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By V. N. Burnhart

After eight years of testing and development, the E. J. Longyear Co. has adapted the wire- line core barrel to small diameter drillholes. Field performance indicates that the apparatus for the BX hole will be an important supplement to the conventional techniques used in the diamond core drilling industry. Higher core recovery, faster drilling progress, and reduced diamond costs will provide substantial savings to the user of coring equipment. The wire-line principle is not new, having been successfully applied to the large-diameter holes of the petroleum industry. But scaling the practices of core recovery in oil well drilling down to the small BX hole presented a number of problems. The technique, difficult even for large holes, was complicated by the exacting limitations of the small diameter in which durable and foolproof mechanisms would be required to operate. Since the maximum benefits could be realized from this sys- tem in holes 1000 ft and deeper or in holes in badly fractured ground, the drill string would have to be able to withstand heavy stresses. Most vital to the success of the idea was the development of a positive latching mechanism to assure proper positioning of the inner tube of the core barrel when the tube is dropped into place. Lastly, little was to be gained from the wire-line method without diamond bits that would give optimum penetration rates and a long service life in the drillhole.

Jun 1, 1955

Jan 1, 1931

By W. F. Rogers, J. A. Stewart, P. J. Kalish, E. O. Bennett

Detailed descriptions are given of materials, apparatus and the experimental procedure used to study the effect of bacteria on sandstone permeability. The factors affecting permeability during injection of bacterial suspensions which have been investigated are: (I) concentration of bacteria; (2) core permeability and median pore size; (3) species of bacteria, mode of aggregation and relative size; (4) injection rate or pressure differential; (5) mean pressure; and (6) depth of penetration of bacteria. The investigation demonstrated that bacteria cannot reduce core pertneability to zero and that their effect on permeability is subject to definite limitations. Remedial or permeability restoration studies also were made. Acidization in combination with reverse flow war found to be an effective method for restoring permeability In cores partially plugged with bacteria. The relationship between the bacterial quantities in the laboratory tests and those found in field operations is discussed. The linear laboratory flow data have been translated into terms of field radial systems; these data indicate the most practical methods of maintaining injection rates in the presence of bacteria are to increase injection pressures or hydraulically fracture the formation. INTRODUCTION It has long been known that various bacteria flourish in the above-ground components of oil field water-injection systems. The presence of these bacteria has led to the suspicion that they might enter into the causes for reduction of injection well permeability, but only recently has an attempt been made to describe the effects quantitatively.1 Biocides are used in many cases without a firm knowledge as to whether the bacteria are killed, or if they are, whether the dead cells affect formation permeability. This project was undertaken as part of a study to determine the effect of bacteria, residual oil and precipitated solids such as iron sulfide or calcium carbonate on the permeability of sandstones and to learn whether any of these materials adversely affect brine injectivity in secondary recovery or disposal operations. This report deals with that portion relating to the effect of bacteria. MATERIALS CORES Three different permeability ranges of Berea sandstone cores were used in the study. The range of initial, absolute brine permeabilities kj were: high — 278 to 400 md: medium—130 to 162 md; and low—17.7 to 48.3 md. The permeability data for the cores used in the tests are included in Table 1. All cores were cut to a nominal 1 in. diameter. Following air permeability determinations, they were molded with an epoxy resin in 1.5 in. ID aluminum sleeves. The sleeves had drilled and tapped holes for intermediate pressure connections along the length of the cores. After molding, the high- and medium-permeability cores were trimmed to 4 in. in length and the low-permeability cores to 2 in. These lengths resulted in pore volumes of approximately 10.9, 10.4 and 4.4 ml, respectively, for the high-, medium- and low-permeability cores. Pressure-transmitting channels were drilled through the plastic into the core proper, using the sleeve holes as drill guides. Width and depth of channel penetration into the core proper were approximately 0.03 in. and 0.05 in., respectively. Three pressure taps were used with all cores; for the high- and medium-permeability cores the taps were spaced 1 in. apart; for the low-permeability cores the taps were spaced 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 in. from the inlet end. Pore size distributions were calculated from restored-state capillary pressure curves for representative cores in each of the three permeability ranges. In each case the pore size range with the greatest percentage of the pore space included the very small pores up to 0.5 micron in radius. The median pore radii were in the 5.5 to 6 micron range for the high-permeability cores; in the 4.5 to 5 micron range for the medium-permeability cores; and in the 3.5 to 4 micron range for the low-permeability cores.

