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By R. E. Somers

Discussion of the paper of R. E. SOMERS, presented at the San Francisco meeting, September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 101, May, 1915, pp. 957 to 996. A. C. LAWSON, Berkeley, Cal.-One point to which Mr. Graton (in summarizing the paper for us) called attention is that the author had not explained why some copper was fixed in the zone of oxidation. I recollect very well puzzling over that question at Ely, Nev., some years ago. Mr. Sales, in his paper on Butte,1 suggests the explanation. It is clue according to him to the paucity of pyrite in the primary ore. Where there is abundant pyrite sufficient sulphuric acid is formed by oxidation to take all the copper into solution and carry it to lower levels; but where the pyrite is scant so that insufficient sulphuric acid is formed, some of the copper is carbonated and so fixed in the gossan. The hypothesis, or some modification of it, as for example the combination of the sulphuric acid with lime, would appear to explain satisfactorily the fixation of the copper in the gossan as carbonate. I have, however, had no occasion in recent years to study the phenomenon. L. C. GRATON, Cambridge, Mass.-As I remember, the rocks in which the chrysocolla occurs in the Burro Mountains are both silicified and kaolinized. It seems probable that in surroundings deficient in carbon dioxide, complete oxidation of chalcocite may yield chrysocolla up to a maximum of half the copper in the chalcocite; while in rocks, like garnet contact zones and certain easily decomposable porphyries, surface decomposition appears often to yield silica in the necessary form to convert the copper of primary sulphides into chrysocolla immediately and directly upon oxidation.

Jan 12, 1915

By AIME AIME

NO other man now on the Institute's Board has a record of long service to his professional society comparable with that of Karl Eilers. He joined in 1888; he was a Councilor as far back as 1909, a Vice-President as early as 1912, and for the last ten years has been continuously a Director and Treasurer. It seems fitting, therefore, that he is the only member of the present Board that is also an Honorary Member of the Institute. Karl Emrich Eilers was born near Marietta, Ohio, Nov. 20,,1865, which makes him 71 years old. Columbia School of Mines gave him his E.M. in 1889, after which

Jan 1, 1937

By M. Albertson

At Cobalt, Ontario, Canada, a lake was drained to facilitate mining, by the Mining Corpn. of Canada, during the spring and early summer of 1915. Previous to pumping out the water, great quantities of sands and slimes from concentrating plants had been discharged into the lake and during and after the lake's drainage, its basin was a receptacle for tailing products. As the writer was at work along the shore line as the lake was being drained, he had a good opportunity to observe the changes that took place as the water was withdrawn. Some adjustments between the incoming sands and the mud in the lake had taken place before pumping was commenced. One of the most interesting results was the appearance of a small dome in a path the writer traversed twice a day for several months; he remembers distinctly the difficulty of crossing this. Cobalt Lake owed its existence to the gouging out of a rock basin by glaciation. The long axis of the basin closely follows the strike of a thrust fault of about 500 ft. (160 m.) vertical displacement. The lake was originally shaped somewhat as shown. The length was about 3000 ft. (914.4 m.), the width at the lower lobe was about 1000 ft., and the width at the narrows probably 400 to 500 ft. The original depth of water varied from 20 to 30 ft. (6.1 to 9.1 m.), near where the island later was formed, to 60 to 70 ft. (23.6 to 27.6 m.) in the widest part of the lower lobe. At the narrows, the depth was 30 to 40 ft. Above the bed rock was sand, with boulders near the bottom, and mud. During the building of the railroad in 1903, considerable filling was done along the right of way. With the commencement of mining operations, about 1905, waste rock and mill tailings were dumped into the lake. One of the mining companies operated a hydraulic giant to remove the glacial debris from several hundred acres of rock surface; much of the sand and clay from this operation was deposited in the lake. About 1,500,000 tons of mill tailings, composed of sands and slimes, were discharged into the lake's waters previous to 1915. Most of this material

Jan 1, 1921

By Charles P. Williams

The determinations of the specific gravities of a number of samples of lead produced in Missouri, which form the subject of this note, were undertaken with the view of ascertaining if any approximation to the purity of such leads could be reached in this manner. The results would seem to indicate that, whatever value the method may have in the case of the crude and more impure

