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By Fortunato Pereira Gamba

The Department of Narino (formerly included in the Department of Cauca) is a narrow band about 170 km. (100 miles) wide in the southern part of the Republic of Colombia, near the boundary of Ecuador, as showu in the sketch-map, Fig. 1. Its capital is Pasto, a small city of 25,000 inhabitants; the pri~icipal towns are T?querres, Cumbal, Ypiales, Barbacoas, and Tumaco. The port on the Pacific ocean is Tumaco, and traffic in the interior is carried partly on the Patia river (steam navigation to the fluvial port of Barbacoas), and afterwards overland over poor roads by human bearers or on mule-back.

Jan 1, 1913

By R. H. Lee

WITHOUT doubt, one of the most frequent and serious annoyances connected with the practical running of a blast-furnace, especially in single-furnace plants, is caused by low steam, in spite of the fact that all boilers at blast-furnaces have grates for burning coal, and that coal is more or less continuously burned upon them, from three to a dozen men being pretty constantly engaged around the boilers as firemen or coal- and ash-handlers. At times, when the furnace is ? tight," all available men are put on to assist the regular firemen; yet sufficient steam cannot be got to keep the engines up to their regular number of revolutions, while the stoves, deprived of the gas which has been sent to the boilers, run cold, so that, when the furnace loosens-up and resumes the regular rate of driving, the blast is very considerably below normal temperature, and a.' cold," or at best a " high-sulphur," east is the result. Again, it often happens that a furnace, running at its best, becomes temporarily a little too hot; the pressure rises; the amount of gas made' is diminished; the steam soon commences to go down; and a small scaffold is likely to form before the furnace has been brought back to the proper rate of driving, and thus enabled to take its regular amount of blast. The usual remedy is either to "jerk" the furnace by a sudden, brief intermission in blowing, or to cool the furnace by lowering the heat of the blast; but if the lower blast-temperature be maintained too long, the hearth and descending stock may be cooled below the " critical temperature " mentioned by Mr. .Johnson, and the furnace may go to the other extreme, and become cold. This is especially the case when coal or coke, high in sulphur, is used:

Jul 1, 1906

"In the mines producing over 500 tons per day, skips have replaced the old method of hoisting ore by cars run onto cages. In the car and cage method, two men (station tenders) trammed the loaded cars onto the one-deck cage, and as the production increased the one-deck cage was increased to two decks and later to four decks. Landing chairs at the underground stations were necessary in this method and were the cause of many serious accidents by being carelessly left in the shaft by the station-tenders when leaving one station for anotherabove. The labor and time occupied in loading the leaving cages were con¬siderable, and, at times of rapid hoisting, four men were necessary in taking off empty and caging loaded cars. This also required at the surface landing, as many as ten men on a shift to remove the loaded cars and replacing them with empties, and tram the loaded ones to the surface ore bins, where the railway cars were loaded.The skips used in Butte are generally of 100 cubic feet capacity and hold five tons of ore, and weigh 7,500 lbs. The cage above, to which the skip is attached, weighs 2,300 lbs. The skips dump automatically into a pocket of 50 tons capacity. Two men are with the skips underground and load them from 125 ton capacity ore-pockets, under each station, the bottoms of the pockets having an inclination of 50 degrees from the horizontal. At the bottom of these pockets a gate is operated by compressed air. The labor of loading the skips amounts only to the opening and closing of a valve in the air-line, the ore running by gravity into the skips.Besides the saving in labor, the use of the skips has removed the necessity of underground landing chairs in the shaft and the accidents which are inevitable where such chairs are used."

Jan 1, 1913

THE total crude production from the Dutch East Indies, and the British Protectorates of Sarawak and Brunei for 1932 is given in the following table: BARRELS BARRELS (42 GAL.) (42 GAL.) North Sumatra 4,226,935 Ceram 326,207 South Sumatra 13,956,157 Sarawak 2,739,650 Java 3,845,568 Brunei 1,322,725 Dutch Borneo (main island) . 9,406,733 Dutch Borneo (Island of Tara- kan) 6,579,184 Total 42,403,159 Production, which had shown a rapid increase from 1921 to 1929, has since been reduced. Exploitation drilling in the majority of the larger fields was suspended and existing production kept within predetermined limits by beaning. Most of the smaller fields were shut down entirely. The depth of producing levels varies widely in the different fields. Shallow fields with drilling depths to 500 meters (1650 ft.) are still numer-ous as well as those with depths between 500 and 1000 m. (3300 ft.). A few of the newer fields reach greater drilling depths. up to 1600 m. (5250 ft.). The deepest exploration well drilled to date (Djambi field, South Sumatra) reached a depth of 2332 m. (7650 ft.) before abandon-ment in March, 1930. The specific gravities of the various crude oils produced range between 0.65 (86.2° A.P.I.) and 0.95 (17.5° A.P.I.). The lighter crudes have a high gasoline content and fuel oils are derived from the heavier crudes, which usually are rich in paraffin.