Jan 1, 1965

By W. C. Ellis, E. S. Greiner

METALLIC titanium has been prepared in small quantities since the beginning of the century. Hunter1 reported in 1910 that he obtained a malleable product of 99.9 pct purity by the reduction of the tetrachloride by sodium in a closed container. Later Van Arkel2 and Fast3 prepared small quantities of malleable titanium by thermal decomposition of titanium iodide. Another method for producing malleable titanium from tetrachloride was reported by Kroll4 who used magnesium as the reducing agent. More recently Dean, Long, Wartman, and Anderson5 working at the U.S. Bureau of Mines have reported the preparation of the metal on a pilot plant scale by the reduction of titanium tetrachloride by magnesium in an atmosphere of helium. Their product, which is malleable, was used in the present investigation. Early in 1948 after the work of this paper: was completed Campbell, Jaffee, Blocher, Gurland, and Gonser6 described the strength and working characteristics of pure titanium which was prepared by the iodide method on a scale producing 300 to 600 g per run, in the form of 0.3- to 0.4-in. diam rods. Their product is characterized by low hardness and large capacity for cold work which they attribute to a high degree of purity with respect to oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. Titanium has a melting point of about 1725°C5 it may be classed as a light metal since the specific gravity is 4.5 g per cc-1. The crystal structure is close-packed hexagonal from room temperature t0 885°C. Above this temperature the structure is reported7 as body-centered cubic. The change in crystal structure has been associated with discontinuities in specific heat8 electric resistance9 and thermoelectric force10 at temperatures near 890°C. It is reported11 that annealed titanium has a tensile strength 0f 78,700 psi which can be increased by cold-work to 123,000 psi. In the present investigation, the lattice constants at room temperature, the thermal expansivity between 30 and 800°C, as well as the electrical resistivity and thermoelectric force against platinum between - 200 and 1000°C have been determined. MATERIALS For the measurements, two series of specimens were prepared from titanium furnished by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The first was lade from an annealed sintered compact, 0.38 in. thick. Sections of the compact were cold-swaged with intermediate anneals in vacuum to the sizes used. Sizes over 0.25-in. diam were annealed at 1000°C and smaller sizes at 800°C. Specimens originating from the sintered compact are designated in this paper as A. The second series of specimens was lade from a rod of titanium, 0.19 in. in dial, which was cold-swaged with the necessary intermediate anneals to the required sizes. This series of specimens is designated B. The impurities in the specimens of titanium, determined by chemical analysis, are given in Table I. Oxygen and nitrogen which were not determined by analysis, are probably present although in small quantities in view of the ductility of the material.

