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GERMANIUM, once the metals industries' unwanted step-child, has suddenly blossomed into importance. As late as 1951 textbooks failed to mention it and the metal was considered no more than a nuisance that interfered with the electrolysis of zinc. Eagle-Pitcher is the only producer of Germanium, used in power rectifiers and the new transistors. Its basic quality is that its ability to carry current can be changed, and a current flowing through it can be controlled. Germanium is sold by Eagle-Pitcher for about $340 a lb, not bad for a metal that only a few years ago was totally ignored. Eagle-Pitcher gets germanium, cadmium and gallium by roasting the zinc concentrate to convert the sulphides to oxides, then adding coal and salt to the crude zinc oxide and sintering at a high temperature. The oxides of germanium, cadmium and gallium are converted to chlorides. Cadmium and germanium chlorides volatilize, and are gathered for additional processing. The important step is the distillation of germanium tetrachloride.

Jan 1, 1952

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1917

We the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the anta and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and ' the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1929

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1923

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1917

WE, the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Incorporated, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1946

By O. B. Hopkins

Activity in the oil industry in Peru during 1930 was confined almost entirely to the three old producing fields in the northern coastal area. In the eastern part of Peru, in the valleys of the Maranon, Ueayali and Huallaga rivers, additional geologic work was carried on, but no drilling was undertaken. The Peruvian Government granted a concession on June 27, 1930, to W. R. Davis and associates for the building of a railroad from the west coast at Bayovar to Yurimaguas on the Huallaga River. This concession contemplates the construction of 800 to 900 km. of railroad across the Andes and carries with it a grant to the concessionaire of 12,500,000 acres of land with oil and mineral rights. A similar concession was granted in 1926 but after several extensions was rescinded in July, 1929, on the grounds that the concessionaire had failed to begin work on the railroad within the time limits of the contract and its extensions. The production in barrels from the three coastal fields of Peru has been as follows: 1929 1930 International Petroleum Co.......................... 10,821,117 9,766,922 Lobitos Oilfields, Ltd................................ 2,508,091 2,613,511 Zorritos........................................... 75,000a 78,000a 13,404,208 12,459,060 a Estimated. No definite figures available. Although not large, the Peruvian production has been steady during the past years. The reduction of approximately 8 per cent. in 1930 as compared with 1929 is the result of the world's overproduction and the attempt on the part of the International to restrict the output to conform with the available market. International Petroleum Company International Petroleum Co. owns the oldest producing property in Peru. The first well was drilled there in 1872. The cumulative production from the property from 1900 to 1930 inclusive has been over 92,000,-000 bbl. from an area of 15,000 acres. The recovery per acre has varied

Jan 1, 1931

By AIME AIME

T HE year 1920 will be a memorable one in the history of the world's coal supply. The prices reached were the highest of modern times, and as usually happens at such a time, the quality of the output deteriorated. In the last two years of the war, the world's output had risen close to the pre-war level. After the armistice, however, the cessation of munitions manufacture and the delay in resumption of normal business curtailed the demand for coal. Industrial disputes both in Europe and America closed many mines late in 1919 and further reduced the supply. Thus when in 1920 the world set its face to work again and industrial activity was resumed where resumption was possible, consumers' reserves of fuel proved insufficient and an almost universal feeling of apprehension over the coal supply swept around the world. The reasons for this alarm-lately a thing of the past-become clear when the world's production in 1920 is cast up.

Jan 1, 1921

By W. E. Curran

For years the geographical isolation of the Southern iron-ore district from the great producing centers in the North and East enabled it to meet its conditions and solve its own problems without regard to the practices and policies of other districts, but during the past few years distances have been shortened, practices and wages are being standardized, and these changing conditions have brought new problems to the South. Development of Pig Iron in the South The development of the pig-iron business in the South was very slow during its early years, gained speed rapidly in the latter part of the nineteenth century, reached its peak in 1918 and was on the decline before the depression that began in the latter part of 1929. The first blast furnace in Alabama was built at Cedar Creek in 1818, the year before the state was admitted to the union. In 1830, Daniel Hillman was sent from Tuscaloosa to found an iron works in Roupes Valley, where rich pockets of brown ore were numerous. He built a forge on the site of what later became Tannehill furnace and called it the Roupes Valley Iron Works. There pots, pans, plows, and horseshoes were made of metal from his Catalon forge; shaped by a large hammer operated by water power. Daniel Hillman died in 1832 and the ironworks lay idle until 1836, when Col. Ninion Tannehill bought the property, rebuilt the forge and, using slave labor from his plantation, operated and enlarged the works. By 1845 he had built two crude furnaces and did a flourishing business in ovens, skillets and kettles, which found a good market all over the South. In 1855, the plant was sold by Colonel Tannehill to Moses Stroup, an experienced ironmaster from Pennsylvania. He tore down the old furnaces and built a new plant, the ruins of which stand today (Fig. l). This furnace plant operated continuously until it was destroyed by Northern troops in 1865. It was never rebuilt, so that the shell in the picture is the same furnace that made many tons of guns and shells for the Confederacy during the war period.