Jan 1, 1933

S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfect.ing the various kinds of gases, and while thus employed was gassed several times, which so affected his heart and lungs that he was unable to withstand an attack of the influenza which developed into pneumonia, from which he died at the end of 24 hours. He was a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Lebanon, and belonged to the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Lebanon Lodge 121, I. 0. 0. F. and Camp 65, P. 0. S. of A. Lieutenant Bernhardt Edward Heine Bernhardt Edward Heine, a lieutenant in the Aviation Service of the U. S. Army, died as the result of a fa1I1 in an aeroplane at Fort Sill, Okla., on Aug. 10, 1918. The accident occurred on Aug. 2, when the machine in which he was flying with Lieutenant Carsons fell from a height of 1500 ft.; Lieutenant Carsons was instantly killed, but Lieutenant Heine died from his injuries a week later. Lieutenant Heine was born at Mount Clemens, Mich., in 1895. After attending the local High School he entered the Michigan College of Mines, and became a Junior Member of the Institute while still a student. He graduated in 1916, with the degree of B. S. In 1914 he served as a transitman for the engineering department of the City of Hancock, Mich. Lieutenant Heine had been in the army since 1916, having been with the 'troops at 'the Mexican border. He had been in the Aviation Section since August, 1917.

Jan 1, 1920

By William Glenn

Early in the last century, Isaac Tyson, Jr., of Baltimore, was a miner of ores of chromium, iron and copper, and a manufacturer of their products. He was first to erect in America, for the reduction of copper-ore, a German blast-furnace, which was copied largely, and the improved successors of which are now universally used in this country. Dying in 1862, he left his manufacture of alkali bichromates to his eldest son, Jesse, while his work in the departments of mining and smelting descended to his second son, James Wood Tyson, the subject of this notice. The father had mined chrome-ores in Maryland and Pennsylvania and manufactured their products at Baltimore; he had mined and reduced copper-ores in both these States; iron-ores at Tyson Furnace in SW. Vermont, and copper-ores in the northern and central parts of that State. Among his holdings was what later became the Ely mine, now called Copperfield. The son extended this work to central Georgia, and carried the family mining interests to the Pacific coast, where he took up chrome-mines in Oregon and elsewhere, as far south as southern California. On December 3, 1900, in the 73d year of his age, James Wood Tyson passed away, in his native city of Baltimore, charging his third son, James Wood Tysou, Jr., with the labors which, 38 years before, his father had resigned to him. Thus was the work of father and son in mining and metallurgy, continuing without interruption through almost

Jan 1, 1902

By Edward A. Vitunac

The emerging importance of pneumatic conveying systems for bulk materials is largely due to the economic advantages such systems frequently exhibit when compared to alternate methods. Included in these advantages are relative simplicity, ease of installation, flexibility, ease of maintenance, cleanliness, safety and ease of automation to the degree desired. In general, installed costs favor a pneumatic system when compared to competing mechanical systems if the transporting distances are long or to and from many points. In addition, supplemental use such as cooling, heating, or drying may supply the incremental value required to justify its selection.1 The main disadvantages of a pneumatic system are the greater horsepower required per unit weight of material conveyed, material limits in abrasiveness, and density. In addition, material breakage tends to increase at changes of direction and at any obstruction such as that caused by the imperfect butting of two pipe sections in the conveying line. Classification of the material at the discharge may also cause problems in dusting and segregation. Materials weighing less than 4 lb per cu ft tend to cause feeding and collecting problems although they can be conveyed easily. Material between 4 lb and 20 lb per cu ft can be handled with fewer problems, but flow rate is hard to predict. The 20-60 lb per cu ft range offers best results, whereas materials of over 60 Ib per cu ft tend to drop out of the air stream and settle in the pipeline unless careful pro- visions are made to prevent this.2

Jan 5, 1968

By E. S. Machlin

RECENTLY, there has been much activity in the field of nucleation of martensitic transformations.'- One of the problems in this field is the calculation of the rate of nucleation (number of plates nucleated per unit untransformed volume per unit time) in terms of observable parameters. Two such observable parameters are the fraction of the length of a straight line which corresponds to the portion of the total length of the line that lies in the martensitic phase and the number of plates intersected by this straight line per unit length of line. Because of the necessity of a valid answer to this problem, the following investigation was undertaken. Although this problem has been treated in the past, a derivation of the relation between the volume and linear fractions of martensite will be described to illustrate the method used in the succeeding analyses. It is assumed that the martensitic plates are in the form of a right circular cylinder having a small height relative to the radius of the base. The volume fraction of martensite is then: fr = lXNl,hjAl [1] where f, is the volume fraction of martensite, and Nij is the number of plates per unit total volume having the area Ai and the height hi. The linear fraction of martensite is obtained as follows. For the plates having the particular area A, and height h,, the fraction sin 0 dB* will have their cylinder axes between the angles 0 and 0 + d0 to the straight line along which the linear fraction of mar-

