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By G. S. Farnham, D. A. Scott

Partition of certain elements, particularly nickel, was determined for slowly cooled steels, the greater number containing from 0.30 to 0.35 pct C. Approximately 3 pct of the nickel, 18 pct of the manganese, 33 pct of the molybdenum, and 35 pct of the chromium occur in the carbide phase. Partition of one element is not much affected by the presence of another. THE object of this investigation was: 1—to determine the partition of nickel between cemen-tite and ferrite in a medium and high carbon series of annealed steels; 2—to evaluate the effect of chromium and/or molybdenum or both on the partition of nickel in medium carbon annealed steels; 3— to determine the partition of chromium between ferrite and carbide in a series of medium carbon annealed steels; and 4—to study the chemistry of the carbides formed in an AISI 2330 steel during both isothermal transformation, and quench and draw experiments at 1150°F (620°C). The partition of alloying elements between ce-mentite and ferrite in annealed steels has been the subject of many investigations, a summary of which has been given by Austin1. However, there is no satisfactory data available concerning the partition of nickel. It has generally been assumed that virtu- ally all of the nickel concentrates in the ferrite phase in annealed steels. Two investigators"." have reported the finding of nickel in extracted carbide residues. Recently, it has been shown4 that nickel substitutes up to 40 pct for iron in the lattice of cementite produced by the low temperature carburization of iron-nickel powders. In addition to the lack of data on nickel partition, the literature also fails to make reference to the effect of other elements on the nickel content of the carbide in nickel-bearing steels. The partition of molybdenum between ferrite and carbide has been reported"-' for hypoeutectoid steels, isothermally transformed at 1300°F (705°C) and

Jan 1, 1954

By P. D. Wilson

The genesis of some orebodies has been explained by the mingling and chemical interaction of water solutions of different compositions and the consequent precipitation of the mineral load of one or both solutions at their confluence. While this process can be proved in the laboratory, rarely can a positive demonstration be found in nature, for the conditions at the time an ore deposit is being worked are usually entircly differcnt from those that existed when the orebody was formed. For this reason, the present deposition of copper carbonate in the southern end of the Briggs mine of the Calumet and Arizona Mining Co. near Bisbce, Ariz., is of great interest. The developed orebodies in the Calumet and Arizona mines are roughly confined to two broad parallel zones separated at the north by a wedge of Copper Queen ground and at the south by an undeveloped block of Calumet and Arizona ground about 2000 ft. (610 m.) wide. The more westerly zone includes the Irish Mag, Oliver, P. and D., and Cole mines, none of which has been operated since 1919. Much of the water from this division is carried from the 1400-ft., or bottom, level at the southern end of the Cole mine in a long water drift through the undeveloped block to the 1300-ft. level of the Briggs mine at the southern end of the more easterly zone. Most of this water comes originally from outlying areas in the P. and D. mine, passing through parts of the lower. levels of the Cole mine, which are heavily mineralized with iron and copper sulfides. This sulfide zone has been opened up and slowly oxidizing for years. Originally a pure, potable water, the analyses of which are shown under A- in Tables 1 and 2, on its way through the mineralized area in the Cole mine it gathers copper, calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum sulfates, a load of dissolved mineral salts almost four times as great as that which it formerly carried; analyses B

Jan 1, 1923

By P. D. Wilson

The genesis of some orebodies has been explained by the mingling and chemical interaction of water solutions of different compositions and the consequent precipitation of the mineral load of one or both solutions at their confluence. While this process can be proved in the laboratory, rarely can a positive demonstration be found in nature, for the conditions at the time an ore deposit is being worked are usually entircly differcnt from those that existed when the orebody was formed. For this reason, the present deposition of copper carbonate in the southern end of the Briggs mine of the Calumet and Arizona Mining Co. near Bisbce, Ariz., is of great interest. The developed orebodies in the Calumet and Arizona mines are roughly confined to two broad parallel zones separated at the north by a wedge of Copper Queen ground and at the south by an undeveloped block of Calumet and Arizona ground about 2000 ft. (610 m.) wide. The more westerly zone includes the Irish Mag, Oliver, P. and D., and Cole mines, none of which has been operated since 1919. Much of the water from this division is carried from the 1400-ft., or bottom, level at the southern end of the Cole mine in a long water drift through the undeveloped block to the 1300-ft. level of the Briggs mine at the southern end of the more easterly zone. Most of this water comes originally from outlying areas in the P. and D. mine, passing through parts of the lower. levels of the Cole mine, which are heavily mineralized with iron and copper sulfides. This sulfide zone has been opened up and slowly oxidizing for years. Originally a pure, potable water, the analyses of which are shown under A- in Tables 1 and 2, on its way through the mineralized area in the Cole mine it gathers copper, calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum sulfates, a load of dissolved mineral salts almost four times as great as that which it formerly carried; analyses B