Jan 1, 1948

By J. M. Smith, G. P. Willhite, J. S. Dranoff

Heat transfer rates were measured in sandstones with flow of gases perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Effective thermal conductivities ker ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 Btu/(br)(ft)(°F). The contribution of the solid phase appeared to be the most important in these consolidated materials, although the thermal conductivity of the gas had some effect. The velocity of the gas through the pores of the sandstones had no influence upon ker up to values of 168 lb/(br) (sq ft) in agreement with data obtained for unconsolidated beds of glass beads. The present results indicated that gas mixing, and hence heat transfer by convection in the pores, is less for perpendicular transfer of energy than when fluid flow and energy transfer are in the same direction. HEAT TRANSFER PERPENDICULAR TO FLUID FLOW IN POROUS ROCKS Heat transfer in porous media with pore sizes in the micron range depends upon the fluid in the pores and the geometry of the solid phase. The best characterized system is a bed of solid spherical particles. Heat transfer in this system has been studied extensive1y (Ref. 8 summarizes the literature up to 1959) when the pores contain stagnant fluid. When the fluid is in motion the directions of flow and energy transfer have an effect on the heat transfer rates, as demonstrated by comparing the work of Willhite, et al l3 for perpendicular flow and that of Kunii and Smith9 for parallel flow of energy and fluid. For perpendicular flow, no increase in effective thermal conductivity ke was noted up to mass velocities G of 77 lb/(hr) (sq ft). In contrast, for parallel flow ke, increased with G in the same range of flow rates. These higher values of ke in the direction of flow also have been observed3,4,10 in beds of larger particles, 0.1- to 0.5-in. diameter. For beds of consolidated materials, such as porous rocks, data are not available for these compar- isons, although Adivarahan1 reported results for the parallel case. Hence the primary objective of this work was to measure ke values for perpendicular flow of fluid and energy in porous rocks. Of interest also was the variation in effective conductivity with fluid velocity. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE In the experimental method, a constant heat flux was applied to the inner surface of an annular section of the porous rock. By cooling the outer wall, a temperature gradient through the annular sample was established and measured with thermocouples placed within the sample at various radial positions, and at three elevations (A,B.C). The location of the 2-in. O.D., 3.75-in. long sample in the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. Fluid entered the bottom (1) of the 3-in. I.D. (approximate) steel shell, flowed upwards through the sample and out at the top (3). pressure taps (2,4) were used to check the permeability of the sample. The energy flowed radially from the centrally-located electric heater through the sample and was absorbed in the water-cooled jacket. The samples studied were naturally occurring sandstones from different locations with the properties given in Table 1. These materials are identical with those used by Adivarahan 1 for the parallel flow of energy and fluid. Prior to use they were refluxed with toluene to remove hydrocarbons and leached with distilled water to remove soluble salts. Each sample was visually examined and discarded if large nonhomogeneities, such as cracks or stone particles, were noted. Eight copper-constantan thermocouples were inserted in holes drilled radially into the sample with

By J. J. Gilman

RECENT experiments have shown that the mar-tensite reaction in a standard tool steel is influenced by the history of the reacting austenite. The martensite reaction proceeds to a given extent at a higher temperature in austenite formed from an annealed spheroidal structure than it does in austenite formed from tempered martensite: that is to say, a prequench lowers the temperature range of the martensite reaction in this steel. Furthermore, a prequench alters the appearance of the martensite as compared to martensite formed from "virgin" austenite. The steel used for this work was a manganese nondeforming tool steel of the following composition: C, 0.85 pct; Mn, 1.43; Si, 0.23; Ni, 0.12; Cr, 0.59; and W, 0.59. A piece from a rolled bar was forged to Vz in. sq and annealed to a spheroidal structure. Disks 1/8 in. thick were used in the experiments. Several sets of the specimens were prepared and austenitized in lead at 1475°F. Three sets were held at 1475°F for 15 min, quenched in water, and immediately reheated to 1475°F. After this quench the three sets were held for 5 min, 30 min, and 3 hr, respectively, at 1475°F and then the individual specimens in each set were quenched in molten baths to 325", 300°, and 275ºF, respectively, and held for 15 sec. Immediately after the quenching treatments? the specimens were tempered at 600°F for 30 sec to darken the martensite and then were quenched in water. The holding times were short enough to avoid isothermal transformation. Three other sets of specimens were given the same final quenching treatments as the first three, but they were austenitized at 1475°F for 20 min, 35 min, and 3 hr and 15 min, respectively, without an intermediate water quench. The two individual specimens from each set were quenched together in order to eliminate quenching errors. Several experiments were run in this way but only the six sets referred to are described in detail because they all yielded essentially the same results. By means of the stated heat treatments the martensite reaction was investigated for: 1—austenite formed from an annealed structure, and 2— austenite formed from tempered martensite. The martensite reactions of the two types of austenite differed significantly. This is shown by Figs. 1 and 2. Comparison of the photographs on the left in Figs. 1 and 2 with those on the right shows that less martensite was formed by a quench to a given temperature from prequenched austenite than from austenite formed from an annealed structure, that is, the prequench suppressed the martensite reaction. The effect was observed for specimens austenitized 20 min, 35 min, and 3 hr and 15 min. A comparison of Figs. 1 and 2 shows that the martensite reactions in both sets of specimens occurred at lower temperatures with increased austenitization time. This was caused by the increased dissolution of residual carbides with time at 1475°F. However, the difference in amount of martensite formed in prequenched austenite as compared to virgin austenite was approximately the same for all three austenitization times. One further observation should be noted. The needles of the martensite formed from virgin austenite are somewhat longer on the average and show less of a tendency to cluster than those of martensite formed from prequenched austenite. This causes the martensite on the right in Figs. 1 and 2 to have a more acicular appearance than the martensite on the left. Since the sets of specimens used in this work were austenitized for identical total lengths of time and the effect of a prequench on the martensite reaction existed for specimens held at the austenitizing tem-