Jan 1, 1903

By Max Boehmer

The first and most lasting impression made upon the mind of him who examines a mine or a mining district consists in the observation that in each and every case there is an intimate association of the ores with the eruptive rocks in the dietrict. The mines in the Mississippi valley seem to be the only excep-

Jan 1, 1904

By AIME AIME

Jan 1, 1926

By J. C. Donnell, O&apos

Sinking an inclined ventilation shaft at the Never Sweat mine of The Anaconda Co. has required a unique underground hoisting arrangement because the shaft changes direction from vertical to 71.5º. Access to the project is made through the High Ore shaft to the 2800-ft level, then by crosscut to the bottom of the vertical Never Sweat shaft. The 71.5º incline shaft starts at this point, which makes an unusual operation as the 60-cu ft sinking skip coming up the incline changes into a vertical position above the 2800-ft level before going into the dump scrolls. This requires both rollers and guide shoes on the skip. Coming up the incline to the collar of the shaft the loaded skip enters into a guard before reaching the vertical section. The tendency of the surface- mounted Never Sweat hoist is to lift the front wheels of the skip off the track, so the guard keeps the skip on the rails during the transition.

Jan 11, 1965

EDWIN M. CHANCE (communication to the Secretary?).-The subject of miners' lamps. has long interested me and it would seem that the thought that has been given to it by the Bureau of Mines, and the users

Jan 6, 1917

Jan 1, 1943

By Rossiter W. Raymond

I desire to call the attention of the Institute to an interesting experiment, which may turn out to be an indication of a valuable improvement in the manufacture of steel. As the members are aware, the addition of ordinary spiegeleisen, in the open hearth or Bessemer converter, to a bath of decarbonized iron, has a twofold object,—the recarbonization of the bath to a desired degree, and the remedy of the red shortness otherwise found to be inevitable in the final product. This red shortness is ascribed to the presence of oxide of iron in the molten metal; and it is supposed that the manganese of the spiegeleisen, uniting with the oxygen of such oxide, carries it into the slag. At the same time there is a small percentage of the manganese usually left in the cast steel, probably to the improvement of its quality. Whatever be the true explanation the effect of the manganese is acknowledged to be not only beneficial, but necessary. But the use of spiegeleisen containing high percentages of carbon limits the quantity that can be introduced, because the carbon must be limited if soft steel is desired. This inconvenience becomes so serious as to prevent the use of ordinary spiegeleisen in the manufacture of steel containing more than, say two-tenths per cent. of phosphorus; since the quality of the steel can be made tolerable only by reducing its contents of carbon in proportion as the

By Henry M. Howe

The transformation which steel undergoes in slow cooling, from the condition of austenite whelk above the transformation rage into that of pearlite plus either ferrite or cementite below that range, is subject to great lag. This transformation is essentially the pearlitizing of the austenite. Indeed the hardenillg of steel is due to this lag, which is made so great by extremely rapid cooling that a very large part of the transformation itself is restrained, so that the rapid cooling catches the metal in an only partly transformed state, that of martensite, and under favorable contditions even in an almost wholly untransformed state, as in the cases of Maurer's austenitic manganese steel. Hadfield's austemtic. manganese steel, 25 per cent. nickel steel, and other anstenitic alloy steels, arc austenitic even after slow cooling. It has long been known that this lag increases (1) with the rapidity of cooling, (2) with the presence of certain retarding elements, notably manganese and nickel, and (3) with the temperature from which cooling starts. The present inquiry touches the last of these influences, but incidentally it throws light on the first also. This influence of higher heating ill increasing lag manifests itself in different ways which, though they may at first seem unrelated, are in fact hut different aspects of one and the same thing. Thus, among heatings to different high temperatures, all of them above the transformation range: the higher the temperature to which the steel is heated (1) the lower is the temperature at which the transformation occurs in cooling slowly down, (2) the shorter is the time occupied in the actual cooling from above the transformation range to the room Temperature under given external conditions, Whether of slow or