Jan 1, 1923

The editorial expenses for the preparation of the manuscript of the second edition, as for the first, were provided by grants of the Engineering Foundation and the Open Hearth Steel Committee of the Iron and Steel Division, AIME ; the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund again sponsored the publication of this volume. The companies and research or educational institutions with which the authors, reviewers, and editors are connected also contributed much to the writing and editing of this book through their generous donations of time and travel and office expenses. And finally, the authors and others have given countless hours of their own time with no recompense but the satisfaction of a job well done. In order to give credit to the companies or educational institutions which made it possible for the members of the Editorial Board to devote considerable time to the revision of this book, the names of these members and their affiliations are recorded here as follows : W. O. Philbrook, Carnegie Institute of Technology M. B. Bever, Massachusetts Institute of Technology H. B. Emerick, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation B. M. Larsen, United States Steel Company A number of individuals suggested desirable changes in the book before rewriting was started. Almost all manuscripts were gone over critically by reviewers, and the resulting criticisms led to the correction of errors and omissions and greatly contributed to the accuracy and completeness of the text. Other people have supplied additional data or illustrations or assisted in other ways. While some of these contributors must remain anonymous because they are not known to the Editors, the cooperation of the following individuals is gratefully acknowledged : R. D. Allen, Republic Steel Corporation, Chicago Isadore Amdur, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mary Baeyertz, Armour Research Foundation S. P. Bahmer, Republic Steel Corporation, Massillon E. C. Bain and Associates, United States Steel Company, Pittsburgh C. W. Briggs, Steel Founders' Society of America H. W. Briske, Wisconsin Steel Works

Jan 1, 1964

By H. M. Merry

The graphic methods and records described in this article have been developed, with satisfactory results, for the use of executives of the Chino Copper Co., in Hurley, N. Mex. Particular attention is directed to the use of large wall-charts, the quick reference display of large charts, the scale notation of metallurgical charts shown in Pig. 3, and the inclusion of mesh extraction on screen analysis diagrams. To properly comprehend the operation and metallurgical results from a concentrating plant, a daily record of essential data is kept, usually involving the dry weight of ore milled or treated, dry weight of concentrate or metal produced, assay values of heading, assay values of tailing, assay values of concentrate, and percentage of extraction or recovery. In addition it is often necessary to record moisture, pulp density, or dilution, percentage of weight of oils and reagents employed; screen analyses of grinding conditions, oversize, etc.; assay values of non-valuable or interfering substances; cost data; and such special information as may be required. GRaphic Presentation . Close analysis is necessary of a daily operation involving such a number of factors, the relation and influence of which may be of great importance in the treatment scheme. When the analysis is made from a numerical tabulation, the chance for one or more obscure, but perhaps important, factors to escape notice is considerable, therefore the need for an accurate, readily digestible presentation of metallurgical data is obvious.. Graphic records of milling operations are frequently used, but owing to the wide range of magnitude and values, and the number of factors involved, the customary practice of assigning different values to the same ordinates, as in Fig. 1, results in a complex and intricate record which makes little appeal to a busy operating official. The methods shown in Figs. 2 and 3 are devised to display such data in a clear and legible manner, without confusion.

Jan 1, 1920

Discussion of the paper of IRVING A. PALMER, presented at the Salt Lake meeting, August, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 91, July, 1914, pp. 1447 to 1460. L. S. AUSTIN, Salt Lake City, Utah.-With the union of the Guggenheim interests and the American Smelting& Refining Co. in 1900, competition among the lead-smelting companies appeared to have been largely eliminated. This condition prevailed for but a short time, owing to the erection of smelteries by competing companies. Naturally, as competitors, the older companies endeavored to keep improved methods to themselves, not realizing, it would appear, that such knowledge could never be bottled up, but would drift into the common field of practice. Of late it has begun to be felt that more is gained than lost by adopting a franker and more open policy. The line, however, is drawn in. giving details of costs, which, fully known, it is felt, would be taken advantage of by a rival. As Mr. Palmer says, steady and substantial progress has been made, and latterly, I may add, the improvements have been radical. Sintering by the Huntington-Heberlein method or with Dwight-Lloyd machines has effected an important saving over reverberatory roasting, the cost being, say, 50 to 75c., as compared With $2 per ton by the older method. Moreover, the .large use of a sintered product has resulted in doubling blast-furnace tonnage. However, the change has not been an unmixed blessing, as in the machine roasting little time can be given to the breaking up of the blende, and it has been impossible to decompose largely the zinc sulphide, so detrimental in later blast-furnace treatment. The satisfactory roasting of the blende is still an unsolved problem. Nor is this all. For the best reduction it has been found that a part of-the change should be crude (unsintered) ore, indicating that the already fused material is only too ready to change to slag, thus lessening the opportunity for better reduction.