Jan 1, 1953

By Charles J. Deegan

The purpose of this paper is to point out some features of the position of fuel oil and it's relationship to the economic balance and price structure of the petroleum industry. The term "fuel oil" as used in this paper includes crude used as fuel as well as refined gas oil and fuel oil. The period covered, from 1922 to date, may be characterized as the new normal era after the post-war inflation and deflation. In order to establish a proper perspective, the figures on consumption of the principal products of petroleum are shown in Table 1. This table shows that fuel oil and gasoline made up the bulk of the total demand in 1928 just as they did in 1922. There has been so much comment about the enormous increase in gasoline consumption that it may come as a surprise to some people to find that fuel oil is still at the head of the consumption list, in point of volume at least, and seems likely to hold that place for at least another year. Having established the fact that gasoline and fuel oil are by far the most important products, the remainder of this paper will deal almost entirely with these two items.

Jan 1, 1929

By B. H. Bergstrom, Will Mitchell, T. G. Kirkland, C. L. Sollenberger

IN a previous article' the authors outlined a study of the variables in rod milling and also reported data from a series of open circuit grinding tests on a massive limestone in a 30-in. x 4-ft end peripheral discharge rod mill. As a second part of the experimental program, an analysis is now presented for the 30-in. x 4-ft overflow rod mill grinding under identical conditions, except that discharge ports on the periphery of the mill shell have been sealed so that the products from the present series overflowed through a 9-in. diam .opening in the center of the end plate. A variance analysis has been made of the combined data for the two experiments, and performances of the two mills are compared here. Included in the first report' were descriptions of feed preparation, rod mill circuit, instrumentation and controls, and techniques used to evaluate data. Dependent and independent variables were defined, and variance analyses were made to test the relative significance of variables and to establish magnitude of error for the experiment. Significant data were plotted in various combinations, and conclusions were drawn from the graphs. The procedure and analysis in this series of tests follows the first tests and is not repeated. Data from the second series are recorded in Table I. Listed in the first three columns are the independent variables of feed rate (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 1b per hr), mill speed (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 pct of critical), and pulp density (50, 60, 70, and 80 pct). The dependent variables, Pso, P100, reduction ratio, slope of the log-log sieve analysis curve, power demand, and Bond work index follow. Of these, only the reduction ratio and the Bond work index were analyzed for significance. Production of new surface as calculated from sieve analyses has not been included for this series because of the questionable assumptions that have to be made to satisfy the formulas involved. The large number of products obtained during the runs precluded the use of surface measurement techniques by the gas adsorption methods at this time; however, samples of all products have been stored for future reference. To test the consistency of the reporting of the sieved products, an averaged sieve analysis was calculated from the wet-dry plots obtained from the three product samples of each run. The resulting averaged analysis was plotted and the P80, selected. The relative deviations of the P80's from each of the three product samples with respect to the P80 of the averaged analysis were then calculated. In only two sets were the relative deviations (6.2 and 9.9 pct) considered excessive. In each of these two sets, one sieve analysis was obviously out of line; hence that analysis was ignored and new averages were computed. This reduced the relative deviations to 1.2 and 2.7 pct respectively. The relative deviations of the product analyses with respect to their averages ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 pct at 1000 lb per hr, 0.0 to 1.1 pct at 2000 lb per hr, 0.2 to 3.0 pct at 3000 lb per hr, 0.3 to 4.3 pct at 4000 lb per hr, and 0.5 to 5.2 pct at 5000 lb per hr. The relative deviation of the 80 pct passing point for 96 dry sieve analyses of the feed with respect to that of the averaged analysis was 7.6 pct. This slightly higher percentage can probably be attributed to a greater proportion of tramp oversize in a crusher product than is ordinarily found in a rod mill product. The last column on Table I lists the adjusted work index, which has been used as the measure of efficiency for the various combinations of operating conditions investigated. Efficiency increases as the index becomes lower. It was reported in the previous paper that the work indexes for the Waukesha limestone used in these experiments decreased as the product size decreased (as calculated from Bond grindabilities). That is, this limestone becomes easier to grind as the material becomes finer. This is unusual, because the work index for most materials as calculated from the Bond grindability has remained constant as the product size decreased or has increased slightly. Table II lists the results of Bond grindability tests at all mesh sizes from 3 to 200 and the work indexes calculated from them. To remove this variation of work index with product size from the data so that results would apply to any material of constant work index, the work index values shown in Table II were plotted against product size on log-log paper. From this curve (a straight line function in this case), the expected work index for the product size for each of the runs of the experiment was obtained. The work indexes as calculated from the reduction ratio and energy consumption were then divided by the corresponding expected work index. The results obtained are reported in percentages on Table I as adjusted work index and are actually percentages of the work index for the Waukesha limestone at the size in question. Multiplication of the work index value for a material of constant index by these percentages should allow the application of the adjusted work index curves to the material. Only the adjusted work index values, not the actual experimental values, were used for the variance analyses and for the graphs.

