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By F. H. Deily, H. W. Lownie, E. A. Loria, L. W. Ledgerwood, M. W. 207-000-000-012 Mallett, J. E. Eckel

MANY investigations have been made of the residual gas content of iron and steel. Very few, if any, quantitative measurements have been made on the oxygen content of cupola-melted iron.' The fact that cast iron is a complex alloy rather than

Jan 1, 1957

By S. S. Deshmukh

An important element of evaluating a materials- handling system by simulation lies in being able to examine the details of the proposed operation in a fashion which closely approximates real behavior. The added factor of flexibility permits including or deleting those parts of the problem which can be shown to be important or trivial. Used carefully, simulation can match manpower and equipment far more efficiently than conventional calculations. The same is true of interacting equipment systems. This efficiency results from being able to simulate the real fluctuations in a system by using empirical probability distributions compiled from existing operations. Simulation eliminates guessing as to efficiency, absenteeism, bunching, and the broad host of delays that influence productivity and substitutes operating data in place of the usual factors. In this respect, simulation improves detail and confidence in the reliability of engineering estimates.

Jan 1, 1970

By Luther W. Bahney

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) LIME is the alkali that is almost universally added to the solutions in the cyanide process of gold- and silver-extraction for maintaining the so-called, protective" alkalinity. It is produced by the burning of limestone. The value of lime for this purpose depends upon the percentage of calcium oxide contained, which is determined by three factors : 1, purity of the limestone used; 2, degree of the burning-temperature and the period of burning; and 3, length of time of storage of burned material and the condition stored, and whether it has been damp or wet during the storage. These three factors render uncertain the quality of lime bought in the open market. In the United States, lime bought from reliable manufacturers, who thoroughly burn a pure limestone and deliver at once to the consumer from the kilns, may be of a fairly-high and uniform composition ; but in Mexico and Central America, where it is purchased from many small producers, who often start with a poor grade of limestone and burn it in small crude kilns with as little fuel as possible, the quality of the product is quite variable. In consideration of the foregoing, it is apparent at once that there is a great need for a rapid technical method for the valuation of the lime to be used in a cyanide-plant. The determination of calcium by the gravimetric method, with the necessity of determining also the proportion of carbon dioxide, silica, and iron, requires too much time, and is usually out of the question for an isolated plant unequipped with a skilled chemist and, the necessary apparatus. The calculating of all the calcium so found to calcium oxide, although sometimes done, is manifestly very inaccurate.

Nov 1, 1911

1. Healthy and active Local Section organizations are vital factors in promoting the vigor and growth of the Institute. 2. Activity on the part of Local Sections should be recognized and stimulated by appropriation of funds from the Institute's treasury; and these appropriations should be as large as is consistent with the relative needs for other activities. 3. As between different Sections, the amount of such appropriations should be based primarily on the extent of activities as reflected in the number and character of meetings held and the attendance of the members at such meetings. 4. In making a request for funds for any year, the officers of a Local Section should submit a report on the printed form approved by the Directors at their meeting on November 19, 1937. 5. A standing Committee on Local See-

Jan 1, 1943

1. Healthy and active Local Section organizations are vital factors in promoting the vigor and growth of the Institute. 2. Activity on the part of Local Sections should be recognized and stimulated by appropriation of funds from the Insti¬tute's treasury; and these appropriations should be as large as is consistent with the relative needs for other activities. 3. As between different Sections, the amount of such appropriations should be based primarily on the extent of activities as reflected in the number and character of meetings held and the attendance of the members at such meetings. 4. In making a request for funds for any year, the officers of a Local Section should submit a report on the printed form approved by the Directors at their meeting on November 19, 1937. 5. A standing Committee on Local See-

Jan 1, 1942

1 Healthy and active Local Section organizations are vital factors in promoting the vigor and growth of the Institute 2 Activity on the part of Local Sections should be recognized and stimulated by appropriation of funds from the Institute's treasury, and these appropriations should be as large as is consistent with the relative needs for other activities 3 As between different Sections, the amount of such appropriations should be based primarily on the extent of activities as reflected in the number and character of meetings held and the attendance of the members at such meetings 4 In making a request for funds for any year, the officers of a Local Section should submit a report on the printed form approved by the Directors at their meeting on November 19, 1937 5 A standing Committee on Local See-