Jan 11, 1914

By Joseph E. Pogue

Price is a complicated concept, for price is both a cause and an effect. This reciprocal aspect is commonly overlooked and the oversight is the source of many economic maladjustments. Price is the resultant of the ratio between supply and demand, but it differs from a mathematical concept of a proportion, by itself constituting an economic force which continuously alters the elements that determine the relationship. Price, therefore, is not merely the outcome of other forces but is in its own right one of the most powerful of economic agents. Price accordingly does not play a passive role; nor can it be sterilized or rendered inactive. In consequence, price cannot be fixed or at least kept fixed, except by the elimination of all freedom of choice on the part of producers and consumers. A primary objective of all economic activity is equilibrium. The same is true of a unit of economic activity, the single industry. The plane upon which equilibrium centers may shift in the course of time, but equilibrium itself is the point of departure and the point of return. If an industry is in equilibrium, that industry is operating effectively. The motivating forces of an industry—profits or the common good—are not to be confused with the prerequisite of equilibrium, but this mistake is often made. The producer is dominated by the profit motive; the consumer, or his collective representative, by the general welfare motive. No one is the advocate for equilibrium; that status is supposed to be arrived at automatically. If the forces of competition are perfectly free, such is the tendency. Equilibrium For the purposes of this analysis, equilibrium needs to be broadly defined and is conceived to involve: (1) balance between supply and demand; (2) internal equipoise amongst the elements within an industry; and (3) symmetry in respect to the whole economy. This definition implies flexibility and case of adjustment; a ready accommodation to change. Equilibrium does not postulate profits or nonprofits, social objectives or the lack of them. A decadent industry may be in equilib-

Jan 1, 1937

By A. W. Doepke

CLIMAX is situated in the heart of the high Rockies at Fremont Pass on the Continental Divide. This setting naturally throws some of the romantic aura of the old mining camps around the town. In its early days it was much like them, even to its air of impermanence. Its founders had faith in the future-as did every adventurer who started a hole in the ground and called it a mine. In those days, however, all available money was expended on the mine, and those who labored on the job had to he content with rugged living arrangements. The visitor at Climax today. however, sees a townsite carefully laid out to enhance the natural' beauty of the surroundings. There are 250 houses and 43 apartments which have been carefully designed by an architect, and missing is the long line of houses of the same type. Every house is of a different design, all being modern in every respect, with haths, running water, electricity, and .sewage disposal. They vary in size from three to six rooms and rent for $5 per room per month. A complete, well-designed water-treatment plant supplies water for domestic purposes.

Jan 1, 1946

[United Engineering Society ARTHUR S. DWIGHT J, VIPOND DAVIES J, V, N. DORR Engineering Societies Library Board SYDNEY H. BALL ALEXANDER C, HUMPHREYS GEORGE C, STONE JOHN H, JANEWAY Engineering Foundation Board H. M. BOYLSTON J. VIPOND DAVIES GALEN H, CLEVENGER Society for Promotion of Engineering Education WILLIAM KELLY ALLEN H. ROGERS]

Jan 1, 1928

IT is not enough to know how to melt well and to have the bellows and charcoal for your purpose. If you wish to make small castings turn out well, on account of their thinness, it is necessary to aid the metals with unctuous and corrupting materials like tin, sublimate, arsenic, or realgar,

Jan 1, 1942

For the convenience of members who may be traveling from place to place, the Secretary has compiled a list of libraries or other places in the United States and foreign countries where MINING AND METALLURWGY or the Transactions may be consulted. This list will be sent to members if they so request.

Jan 1, 1925

For the convenience of members who may be traveling from place to place, the Secretary has compiled a list of libraries or other places In the United States and foreign countries where MINING AND METALLURGY or the Transactions may be consulted. This list will be sent to members if they so request

Jan 1, 1923

For the convenience of members who may be traveling from place to place, the Secretary has compiled a list of libraries or other places in the United States and foreign countries where MINING AND METALLURGY or the Transactions may be consulted. This list will be sent to members if they so request.