Jan 1, 1914

By Charles Catlett

AN examination of the census reports' for 1880, which contain a large number of complete analyses of typical American iron-ores, indicates that the existence of barium sulphate in intimate association with iron-ore is rather unusual. Of 94 analyses reported there, but four show any barium sulphate, and the maximum content amounts to 3.04 per cent. The note of the occurrence of considerable quantities of barite in connection with certain iron-ores found in the Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba may be of interest. These deposits are found near the little village of Francisco, about 25 miles west of the city of Pinar del Rio on the Western Railroad of Havana. The principal ridges are anticlines, and consist of very thick deposits of sandy shales and slates containing a large number of little veins of white quartz which, by the gradual disintegration of the mass of the material, is left covering the surface. This quartz occasionally shows sulphide, but is generally barren of any such indication. At times lenticular masses of a more or less pure limestone were observed in these slates. The shales, which are of light color, are occasionally talcose. The formation would tentatively be classed as the Lower Cambrian, and the heavy ridges of comparatively horizontal limestone found in the anticlinal valleys as the Upper Cambrian. Along the crest of these slaty ridges deposits of iron-ore are found which are apparently in place, and were probably formed by replacement of masses of limestone similar to those noted elsewhere. The ready disintegration of the slates, and the

Jul 1, 1907

By Oliver Bowles

ALTHOUGH Oliver Bowles retired as chief of the nonmetal economics division of the Bureau of Mines last year, that retirement has not lessened his active interest in the field of nonmetallic minerals, in writing, nor in his hobby, cultivation of African violets. Excellent co-ordination of the timing of a professional meeting and a flower show permitted him on at least one occasion to attend technical sessions and take in the African violet exhibition which happily arrived simultaneously in one city. Dr. Bowles celebrated his seventieth birthday on Jan. 10, 1947, and

Jan 1, 1948

By J. E. Johnson

Discussion of the paper of Mark A. Amnion, presented at the Cleveland meeting October, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 70, October, 1913, pp. 1167 to 1 79. J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Ashland, Wis.:-Mr. Amnion's paper is of great value and it is not with any desire to reflect. on it that I wish to make some comments on the use of the scleroscope. We obtained one on trial some months ago and made very extensive tests with it, but without getting very satisfactory results. The readings on good car-wheels and bad ones were just about the same, but the factor in its use most likely to produce erroneous results is a variation in the thickness of the specimen being tested. In order to find out something on this subject we cut a thin disk, about -1,: in. thick, off a brass rod; then one 0.25 in. thick, and another about 1 in. thick, put the surfaces of all in about the same condition and tested them with the scleroscope. The readings varied widely; the resilience of the anvil evidently entered to a very high degree on thin pieces. By putting a soft cushion between such a thin specimen and the anvil, and forcing it up against the tube, the softness of the cushion cut off the resilience of the anvil and the results were more like those of the thick specimens. After a thickness of 1 in. was passed, the specimen seemed to have mass enough so that the resilience of the anvil no longer played an important part, and above that thickness results on different materials would be comparable, even though the thicknesses differed. But in order to get comparable results on thin specimens the thickness of those being tested should be the same. I should like to ask how the variations introduced in this way were overcome, so as to get strictly comparable results. Mr. AMMON :-.I have not had much experience in that, but the scleroscope is simply an indication of the surface harden-