Jan 1, 1938

By W. E. Curran

For years the geographical isolation of the Southern iron-ore district from the great producing centers in the North and East enabled it to meet its conditions and solve its own problems without regard to the practices and policies of other districts, but during the past few years distances have been shortened, practices and wages are being standardized, and these changing conditions have brought new problems to the South. Development of Pig Iron in the South The development of the pig-iron business in the South was very slow during its early years, gained speed rapidly in the latter part of the nineteenth century, reached its peak in 1918 and was on the decline before the depression that began in the latter part of 1929. The first blast furnace in Alabama was built at Cedar Creek in 1818, the year before the state was admitted to the union. In 1830, Daniel Hillman was sent from Tuscaloosa to found an iron works in Roupes Valley, where rich pockets of brown ore were numerous. He built a forge on the site of what later became Tannehill furnace and called it the Roupes Valley Iron Works. There pots, pans, plows, and horseshoes were made of metal from his Catalon forge; shaped by a large hammer operated by water power. Daniel Hillman died in 1832 and the ironworks lay idle until 1836, when Col. Ninion Tannehill bought the property, rebuilt the forge and, using slave labor from his plantation, operated and enlarged the works. By 1845 he had built two crude furnaces and did a flourishing business in ovens, skillets and kettles, which found a good market all over the South. In 1855, the plant was sold by Colonel Tannehill to Moses Stroup, an experienced ironmaster from Pennsylvania. He tore down the old furnaces and built a new plant, the ruins of which stand today (Fig. l). This furnace plant operated continuously until it was destroyed by Northern troops in 1865. It was never rebuilt, so that the shell in the picture is the same furnace that made many tons of guns and shells for the Confederacy during the war period.

Jan 1, 1938

By E. W. Engelmann

A NEW and interesting type of drier has been developed and operated at the Magna plant of the Utah Copper Co. for the past year for the drying of a filtered concentrate in the molybdenum recovery plant of this company. The several units installed have ranged from 12 to 30 in. in width, and from 14 to 30 ft. long. Their economy was immediately apparent after the first one was installed. The machine is not only low in capital cost, but has proved efficient for the drying of fine concentrate at low operating cost. The Utah vibrating drier consists of a steel conveyor trough supported on flexible reeds from a structural steel foundation anchored in concrete. The steel pan, which is also the drying surface, is vibrated by a heavy Utah electromagnetic vibrator fastened either to the head or discharge end of the pan. The vibration thus obtained agitates the material and causes it to be conveyed over the heated surface.

Jan 1, 1938

By Joseph L. Gillson

IT is a somewhat curious circumstance that the newest of the Institute's several awards should be conferred in the oldest of our several professional fields—for there is little question that geology and mining have antedated metallurgy and petroleum. Perhaps so did geophysics. After all, one geophysical instrument, the magnetic compass, has been successfully employed for many centuries. Young in years the Jackling Award may be, but in distinction—whether in terms of the title it bears or in terms of the first three medalists (Reno Sales, E. D. Gardner, and the late Father MaceIwane)—the Jackling Award is already one of the ranking awards of the Institute. The name of the 1957 medalist will bring added luster to an already illustrious roll. J. L. Gillson was born and brought up in Evan-ston, Ill., in an area characterized by singularly flat and uninspiring topography, and devoid of ore deposits and even of bedrock—a most unlikely environment from which to expect a future Jackling medalist to emerge! On graduating from high school he enrolled as a chemistry major at Northwestern University. At the end of his frkshman year his scholastic prowess had won him a prize of two chemistry books. But these went unread, for about this time he came under the spell of U. S. Grant, that distinguished and enthusiastic geologist who for many years was head of Northwestern's geology department. From thence forward Joe was a dedicated geologist. After a Navy interlude in World War I, he went to MIT for graduate work, substituted for the late Professor Palache for one year at Harvard in mineralogy, received his doctorate at MIT and stayed on as a meniber of the MIT faculty, where the geology department was headed by that great dean of all economic geologists, Waldemar Lindgren. In 1926 Joe spent a summer looking into barite deposits for the du Pont Co., and since 1928 he has been du Pont's chief geologist. Do men who lead such active lives in our exploration organizations generally have permission to publish their observations? Do they generally find time to publish, even if they have permission? Alas, no. But in Joe Gillson's case, yes. His bibliography runs to well over two score papers, including one of the very first papers in this country on the applications of petrography to problems of Portland cement. He has written on such topics as the origin of talc and the genesis of ilmenite, fluorspar, and alkaline rocks. Each year for a number of years his annual reviews of industrial minerals in the Mining Congress Journal have been eagerly awaited. - Do men who do so much to advance their science have anything left to give to the advancement of their profession? In Joe Gillson's case, yes. He has been a vice president of the Mineralogical Society of America and has been active in the councils of the Society of Economic Geology, particularly in their research programs. This year he is president of the American Geological Institute, currently perhaps the most challenging post to which a geologist may be elected. His contributions to AIME scarcely need documentation, so I shall mention only three—his chairmanship of the Committee on Democratization of the Institute, a committee whose work and recommendations brought a new and hopeful leaven to AIME at a time when this was sorely needed; his chairmanship, a few years ago, of the Industrial Minerals Division; and his current place on the Board of Directors as Vice President of the Institute. Such' a catalogue of contributions and achievement, even as condensed as I have had to make it, certainly merits the Jackling Award. Yet, implicit although not often expressed in the conferring of most awards is the hope that besides recognizing a distinguished career, it will provide stimulus for further effort. In the present instance, such an expectation is already well on the way to fulfillment. Only recently Joe Gillson has undertaken the editorship of a new and greatly revised edition of the Institute's Seeley Mudd volume, Industrial Minerals and Rocks. And so, Mr. Chairman, it is with pleasure and enthusiasm that I present Dr. J. L. Gillson for the 1957 Jackling Award.