Jan 1, 1953

By Hans Haalck

PRACTICAL or applied geophysics-as we designate the border region between physics and geophysics on one hand and practical geology on the other-has as its object the application of physical or geophysical methods of investigation to problems of practical geology. Its field of operation comprises all methods of physical measurement that are used in the problem of determining, from the geophysical influences of the subsoil that can be measured at the surface of the earth, the special characteristics of the association of strata, faults, etc., to detect the presence of deposits and to investigate underground structures. It therefore represents an aid, a physical method of research in practical geology, and is inseparably connected with geological studies; for this reason, it is also called geophysical prospecting. Formerly research methods of practical geology were based on observation exclusively: first, on the observation of the strata and formations at accessible parts of the surface of the earth, especially in shafts, borings and mines if such were available; then on the observation of the tectonic conditions in so far as these were already known at places directly visible; and finally, by estimation of the importance of formations of the terrane. Later, there were added in special cases, analytical chemical crystallo-graphical, petrographical and similar investigations of rock samples which were taken from the places under consideration. The knowledge thus obtained is of value and is expanded by hypotheses and constructions that are supported by geological theories of origin and by laws of the sequence of formations and rock systems, which are based on long experience.

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

THE name of Dr. Henry Sturgis Drinker has been added to the short list of Honorary Members of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, a signal honor rightfully bestowed. To quote the Philadelphia Inquirer, "It is essentially a recognition of the highest achievements, the greatest benefits, and most deserving personalities among engineers themselves." The regard in which Doctor Drinker is held by his friends and associates is reflected in the following comments of the press: Doctor Drinker is distinguished far beyond the confines of Bethlehem and of Lehigh University, to the development of

Jan 1, 1921

By AIME

IRWIN W. ALCORN, present Chairman of the Petroleum Division, was born Sept. 5, 1899 at Marietta, Ohio, and moved with his family to Robinson, Ill., at the time of the early oil development there. This was in the days of the Star spudders, mud, mules, and Stanley steamers. Al graduated from Robinson High School after participation in basket ball, also attaining the captaincy of the football team of that school. He entered Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy in 1918 and was ushered by the Army into the S.A.T.C. In 1920 he transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later to return to receive his B.S. degree -in metallurgy at Rolla, also joining the AIME. On graduation, he worked for the Skelly Oil Co. at Cushing, Okla., shifting to the Moore Refining Co. at DeNoya, Okla., as superintendent of a small pipe-line system. After an interval of two years with the National Supply Co. in Tulsa, he joined the Independent Oil and Gas Co. of that city, and at various times was chief engineer of the Texas division, superintendent of the West Texas pipe-line system, chief engineer of pipe-line construction, and chief engineer of the refining division. Al organized the Company's production engineering department. In 1930 the Company was merged with the Phillips Petroleum Co. The depression was in and Al was out, 'as was true nine months later when the Smith Separator Co. whose chief engineer he had become, was liquidated. The next few years was spent with Oil Well Supply Co. as a subsurface pumping equipment engineer

Jan 1, 1948

By AIME AIME

THE accompanying photograph: submitted by C. L. Bransford, assistant district manager of the Republic Steel Corp., in Birmingham. Ala., shows the remains of the old Tannehill blast furnaces, one of the first furnace plants in the South. They were built by Moses Stroup and operated during the Civil War period, when cannon balls were cast there. The record day's run of this furnace plant was said to be 30 tons of iron. The furnaces were fed by a water-wheel-operated bellows and used charcoal, a product of the neighboring forest. They were first owned and operated by the Pioneer Mining & Manufacturing Co., that later became the Republic Iron & Steel Cu., and subsequently the Republic Steel Corp. in that district.

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1943

Jan 1, 1880

Depending on viewpoint, slurry pipelines are a necessary part of coal expansion in the West, or an opportunistic venture that could cripple many American railroads.

Jan 10, 1977

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Jan 1, 1938

By Richard V. Wyman

Leaching of a granitic rock mass by slightly acid groundwater brings uranium and genetically related ions into solution in groundwater. Uranium and related ions are moved through the vadose zone by groundwater which in turn moves through zones of greatest transmissivity into a deep zone of increased hydrostatic pressure. Cyclic wetting causes the hydrostatic condition to fluctuate causing recycling described by Gruner (op cit). Multiple cycling flushes the uranium ions from rock being leached and moves it via this method to permeable beds-channels-in the deep zone.

Jan 1, 1970

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Jan 1, 1938

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C.' STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY, STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 7, 1918