Dec 1, 1912

By J. C. Yannopoulos, N. J. Themelis

Ah electronic thermogravirnetric balance was used to measure the veductioiz rule o single cirpric oxide particles suspended in a stream of hydrogen. Very jzne thermocouples embedded in lie center and at the surface of the sphere recorded the variation of terw perature during reduction. In contrast to iron oxide reduction, where in most instances the rate of interface reactiokl is controlling, the heat- and mass-transfer phenotnena play a predolrinant role in the reduction of cupric oxide. The correlation of experitnental data or tnass lransfev lhrough the boundary layer at Reynolds nunlber 0-4 50 was as jollocs: ThE reduction of cupric oxide by hydrogen is represented by the equation: It is a highly exothermic reaction and the amount of heat released varies only slightly with temperature (-21,430 cal per g-mole at 400°C). Most of the published studies on this system have been conducted at temperatures in the range of 34 to 280c.l-&apos; The concensus of opinion has been that at temperatures below 200°C the reaction is preceded by an induction period during which there is very little or no reduction. The length of this period diminishes as the temperature of the reaction is increased1l5 and aseawa found that at 280°C reduction starts practically immediately when the oxide is exposed to hydrogen gas. The existence of an induction, or incubation, period has led experimenters to believe that the reduction of CuO by hydrogen is catalyzed by metallic copper.&apos; Boldurev and rmolaev found that mechanical additions of powdered copper to oxide did not affect its reduction, although metallic copper produced during the reduction seemed to have a catalytic effect. At least three other authors2&apos;5&apos;7 have reported that addition of copper had no effect on the rate of reduction. Pease and alor&apos; observed that water vapor had a strong inhibiting effect on the reduction at 1503C, but its effect was greatly diminished at 200 C. Pavlychenko and Rubinchik5 studied this reaction at 159 to 235 C and found that, once the reaction had been initiated, there was no inhibiting effect due to the introduction of water in the hydrogen stream; at temperatures above 183°C there was no inhibiting effect due to water vapor, either before or during reaction. The same authors noted that the rate of reduction was independent of pressure in the range of 200 to 700 mm Hg. aseawa investigated the kinetics of the CuO-Hz system at 160 to 280°C and estimated the apparent activation energy at 14,000 cal per g-mole. A similar value (13,500 1200 cal per g-mole) was reported by ond&apos; in the temperature range 148 to 216°C. Bond also reported that there was no incubation period and that water vapor had no inhibiting effect on reduction at temperatures above 190 C. The above studies have been conducted at temperatures below 280°C and the physical configuration of the system under investigation has not been defined adequately. However, it is well-known that the mechanism of gas-solid reactions depends on a number of in series physical and chemical rate prcesses.&apos;&apos; It is, therefore, essential to include among the experimental factors the geometry of the solid system and the mass-transport characteristics of the reducing gas. Scott studied the reduction of packed beds of cupric oxide cylinders by Hz-He streams of very low hydrogen concentrations at temperatures 400 to 600 C, pressure of 10 to 30 atm, and gas velocity from 0.18 to 5.8 ft per sec (3 < Rep < 30). The reduction rate was found to be mainly controlled by diffusion through the boundary layer and through the pores of the reduced copper phase. The following correlation was proposed: Scott in an earlier work studied the reduction of fixed beds of cupric oxide wire and found that the rate of flow of the gas stream through the bed had a controlling effect on the rate of reduction. The same mass-transfer phenomenon was observed by Bond and clark13 on a similar reduction system. The analogy between mass and heat transfer through the boundary layer which exists between a solid surface and the bulk stream stems from the similarity of the differential equations representing these phenomena

Jan 1, 1967

By R. W. Hertzberg, F. D. Lemkey, J. A. Ford

The effect oj unidirectional solidification upon the microstructural, crystallographic and mechanical characteristics of high -purity A1-A13Ni eutectic a1loy specimens has been investigated. varying the growth rate caused the morphology of the Al3Ni phase to gradually change from platelets to rods. In addition, the effect of increasing the rate of planar liquid-solid interlace movement is to decrease the Al3Ni rod diameter and inter-rod spacing. The platelets and rods grow approxinlately parallel to each other and are aligned in a faulted substructure. A single unique crystallographic relationship hetween the A1 and ASNi phases was found and may he descrihed as : interface {001} Al3Ni {331} Al and growth direction <010>Al3Ni || <110> Al The platelet interlace and the aligned rows of rods are both uniquely defined by the above statements. Alignment of the Al3Ni phase by unidirectional solidification has given rise to a threefold increase in strength over that exhibited by specimens with an as-cast microstructure. These results illustrate the possible use of this eutectic alloy as a zohisker -reinforced structure. It has been demonstrated by Winegard et al.,1 Kraft and Albrighht,2 Chilton and winegard,3 Chad-wick,4 Yue,5 Tiller,6 and others that a planar liquid-solid interface may be established in binary eutectic alloys by proper control of heat flow during the solidification process. The unidirectional movement of such an interface results in a eutectic mi-crostructure consisting of an essentially parallel array of the two phases over an entire ingot. Two dominant phase micromorphologies have been produced using this technique: that of substantially parallel alternating lamellae of each phase or long thin parallel rods of one phase imbedded in a continuous matrix of the other phase. While not all eutectics can be controlled in this manner, it has been shown that a "normal" eutectic may, under properly controlled conditions of purity, liquid and solid thermal gradients, and solidification rate, be forced to solidify with essentially parallel phase particles. Kraft and Albright2 have demonstrated that, when the growth rate is too rapid or when the thermal gradient in the liquid at the growing interface is too low, a layer of constitutionally supercooled liquid, formed by impurity build-up, will stabilize a cellular rather than a planar interface. The unidirectional movement of the cellular interface forms the macrostructure of eutectic colonies.7 Chilton,3 Chadwick,4 and Tiller,&apos; studying eutectics of zone-refined Pb-Sn, A1-CuAl2, Zn-Sn, and Cd-Zn systems, noted that in the absence of impurities a planar interface is stabilized even when rapidly solidified. Although it is generally agreed that impurities break down a planar interface to form the eutectic-colony macrostructure, at present the origin of the varying micromorphologies (i.c., plates or rods) in a given normal eutectic alloy is not completely understood. Tiller8 has predicted that the micromor-phology produced may be dependent on solidification rate (i.e., at fast rates a rodlike structure is preferred whereas at slow rates a lamellar structure should form), and also suggested that rod formation may be favored at large phase-volume ratios. yue5 has experimentally verified Tiller&apos;s prediction in the eutectic Mg-Mg17Al12 by observing a lamellae-to-rod transition with increasing growth rate where the phase-volume ratio was approximately 2.3:1. However, Hunt and chilton9 more recently unidirec-tionally solidified over a wide range of growth velocities six different eutectic systems with phase-volume ratios between 12:l and 2.7:1 and observed no lamellae-to-rod transition. chadwickl0 has proposed that the change in micromorphology in some eutectic alloys is due entirely to the presence of impurities and further states that the lamellar structure is the characteristic structure of pure eutectic alloys even when the phase-volume ratio is as great as 12:l. Kraft11,12 has shown that the parallel lamellae in certain eutectic alloys assume a unique crystallographic relationship during unidirectional growth. This preferred crystallography may be developed