Jan 1, 1925

ARTHUR L. PEARSE, London, Eng. (written discussion*).-In the last paragraph Professor Baskerville correctly sums up an important position. The paper was probably written some months ago, as is indicated; if it were written today he would have further emphasized these conclusions. The oil-shale is a great industry, has been for many

Jan 12, 1919

By P. R. Hanes

A description of the methods used in driving two tunnels, 2 miles long each, one a 9-ft. and the other a 19-ft. diameter section, for the Owyhee Irrigation Project, Oregon. One heading of the smaller tunnel was driven 1315 ft. in 73 shifts in one month and 10,966 ft. of this section completed in ll½ months using two shifts for eight months and three shifts the rest of the time. This is a good illustration of the proper use of a mechanical shovel and the importance of careful selection of supplernentary equipment to secure best results. Large cars, speedier and heavier locomotives, 36-in. gage track of 45-lb. rail, and a good switching method increased actual shoveling time and cut down muck removal period about 45 minutes from average. The larger tunnel, after trying out standard electric revolving shovels of both the rail mounting and caterpillar tread types, was excavated with a mechanical mucker. This is the first time that a tunnel of so large a section has been handled this way. This record work was accomplished without drill carriages.

Jan 1, 1934

As is known to representatives on Engineering Council, the Patents Committee of Council has collaborated with the similar committee of National Research Council in developing a scheme for the improvement of the method of dealing with patents in this country. The staff of the Patent Office is itself actively engaged in this effort. Out of the report prepared by the National Research Council, and approved and adopted by Engineering Council as the report also of its Patents Committee, remedial legislation has taken form. Three hills have been introduced, known as H.R. 5011, a bill to make the Patent Office independent of the Department of the Interior or any other department, and to simplify the procedure of the Courts with reference to assessment of damages or profits for infringement of patents; H.R. 5012, a bill to establish a single Court of Patent Appeals; and H.R. 7010, a bill to increase the force and salaries in the Patent Office. Chairman Charles A. Terry, of the Patents Committee, requests that representatives of Engineering Council write to their congressmen, urging the passage of these hills and so far as convenient, request their friends to do likewise.

Jan 9, 1919

There were present eleven Directors, the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of the Institute, and eleven guests. The Secretary, Bradley Stoughton, was appointed the representative of the Institute on the Board of. Directors of the American Bureau of Welding. A communication from a member of the Institute regarding simplified spelling was laid on the table. The following appropriations were made for the year. 1919: $250 to the Institute of Metals Division, $250 to the St. Louis Section, $100 to the Columbia Section. An invitation was received from the Western Society of Engineers to the Institute to use the facilities of that society during the A. I. M. E. Meeting in Chicago. The Bulletin of the Institute was presented to the French Congress of Engineers. There were elected twenty-eight members, eighteen associates, and three junior associates. The status of one member was changed from junior associate to associate. Four members were reinstated. An extension of time was granted to one member for payment of dues. The dues of four members on active military duty were suspended. Dues were remitted of four members who have been paying over thirty years, and who are each over seventy years of age.

Jan 5, 1919

By R. M. Barnes, A. H. Bell

The ideas set forth in this paper are proposed for consideration and discussion as the result of recent study of various plans for control and proration of gas and oil production from Kettleman North Dome oil field. They would be applicable to any oil field during its flush production stage. The problems of development and proration are so Fig. 1.—Ideal Cross-section, Kettleman North Dome Oil Field. intimately connected in Kettleman Hills and in many other flush fields that they have both been covered in this paper. Many are of the opinion that Kettleman North Dome oil field should be considered as containing only one zone to its present total penetrated thickness of nearly 1500 ft., and that the hydrocarbon content of this zone gradually changes from dark and relatively low-gravity oil with relatively low gas-oil ratios on the flanks and plunges to mostly light-colored and high-gravity oil with high gas-oil ratios in the higher structural positions, somewhat according to the idealized section shown in Fig. 1. At least the lower 400 ft. contains dark oil in the higher structural positions.

Jan 1, 1933

By Wolfgang Pietsch

Prior publications have shown that the structure and characteristics of direct reduced iron produced by direct reduction from iron ores or iron ore pellets depend on many parameters which include process variables, such as, reduction temperature, reduction gas composition, and type or origin of the raw material. Most of the published literature deals with direct reduced iron produced in the laboratory at theoretically interesting but commercially uneconomical or technically impossible conditions. Much of the work was carried out in pure carbon monoxide in pure hydrogen, or in such mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which are of no commercial interest. Other results were obtained at temperatures which are too high and would cause sticking in large scale plants. For this reason, work was initiated by Midrex Corporation to investigate the influence of raw materials and reduction temperature on structure and characteristics of direct reduced iron. The composition of the reducing gas used to prepare the samples for this study produces results corresponding to those obtained with a typical commercial gas. The temperatures at which reduction was carried out are in a technically feasible range. This paper reports on the results.

Jan 1, 1979

The Institute is still in need of additional copies of the Bulletin for January, February and March, and will be glad to pay members the regular price of fifty cents per copy. Copies may be sent express collect, or postage may be used and the amount will be refunded in addition to the fifty cents.

Jan 10, 1916