Jan 1, 1952

EXPLORATION U.S. 4,065,972 - Exploration for subsurface ore bodies of uranium. mercury or other inorganic or organic minerals having specific gases associated thereto Small gas sample containers are planted in a plurality of shallow holes in the surface of the earth in a predetermined pattern and left in place for a period of time sufficient to collect migrating gases. Each container includes a gas collection chamber and means for admitting gases at a predetermined flow rate. Strips of detector material which is sensitive to specific gases are mounted in the collection chamber. Recovered containers are subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. F. W Holub and H. W. Alter, assigned to Terradex Corp Jan. 3, 1978. 9 pp (73-421 5R) Filed 5-24-76 (689,710) Same. British 1,498,737, dated Jan. 25, 1978

Jan 1, 1979

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors passed the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meeting passed the following resolution : "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated: "Whereas, the American Institute of Miming and Metallurgical Engineers is organized for purely professional and scientific purposes, and whereas diversity of opinion among its members on partisan or political questions is inevitable, it is the ex- pressed policy of the Institute to refrain from official participation or action in political and semi-political matters."

Jan 1, 1946

By J. W. Harden

APART from the merits of the respective systems of mining under conditions alike, there is much in the nature of the coal and the measures with which it is associated, to make that system which is successfully practiced in one locality ill adapted to that of another; the structure of the coal itself, the roof, the floor, the depth and character of the overlying strata, each exercising more or less controlling influence. Again, in the highly bituminous districts, and with such as have caking coals, where the size of the coal as it comes off the face does not affect its value, as the very smallest of it may be utilized, and in the hard, the open and free-burning coals, in some of which the round only (large coal) is merchantable,

Jan 1, 1873

By J. T. Norton, J. G. McMullin

E. R. JETTE*—The way this ternary was developed there are two directly determined points on each of the iso-thermals except the 700° isothermal, where I believe there is only one. How were the end points determined, and what was the basis for it? Whose work formed the basis for the silver copper line ? M. B. BEVER †—At most temperatures the authors determined three points of the isothermal line. For example it can be seen from Fig 3 and 4 how three points for the 600°C contour line were obtained. The authors took two additional points for each temperature from the copper-silver binary diagram contained in Hansen's volume on constitution diagrams. It is correct that the 700°C contour line is based only on one point in the ternary field which was found by a slight extrapolation of Fig 4. R. I. JAFFEE*—Are the tie lines representing phases in equilibrium parallel to the silver-copper boundary ? M. B. BEVER—Are you asking that as a matter of principle ? R. I. JAFFEE—I assumed that would follow from principle. I wonder if that is in accordance with the authors' ideas too. M. B. BEVER—I do not believe the authors obtained any information on the tie lines in the two-phase field. Of course, in the limiting case of very low gold contents the tie-lines approach to the silver-copper boundary, but generally in the two-phase field I do not think that the tie-lines have to be parallel to the boundary. E. R. JETTE—I am quite sure they do not have to be parallel. You cannot tell from this work in which direction they go. E. A. GULBRANSEN*—Were any pycnometric measurements made to check the lattice parameters of the alloys ? M. B. BEVER—I did not hear any-

Jan 1, 1950

The meeting of the Board of Directors, on November 22, was attended by eight directors, the Secretary of the Institute, and eight guests. The proposed James Douglas Prize and Tablet was referred to a committee of eleven. Robert H. Richards was appointed representative of this Institute to attend the meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. J. V. N. Dorr was made chairman of the Finance Committee in place of George D. Barron, resigned. The sum of $200 was appropriated for the 1918 expense of the American Engineering Standards Committee; the question of an appropriation for 1919 was referred to the Executive Committee for study and report. The sum of $50 was appropriated to the Treasurer's clerk. The following representatives of the Institute were elected: W. L. Saunders to succeed himself as United Engineering Society Trustee; R. M. Raymond to succeed himself as member of Engineering Foundation Board; S. J. Jennings to succeed himself as member of Engineering Council; George F. Kunz to succeed himself as member of Engineering Council; C. F. Rand to succeed himself as member of John Fritz Medal Board of Award; E. Gybbon Spilsbury to succeed himself as member of the Library Board. To members of the Canadian Mining Institute residing in Canada or Newfoundland, the privilege was extended to subscribe to the Bulletin at the price of $5. An invitation was extended to the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America to consolidate with the American Institute of Mining Engineers. The appointment of Engineering Societies' Employment Bureau was reported. Thirty-nine members and ten associates were elected. Two members were reinstated. Extension of time for the payment of clues was granted to four members. Seventeen members on active duty at the front had their dues remitted.