Jan 1, 1965

By R. J. Stoehr, F. Howell

Since the ore mined in the Grants-Ambrosia Lake uranium area is taken from a water-saturated sandstone formation, part of the milling operation includes a drying process. The authors discuss the merits and disadvantages of two methods: natural drying and mechanical gas-fired drying; operating and cost data are included. In the Grants-Ambrosia Lake uranium area, approximately 7000 tons of ore are mined each day from a water-saturated sandstone formation. This ore is sampled and treated at four separate milling operations. Prior to the design and initial construction of the milling facilities, very little was known as to the physical properties of the ore which would be handled in the sampling and crushing facilities at the mills. All four mills initially were constructed without ore-drying facilities. As mining proceeded, it was determined that, even after drying the ore in place by use of drainage development underground, the moisture content of the ore as hoisted averaged approximately 18 pct. Actually, some of the mines produced ores which resembled cream-of-wheat in character and had a moisture content in excess of 24 pct. Each of the four mills had a differently designed sampling and crushing plant; therefore, the moisture content of the ores had varying adverse effects upon the operation of the plants. It was determined after some experience that most of the sampling and crushing facilities could not economically handle ore if the moisture content was greater than 10 pct—one operator considers 12 pct moisture as a maximum. In all of the plants, moisture content over 8 pct increases costs to some extent. In addition to the added sampling and crushing costs, some of the mills were located 15 to 20 miles from the mines and the high moisture content of the ores increased the haulage costs from the mine to the mill. It was generally conceded that it was necessary to employ some method to reduce the moisture content of the ore prior to sampling. Several methods were considered: 1) natural drying at the mine site, 2) mechanical gas-fired drying at the mill site, 3) mechanical gas-fired drying at the mine site, 4) radiant heating on concrete clabs, and 5) infrared shed drying. After preliminary investigation all possibilities but natural drying and mechanical gas-fired drying at the mill site were eliminated. NATURAL DRYING A cooperative feasibility study was conducted on the natural drying method. This study indicated the following: 1) During summer months May through September, ore piled 4-ft deep would dry from +20 to +10 pct HzO in 30 days with no mechanical turning. 2) In the first four days after piling a reduction of 5 to 7 pct total moisture content was accomplished by drainage and absorption of the water into the underlying ground on which the ore was piled, providing the ground surface absorption rates approached 10 gal per sq ft per day. After the first four days the decrease of moisture caused by drainage was practically nonexistent. 3) In the summer months drying by evaporation amounted to approximately 0.1 pct decrease in total moisture per day and mechanical turning of the ore could increase this as much as three times. 4) Climatic conditions of the area indicated that: a) Air temperatures averaged 64&apos; May, June, July, August, September; 41" October, November, December, March, April; 31" January, February. b) Average rain fall was 10 in. with 40 pct of this occurring during July and August. c) Only on very rare occasions were there over five consecutive days with below freezing temperatures. d) The annual evaporation rate was approximately 75 in. On the basis of this study, two of the mill operations decided to attempt to meet the moisture specifications by natural drying supplemented by mechanical turning. The other two operations decided upon rotary gas-fired drying at the mill site. The natural drying method has been quite successful in practice. The ore running approximately 18 pct moisture is trucked from the head frame and piled in rows about 6 ft wide, 3 1/2 ft deep, 5 feet apart during the months of May through September. In approximately 30 days this ore will