Jan 1, 1958

By J. D. A. Morrow

This discussion relates to the distribution of coal under the di , of the U. S. Fuel Administration beginning Apr. 1, 1918. At t' L a definite method of controlling and directing distribution was put int effect. Prior thereto, although some of the machinery utilized was in operation, especially in the few weeks immediately preceding' Apr. 1, distribution had not been effectively and comprehensively organized. The writer was called to the Fuel Administration by Dr. Garfield about the first of February, 1918, to assume general direction of the distribution of coal for the Fuel Administration, to develop the general plans, and to obtain practical men to assist in this work and in carrying through the program finally devised. A study of the situation and conferences with the Fuel Administrator and leading men in the business made it plain that it would be necessary to begin at the bottom, measure the undertaking, develop plans to meet the need thus shown, and build an organization to effect the distribution required. This work had to be done under war pressure in the midst of a bad coal shortage. The successful performance of such a task is always primarily a matter of putting competent men in the right places and giving them the power and opportunity to function properly together. In the Distribution Division of the U. S. Fuel Administration, the men who were chiefly responsible for whipping plans into practical form and then for carrying out these plans were A. W. Calloway, of Baltimore, President of the Davis Coal & Coke Co., who served as the Director of Bituminous Coal Distribution; S. Lovell Yerkes, of Birmingham, Alabama, Secretary of the Grider Coal Sales Agency, who assumed general charge of distribution while the new plans and organization were being perfected and then became the Assistant Director of Bituminous Coal Distribution; Warren S. Blauvelt, of Detroit, who was Director of Coke Distri. bution; A. S. Learoyd of New York, Director of Anthracite Distribution, in connection with the Anthracite Committee, consisting of Joseph P. Dickson, President of Dickson & Eddy, Chairman; S. D. Warriner, President of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., and W. H. Richards,

Jan 1, 1920

By Dean Edwin Dallin

A computer system was developed by Texasgulf's Corporate Data Center (at Raleigh, North Carolina) to evaluate the economics of proposed new projects and to determine the incremental expansion effects of existing projects. The Corporate Treasurer, Controller, and Senior Staff Members of the corporate office guided the project with advice from the Chairman's office. After consideration of commercially available programs, the decision was made to develop an in-house investment system. The main specification was that the program must do the accounting calculations on the computer exactly as done by hand in the corporate office. No average "approximations" or values were allowed. Also, the capability to change the calculation procedures quickly was a must. The experience gained in developing a program to evaluate Gulf Coast off-shore oil lease-bids was used to develop an investment system. Several ideas were taken from A Programming Language (APL) concepts. An investment functional language was developed, and computer programs were written to process the functional language. One feature is a print-out of the model in English. The English print- out assists the debugging and documentation of a model. The major expansion at the Kidd Creek mine was the test case for the new system. After the results were approved and accepted for the base case, many sensitivity runs were made. Numerous additional models were developed to reflect the investment opportunities at other sites. An existing edit program was used to build the models and to systematically organize all the data for different projects. Remote input-output capabilities were added to the system, allowing data to be prepared and submitted at one Texasgulf site with the results printed at another location within minutes. The project has been well accepted by Texasgulf's senior management. Growth of the system is now in the areas of (1) merging individual projects into the corporate financial statements, (2) use of classical forecasting to project future costs, and (3) coupling the investment program to mine planning and general ledger systems. Also, the system is now being installed on an interactive computer system to provide faster turn-around time and more flexibility.