Jan 1, 1919

E. R. JETTE*—The way this ternary was developed there are two directly determined points on each of the iso-thermals except the 700° isothermal, where I believe there is only one. How were the end points determined, and what was the basis for it? Whose work formed the basis for the silver copper line ? M. B. BEVER †—At most temperatures the authors determined three points of the isothermal line. For example it can be seen from Fig 3 and 4 how three points for the 600°C contour line were obtained. The authors took two additional points for each temperature from the copper-silver binary diagram contained in Hansen's volume on constitution diagrams. It is correct that the 700°C contour line is based only on one point in the ternary field which was found by a slight extrapolation of Fig 4. R. I. JAFFEE*—Are the tie lines representing phases in equilibrium parallel to the silver-copper boundary ? M. B. BEVER—Are you asking that as a matter of principle ? R. I. JAFFEE—I assumed that would follow from principle. I wonder if that is in accordance with the authors' ideas too. M. B. BEVER—I do not believe the authors obtained any information on the tie lines in the two-phase field. Of course, in the limiting case of very low gold contents the tie-lines approach to the silver-copper boundary, but generally in the two-phase field I do not think that the tie-lines have to be parallel to the boundary. E. R. JETTE—1 am quite sure they do not have to be parallel. You cannot tell from this work in which direction they go. E. A. GULBRANSEN*—Were any pycnometric measurements made to check the lattice parameters of the alloys ? M. B. BEVER—I did not hear any-

Jan 1, 1950

By A. B. Parsons

This YEAR BOOK, which is sent to every member, contains the roster of officers and the principal standing committees, brief summaries of the proceedings of the Annual Meeting and of the Regional and Divisional meetings, and the necrology for the year 1934. Also are included abstracts of papers published during the year and a classified list of TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and CONTRIBUTIONS, as well as an index of all material published by the Institute in 1934 in TRANSACTIONS, in TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and CONTRIBGTIONS and in MINING AND METALLURGY, the monthly magazine, the twelve issues' of which contained 98 technical papers Thus 111 small space are gathered together references to all papers, magazines and books printed by the Institute during the year. The papers for the Iron and Steel and Institute of Metals Divisions have been issued as TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS distributed under the binding of METALS TECHNOLOGY in the months of January, February, April, June, August, September, October, December This plan of distribution will be continued in 1935 for these two groups The publications for the year 1934 include two sponsored by the Institute's special funds. A Manual for Student Associates and Affiliated Student Societies, prepared by the Committee on Student Relations, of which Jay A. Carpenter was Chairman, was published through the courtesy of the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund, and Volume 112 of the TRANSACTIONS, on Milling Methods, assembled by the Committee on Milling Methods, of which Charles E. Locke was Chairman, was financed by the Rocky Mountain Fund The remaining volumes were all TRANSACTIONS, Volumes 107, Petroleum Development and Technology; 108, Coal Division; 109, Metal Mining and Nonmetallic Minerals; 110, Geophysical Prospecting; 111, Institute of Metals Division and 113, Iron and Steel Division

Jan 1, 1935

The Institute makes liberal provision for inclusion of engineering students through individual Student Associate membership. Such members pay $2 per year, receive MINING AND METALLURGY, may purchase Technical Publications at reduced rates, have the privilege of attending all meetings and are furnished a distinctive badge in the form of a watch fob. Provision is also made for the affiliation of organized student societies in recognized schools of engineering chemistry, geology and related sciences. In order to qualify for affiliation it is not necessary that all members of the society become Student Associates since the individual members of the society are not listed as members of the Institute However, a large majority of the members of many of the societies are also Student Associate Members of the Institute. Among the things that the Institute does for the affiliated societies are the following: (a) A copy of each issue of MINING AND METALLURGY is furnished to the society; (b) Reports of the meetings and activities of the society are reported in MINING AND METALLURGY; (c) Assistance is given by the Institute in obtaining speakers for the meetings of the society; (d) The name of the society and of its officers is listed in the annual Directory and other publications of the Institute; and (e) Members of the society are given the use of the Engineering Societies Employment Service. Student organizations, desiring to be recognized as affiliated student societies of the Institute, should make application to the Secretary, giving particulars as to the nature of their organization, of their membership, and their officers. The accom¬panying list on page 24 gives the names of the affiliated student societies, their presi¬dents and their secretaries, as of April 17, 1931.