Jan 1, 1961

By Jorge Munoz Reyes

There are three main oil areas in Bolivia (Fig. 1) although so far only one has yielded petroleum in commercial quantities. The Sub-Andean zone is along the easternmost ranges of the Andes, bordering the large eastern and northeastern lowlands. It extends from the Peruvian frontier, north of Lake Titicaca in a southeasterly direction towards the city of Santa Cruz and from there southward to the Argentine border. This zone forms a belt about 1200 km. long by 100 km. wide, and comprises a series of parallel, very rugged, low ranges. Oil has been known and utilized by the natives in these regions since colonial times, from the large number of seepages, which in modern times have led to the discovery of many fields. The second oil zone of Bolivia lies along the eastern and southern borders of Lake Titicaca, on the Andean high plateau, at an average altitude of 13,000 ft. above sea level. It comprises an area of approximately one million hectares (2,470,000 acres). Several seepages are known here, but little development has taken place, because of the difficulties encountered, as the greater part of the territory is covered by volcanic tuffs and ashes, which conceal the structure underneath. The third area is called the "Central zone," and is in the heart of the country, in the Department of Cochabamba, covering approximately five million hectares (12,350,000 acres). This area consists mainly of broad valleys flanked by low rolling ranges. Natural seepages are not known to exist, but there are secondary evidences of the presence of oil. The outcropping rocks are mainly Paleozoic (Silurian and Devonian sandstones and shales). Albertite and other forms of polymerized petroleum have been found in this region. Of these three main oil areas, only the first one is at present productive on a small commercial scale. This zone, developed almost exclusively by the Standard Oil Co. of Bolivia, a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, is divided from south to north into the following local fields: 1. Bermejo (On the Argentine border) 3. Sanandita 5. Camatindi 2. San Telmo 4. Caigua 6. Machareti

Jan 1, 1935

THE strike of the coal miners began on April 1, as had been expected, the entire force of unionized miners-both anthracite and bituminous-going out and making this the most widespread strike of record. Up to the present writing there has been no serious inconvenience to industry in general, the accu-mulated stocks of coal being large and the non-union mines having continued to make a substantial production. However, the union labor leaders, having concentrated their efforts toward inducing the non-union miners to go out also, met with some measure of success in certain fields and created a shortage of coking coal, which caused iron makers to bank a few furnaces. The strike of textile workers in New England spread further. Here and there, throughout the country there were sporadic troubles with the builders. Rail-way labor was the subject of continued palavers, which did not get anywhere. On the whole the events of April were in line with the forecast that this would be a year of labor troubles. In domestic politics, the soldier bonus bill, having been passed by the House, went to committee consider-ation in the Senate. Public opposition to it manifestly waxed. On the floor of the Senate the tariff bill was under consideration and is drawing nigh to passage, without there being much consideration of its probable economic consequences. It is going to be a very high tariff and there is much in it that is equivalent to subsidizing small and normally unprofitable industries at the expense of the people as a whole. Abroad affairs were more quiet, superficially at least; than they were in March. In Egypt, India and South Africa things calmed, down, so far as we know, but in Ireland there was continued turmoil. The Irish, having won their freedom to the same degree as the Canadians, have entered upon violent quarrels among themselves, more over phrases than anything .else, so far as we can see. Lloyd George obtained a spectacular vote of confidence from Parliament and thus postponed, the exigency of a general election.

Jan 5, 1922