—much more than in any previons plant—and to put down extra facilities for handling ingots. To meet the delays incident to the basic process—to insure that one vessel should be always blowing if necessary, and to provide opportunity for current repairs to linings, etc.—it was decided that three vessels should be used, and, to properly concentrate the work of

Jan 1, 1884

By John Jermain Porter

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) THE value of any particular ore, coke, or limestone, for iron-making, depends upon its effect, first, upon the quality or value of the resultant product; and second, upon the cost of smelting. The factors under the first head are the percentages of phosphorus, manganese, and other elements, which remain in the pig-iron ; while those under the second head are the percentages of iron, carbon, or lime, the slag-forming constituents, which must be fluxed, and any other ingredients which give rise to variations in cost of fuel and flux. The first of these criteria of value is perhaps not capable of being reduced to a general formula embracing all cases, since it must vary to a great extent with market-fluctuations. For example, Bessemer pig is worth sometimes more and sometimes less than foundry-pig ; and the premium paid for high manganese varies within wide limits. The second, or smelting-value, however, can be expressed numerically with a fair degree of accuracy; and it is with this phase of valuation that the present paper is concerned. The utility of a means of comparing numerically the relative smelting-values of different ores, cokes, and limestones, is self-evident, although it may not have importance in Northern practice, where materials are largely standardized. On the other hand, there are, especially in the South, many furnace-managers who must use a great variety of materials of widely varying grade; and it is with special reference to this district, and in connection with the efficiency-methods which I have elsewhere proposed,1 that the methods herein described were devised.

Mar 1, 1912

Aamot, Olav Crone, (Member '29) Met , Det Norske Aktieselskab for Elektrokemisk, Industry, Inc , Oslo, Norway Aase, Glenn D , (Junior Member '40) Met Engr , Western Research Dyv , American Smelt & Refin Co , Selby, Calif Abadye, Henry G., (Member '43) Petr Engr , Sr Prod Engr , Long Beach Oil Development Co, 255 So Santa Clara Ave, Long Beach, Calif Abbott, Clarence E , (Member '04) Civil Engr , 'P , Tennessee Coal, Iron & R R Co , 1542 Brown Marx Bldg Birmingham, Ala Abbott, Fred E , Jr , (Member '44) Petr Engr , c/o Arabian American Oil Co , A P 0 816, c/o Postmaster, New York, N Y Abbott, John H , (Member '46) Resident Mgr , Hickman, Williams & Co, 230 No Michigan Ave, Chicago 1, Ill Abbott, R W R., (Member '47) Asst Power Supt, Cananea Consolidated Copper Co , Cananea, Son , Mexico Abbott, Robert H? Jr., (Junior Member '47) Petr Engr, Producing Dept, The Texas Cc, P 0 Box 951, Houma, La Abel, Raymond L., (Member '28) Chem Engr, Prof of Chem Engrg, Univ of Pittsburgh, Pitts¬burgh Pa Abel, Walter D , (Member '32) Min Engr, Div of Corporations, 403 State Bldg , Los Angeles 12, Cal if

Jan 1, 1952