Jan 1, 1923

The Institute makes liberal provision for inclusion of engineering students through individual Student Associate membership. Such members pay $2 per year, receive MINING AND METALLURGY, may purchase Technical Publications at reduced rates, have the privilege of attending all meetings and are furnished a distinctive badge in the form of a watch fob. Provision is also made for the affiliation of organized student societies in recognized schools of engineering, chemistry, geology and related sciences. In order to qualify for affiliation it is not necessary that all members of the society become Student Associates since the individual members of the society are not listed as members of the Institute. However, a large majority of the members of many of the societies are also Student Associate Members of the Institute. Among the things that the Institute does for the affiliated societies are the following: (a) A copy of each issue of MINING AND METALLURGY is furnished to the society; (b) Reports of the meetings and activities of the society are reported in MINING AND METALLURGY; (c) Assistance is given by the Institute in obtaining speakers for the meetings of the society; (d) The name of the society and of its officers is listed in the annual Directory and other publications of the Institute; and (e) Members of the society are given the use of the Engineering Societies Employment Service. Student organizations, desiring to be recognized as affiliated student societies of the Institute, should make application to the Secretary, giving particulars as to the nature of their organization, of their membership, and their officers. The accompanying list on page 21 gives the names of the affiliated student societies, their presidents and their secretaries, as of April 16, 1933.

Jan 1, 1932

By Tom W. Pfeifle, Paul E. Senseny

INTRODUCTION Engineered structures such as mines, shafts and tunnels, and storage caverns for hydrocarbons, chemical s and brine are being built in natural rock salt formations in increasing numbers. In addition, salt formations are being considered as potential hosts for mined, nuclear waste repositories. The popularity of these formations for engineering purposes stems from the many favorable commercial, physical, and thermal characteristics attributed to the material itself. Not only have the formations been stable and free of dissolution for hundreds of millions of years, but the salt is fairly easily mined and has very low permeability, low water content, and high thermal conductivity. Another characteristic of salt is its tendency to flow or creep when subjected to a shear stress. Although this behavior may be desirable in certain instances, it may be detrimental in other instances since the creep rate may be large enough to produce deformations that tend to reduce the volume of storage caverns or to restrict access to mining operations. In either case, the engineer is faced with the problem of accurately predicting the long-term structural deformations under various combinations of stress and temperature and is required to compare these deformations with long-term design criteria. In the laboratory, deformation-versus-time curves obtained at constant stress and temperature show that creep of salt is similar to creep of many other crystal line solids. Figure 1 shows a typical deformation-versus-time curve for salt. When a shear stress is first applied, the rate of deformation is high, but decreases monotonically. This initial behavior is called transient or primary creep. At some time, the deformation rate no longer decreases but continues at a constant rate. This behavior is called steady-state