Jan 1, 1956

On Feb. 16, 1948, the Board of Directors of AIME authorized the publishing of "Technical Notes" in METALS TECHNOLOGY. The purpose is to provide prompt publication of very shod items of the following general types: I. Results of short investigations which do not warrant a paper. 2. The conclusions of extensive investigations of insufficient general interest to justify a regular paper. 3. Conclusions arising in the course of an investigation, which, because of interest to others in the field, the author wishes to present prior to completion of the investigation. 4. Pertinent factual comment (not mere argument) on the subject matter of previous ''Notes." Such Notes will be subject to the approval of the Auxiliary and AIME Publications Committees, but can be handled more promptly than regular papers because they need not be referred to readers. 'The recommended maximum length is 500 words; notes in excess of 1,000 words will not be considered for this type of publication. A graph or photograph may be included as part of the note when particularly illustrative. As with regular papers, contributions to the new section should be submitted to the Secretary of the AIME. Please furnish two copies each complete with illustrations.

Jan 1, 1948

On Feb. 16, 1948, the Board of Directors of AIME authorized the publishing of "Technical Notes" in METALS TECHNOLOGY. The purpose is to provide prompt publication of very short items of the following general types: I. Results of short investigations which do not warrant a paper. 2. The conclusions of extensive investigations of insufficient general interest to justify a regular paper. 3. Conclusions arising in the course of an investigation, which, because of interest to others in the field, the author wishes to present prior to completion of the investigation. 4. Pertinent factual comment (not mere argument) on the subject matter of previous "Notes." Such Notes will be subject to the approval of the Auxiliary and AIME Publications Committees, but can be handled more promptly than regular papers because they need not be referred to readers. The recommended maxi- mum length is 500 words; notes in excess of 1,000 words will not be considered for this type of publication. A graph or photograph may be included as part of the note when particularly illustrative. As with regular papers, contributions to the new section should be submitted to the Secretary of the AIME. Please furnish two copies each complete with illustrations.

Jan 1, 1948

By John V. Beall

The "free form life," The Wall Street Jourlzal called it. That is what the young people are practicing who have dropped out after successfully completing a college education. The ones described were first-rate students who did not embark on careers but instead selected such nonintellectual jobs as delivering mail, short- order cooking and the like. We couldn't help thinking that it wasn't so long ago, that we had the ideal setup in mining for folks of this persuasion when most college grads were started out as muckers. Actually there isn't much new in this business of doing your own thing. Being a type that takes westerns seriously, we jumped at the chance to catch the rerun of the wide-screen flick "How the West Was Won." There was Jimmie Stewart playing the part of the mountain man, with a canoe full of furs going east down river. Coming west up river, is a settler with his daughters. This mountain man had on his fringed buckskins, his two-year growth of long hair and a tremendous thirst. He had been doing his thing and planned to keep right on doing it. However, one of the pretty settler girls had other ideas. The same fate probably awaits today's individualistic youths.