Jan 1, 1982

By E. V. Foran

Among the many newer disclosures that have accompanied the petroleum industry's progressively deeper exploratory drilling is the increased frequency with which the operators are encountering reservoirs of which the products at the time of discovery exist wholly or predominantly in the gas phase. The popular term "distillate pool" is most often used within the industry when referring to this type of reservoir, and in this paper the term is used in that sense. These pools have been observed in many different surroundings. In some places the entire reservoir is filled with the wet gas containing its water-white condensible products in the gas phase but apparently with no dark oil or other hydrocarbon liquids in the reservoir. The 8200-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field in West Texas is a good example of this type. At other places the wet, or distillate-bearing, gas may form a large gas cap directly overlying and in contact with an extensive reserve of dark oil. Oklahoma City, Kettleman Hills, the 8500-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field, and many others are examples of this type. There are also many places in which the wet distillate-bearing gas fills nearly the entire reservoir space, while the dark oil occupies only a narrow, bandlike zone, which marks the boundary of the reservoir along its lowest productive contour. The heavier components of these deep pool gases are generally water white in color, a large portion of which are condensible in a conventional oil and gas separator, when operated under pressures of the order of 400 to 800 Ib. per sq. in. Although the water-white products recovered in the separator sometimes have end points of 650" F. and higher on standard Engler distillation, they occur only in the gas phase in the reservoir. It is entirely possible that even some small amounts of dark colored reservoir components may occur in the gas phase when the temperature is 300" F. and pressures exceed 6000 Ib. per sq. in. Close approaches to these conditions have been encountered in the deepest producing wells. The condensible content of the deep reservoir gases of the many pools that have been tested or produced to date shows a wide variation in both condensible content, per 1000 cu. ft. of gas, and physical character.

Jan 1, 1939

By E. V. Foran

Among the many newer disclosures that have accompanied the petroleum industry's progressively deeper exploratory drilling is the increased frequency with which the operators are encountering reservoirs of which the products at the time of discovery exist wholly or predominantly in the gas phase. The popular term "distillate pool" is most often used within the industry when referring to this type of reservoir, and in this paper the term is used in that sense. These pools have been observed in many different surroundings. In some places the entire reservoir is filled with the wet gas containing its water-white condensible products in the gas phase but apparently with no dark oil or other hydrocarbon liquids in the reservoir. The 8200-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field in West Texas is a good example of this type. At other places the wet, or distillate-bearing, gas may form a large gas cap directly overlying and in contact with an extensive reserve of dark oil. Oklahoma City, Kettleman Hills, the 8500-ft. horizon in the Big Lake field, and many others are examples of this type. There are also many places in which the wet distillate-bearing gas fills nearly the entire reservoir space, while the dark oil occupies only a narrow, bandlike zone, which marks the boundary of the reservoir along its lowest productive contour. The heavier components of these deep pool gases are generally water white in color, a large portion of which are condensible in a conventional oil and gas separator, when operated under pressures of the order of 400 to 800 Ib. per sq. in. Although the water-white products recovered in the separator sometimes have end points of 650" F. and higher on standard Engler distillation, they occur only in the gas phase in the reservoir. It is entirely possible that even some small amounts of dark colored reservoir components may occur in the gas phase when the temperature is 300" F. and pressures exceed 6000 Ib. per sq. in. Close approaches to these conditions have been encountered in the deepest producing wells. The condensible content of the deep reservoir gases of the many pools that have been tested or produced to date shows a wide variation in both condensible content, per 1000 cu. ft. of gas, and physical character.

Jan 1, 1939

The American Steel Treaters Society, which meets at the Seventh Regiment Armory, Chicago, Ill., on Sept. 23-27, has provided an especially interesting program of thirty-five papers. They deal with "Heat Treatment of Steels for Cutting Purposes," "Heat Treatment of Miscellaneous Products," Heat Treatment of Steel for Intermittent Cutting Purposes, "Results of Investigation Pertaining to Heat Treatment," "Heat Treating Equipment," "Solution of Modern `demands on Heat Treating."

Jan 9, 1919

By AIME AIME

This volume, an octavo of 626 pages, is now ready for delivery. By its aid, any subject treated or alluded to in the Transactions can be instantly tracked. The names of persons, mines, works, towns, etc., have been included; and abundant cross-references and classified sub-headings have been added to facilitate rapid consultation. Thus, the student remembering the name but not the locality, or the locality but not the name, or neither the name nor the precise locality of a gold-mine, can find it under ?Gold-mines," or under either of the other heads. For a more extended statement of the nature and use of this Index, which is intended specially for the benefit of those who do not possess complete sets of the Transactions, and who consult the Library by correspondence, see the Bi-Monthly Bulletin for September, 1907. The price of the Index bound in cloth is $5, delivery charges prepaid. Half-morocco binding costs $1 extra. Buy at once a copy of this Index, and also as many back-volumes of the Transactions as you can afford. Every such purchase from the stock on hand is so much added to the income of the Institute. As far as possible, the money thus received will be devoted to maintaining and perfecting the Library, and making it useful to members in all parts of the world.

Jan 11, 1907