Jan 1, 1970

That the chemical industries are alive to the situation that they now occupy in the sum of affairs is evident in the preparations being made by many firms for the Second National Exposition of Chemical Industries To be-held at the Grand Central Palace, New York City, during the week of September 25-30, 191 The list of exhibitors indicates that the Exposition is already twice the size of its successful predecessor. The American Chemical Society will hold its annual meeting during the whole week, the American Electrochemical Society has arranged to - hold its meetings on September 28, 29 and 30, and the Technical Association of the American Pulp and Paper Industry is also planning to meet during the week. The Bureau of Commercial Economics at Washington is again co- operating with the Exposition by arranging an elaborate program of motion pictures covering subjects dealing with the industries depending on chemistry. Many of these films will have their first showing at the Exposition. They will take the visitor through industrial plants, shops, manufactories, mines, etc., where visitors are never admitted; they will show operations that in ordinary light would never be seen; they will demonstrate more than any other kind of motion picture the great strides and improvement in the art of photography.

Jan 8, 1916

On Feb. 16, 1948, the Board of Directors of AIME authorized the publishing of "Technical Notes" in METALS TECHNOLOGY. The purpose is to provide prompt publication of very short items of the following general types: I. Results of short investigations which do not warrant a paper. 2. The conclusions of extensive investigations of insufficient general interest to justify a regular paper. 3. Conclusions arising in the course of an investigation, which, because of interest to others in the field, the author wishes to present prior to completion of the investigation. 4. Pertinent factual comment (not mere argument) on the subject matter of previous "Notes." Such Notes will be subject to the approval of the Auxiliary and AIME Publications Committees, but can be handled more promptly than regular papers because they need not be referred to readers. The recommended maximum length is 500 words; notes in excess of 1,000 words will not be considered for this type of publication. A graph or photograph may be included as part of the note when particularly illustrative. As with regular papers, contributions to the new section should be submitted to the Secretarv of the AIME. Please furnish two copies, each complete with illustrations.

Jan 1, 1948

By J. H. Russell

THE great number of wells being drilled in the Gulf Coast creates a great demand for and an opportunity to improve the methods of drilling wells and of producing oil from them. Some improvements have been made, but in the present strenuous drilling campaign at Spindletop, the quickest methods of drilling and completing wells are much too slow. Therefore, not a great deal of thought has been given to any new methods. However, one can not help but compare the method and equipment used in the present-day drilling campaign at Spindletop with those of 1901. The differences in equipment and methods are staggering and the present-day operators can hardly imagine how the old operators ever were able to drill a well. The "Old Timers" explain the reason as being that "Men were men in those days and not much machinery was necessary." Yet the development in 25 years of thought and study has brought about a great improvement in equipment and in methods. I believe there has been a great deal more thought given to the development and improvement of drilling equipment and methods and to the completion of wells than has been given to the actual production operations.

Jan 11, 1926

By Cornelius F. Kelley

SEVENTY-FIVE years ago, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 22 men of vision banded together to initiate this great organization. Ideals and emotions mingled and united in the declaration of a twofold purpose: first, the more economic production of minerals and metals, and second, the promotion of greater safety and welfare for each man so employed-tacit recognition of the inseparability of humanitarian and utilitarian concepts of world progress. The members and honorary members then, as now, were mining engineers and associates from allied walks of life. Under the able guidance of David Thomas, our first president and outstanding ironmaster of the time, there were elected 46 members and associates, and the foundations of the Institute were laid. Conceived in a turbulent postwar era, the problems then faced had some similarity to those we face in this time of war-bashed uncertainty. With a Civil War behind them and once again dedicated to a spirit of national endeavor, they surveyed the landscape, then surged ahead toward a beckoning industrial horizon. That effort has never been relaxed. Poised upon the threshold of a new century, rancher, banker, engineer and businessman paused to contemplate and evaluate his natural endowments. Surrounded by immeasurable God-given wealth, necessity inspired

Jan 1, 1947

The Colorado Society of Engineers, Cooper bldg , Denver, Colo C M Lightburn, Secretary. The official organ of the Colorado Society of Engineers is the Engineers' Bulletin, issued monthly. This magazine contains articles on a wide variety of subjects, as do most technical magazines. Several years ago the engineering societies of Colorado turned over to the Public Library of Denver their technical libraries and the Public Library now has a Technical Department serving engineers This library has been enlarged and is supported by the state as well as the engineering organizations of Colorado A bimonthly New Books List is sent out from the Technical Department to all engineers on the mailing list. Books will be lent for the cost of transportation The Technical Department endeavors to keep a file of all state and some foreign publications on mining, geology and engineering Effort will be made to borrow from other sources, any publications which are not on file. The Technical Department does research, compiles bibliographies and answers reference questions. Photostatic copies will be made, at a price, of any publications which can not be loaned Address The Public Library, The City and County of Denver, Technical Department, Denver, Colo Malcolm Glenn Wyer, Librarian.

Jan 1, 1933

GEOLOGY is of service to man in two general ways according to Heinrich Ries in The Scientific Month-ly. The first of these is in exploring and evaluating the mineral resources on which industry and civiliza-tion are built, and the second is the application of geo-logic principles to various lines of human activity, such as engineering, agriculture, chemistry, etc. Both of these are phases of economic or applied geology, but neither could be developed before geology as a pure science was more or less firmly established, and in this process it freely acknowledges its indebted-ness to some of its older sister sciences such as chem-istry, physics, botany and zoology. Chemistry and geology are mutually helpful. Various chemical industries consume large quantities of raw mineral products, but since these vary in their purity and composition, it is important for the chemist to be familiar with the irregularities of composition which the different types may show, because he is often called upon to pass judgment on new sources of supply. Here geology helps the chemist. On the other hand, the laws of physical chemistry which the chemist has worked. out are of great assistance to the geologist in explaining many geologic processes.

Jan 7, 1927

Meeting of Nov. 21, 1913.-The President reported the appointment of the officers and members of the Committee on Non-Metallic Minerals, published elsewhere in this Bulletin. The President appointed the Executive Committee of the New York Section as a local .committee to have charge of the Annual Meeting of the Institute in February, 1914, with power to add to their numbers. It was voted that the Chairman of each Technical Committee, be made ex officio a member of the Committee on Papers and Publications. At the request of the Secretary, Burr A. Robinson was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Institute. E. Gybbon Spilsbury was nominated as representative of the Institute on the John Fritz Medal Board of Award. It was voted that the next summer meeting of the Institute be held in Salt Lake City in August, 1914, with power to the Executive Committee to fix the exact date. Substantial reduction was made in the price of the back Transactions of the Institute in accordance with the notice published on p. i of this Bulletin.. The By-Laws of the Montana Local Section were approved. The printing contract for the year 1914 was made with the Maple Press. Thirty-eight Members, one Associate and three Junior Members were elected.

Jan 12, 1913

By Alfred F. Brainerd

There has been no enterprise undertaken in this and adjoining States which has attracted so much interest, or has been watched so closely as this, the first successful attempt to convert our ordinary high-phosphoric pig-iron into steel from native material. Our iron-masters have noticed intently every attempt to convert high-phosphorus pig-irons into steel by the Clapp-Grifith process in this country, and the basic process on the Continent, and studied the various patents aiming to accomplish the same purpose, and the various litigations arising among various patentees over their rival claitns; but up to August, 1887, nothing was done, and no move had been made to introduce any process for making steel. At the time above named, Mr. James Henderson, of New York, came to this place with a view of introducing his patent furnace and other metallurgical processes and appliances. After some delay and personal interviews between parties interested and the inventor, a party of gentlemen, all of moderate means, and entirely unacquainted with the manufacture of either steel or iron, decided to form themselves into a body corporate, known as the Henderson Steel and Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $20,000,

Jan 1, 1889

W ill the location of the world's largest reserve of rutile, a titanium oxide mineral, in Sierra Leone, Africa, put an end to the worldwide shortage of this important mineral? According to officials of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. and the British Titan Products Co. Ltd., the answer is yes. These two firms have formed Sherbro Minerals Ltd., a new company that will recover and refine the relatively rare mineral near Africa's West Coast. PPG owns 80% of Sherbro, and British Titan 20%. The rutile reserves of Sierra Leone have been reported to be larger, on a comparable grade ore basis, than existing proven reserves throughout the world. The African operation is on a strip of coastal

Jan 8, 1964