Jan 1, 1977

By Henry Howe

1. The purpose of the National Research Council as organized for war purposes is twofold, to stimulate those outside its own personnel to conduct researches of importance for winning the war and to carry on such researches through its personnel to a limited extent. How this is clone is explained in Section 10. "Research" is used here in a very broad sense, including, for instance, inventing and developing mechanical and physical devices. The need of this work arises from the inevitable concentration of most of the governmental war agencies on the production and transportation of war materials of. the types now adopted, as distinguished from devising new kinds of instrumentalities, such as armor, guns, aircraft, and apparatus for detecting, locating, observing, signaling, transporting, and many other military purposes. But it is important that we should devise new agencies. The war came near being won by an invention, the submarine, and its course has been affected greatly by two other inventions, tanks and aircraft. In spite of our numerical superiority victory may well be snatched from us by an invention, if we allow Germany to outstrip us in inventing. Hence the importance of the Council's work in mobilizing and organizing the services of the patriotic civilian experts throughout the country, so as to bring their powers to bear on important war problems and on inventing war devices, as an adjunct to the development work of the regular governmental bodies. 2. Status of the Council.-Though President Wilson's request caused the Council to be created by the National Academy of Sciences under its congressional charter in 1916; though his executive order of May 11, 1918, directs the heads of "Governmental departments immediately concerned" to "continue to co-operate with it in every way that may be required;" and though the Government has contributed largely to its financial support (Section 12, page 10), it is not a department of the Government but an independent research body, aiming to evolve the necessary mechanism for the novel work of systematic stimulation and guidance of research. Thus the Government, which instigated the creation of the Council, recognizes and collaborates with it, and in part supports it. The Council acts moreover as the Department of Science and Research of the Council of National Defense.

Jan 12, 1918

By Leslie G. McMillion

A field project to develop and demonstrate a method for alleviating problems of highly mineralized ground water where they occur as isolated zones or pockets in fresh-water aquifers is being conducted in the Ogallala aquifer of eastern New Mexico by the Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center. Removal of contaminated water is by a large-capacity well and the pumped poor-quality water is used locally for secondary recovery of oil. Benefits of the operation are threefold in that the aquifer is being reclaimed for future fresh-water production, contaminated water is being used beneficially, and fresh water which otherwise would have been used for waterflooding is available for other purposes. Ground-water quality in the site has improved markedly after two years of operation. Use of water in the arid and semiarid Southwest has grown so rapidly that demands in many localities far exceed available supplies. In the High Plains region of New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, the only large sources of water are underground reservoirs, being depleted at an alarming rate. In some parts of this region, the aquifers contain pockets of highly mineralized waters; and the mineralized waters in some of them have started spreading in response to the drawdown effects of pumping wells. The aquifers of this region are primarily composed of sand and gravel beds; any cleanup by natural processes will require many tens or even hundreds of years. Most of these pockets of highly mineralized water were caused by oil-field brines seeping downward from earthen disposal pits. Thousands of these pits were in use in the region until only a few years ago when they were prohibited by the oil regulatory agencies of the respective states. The resulting areas of poor quality water are serious enough to warrant much corrective attention. Correction will involve one or more of three approaches: 1) Restrict the pumping of fresh water in the zones where the drawdown of the pumping well will significantly influence the movement of the contaminant. 2) Remove the highly mineralized water entirely from the affected area. 3) Develop and pump the poor-quality water in such a manner that its movement is held in check, even though only a part of the contaminant is actually removed. The principal hurdle to overcome in applying methods 2 or 3 is financing of the operations, since there are very

Jan 1, 1972

Discussion of the paper of E. W. Parker, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 75, March, 1913, pp. 443 to 451. A MEMBER :-I would like to call attention to the fact that the speaker has failed to indicate where is the center of gravity of the membership of the Institute, while he is dealing with this map. MR. PARKER :-I think you will find that a little further east. CHAIRMAN JAMES F. KEMP :-In connection with Mr. Parker's paper, I would like to inject a little matter of history into our program here, as regards the founding of the Institute. The credit for the founding of the Institute really applies to miners who were engaged in the anthracite coal region. The three men who signed the circular for the call for the meeting which brought the engineers to Wilkes-Barre in May, 1871, were Eckley B. Coxe, Richard P. Rothwell, and Martin Coryell.

Jan 5, 1913

SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporations law of the State of New York; its corporate name is American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Inc.; and its abbreviated title A. I. M. E. SEC. 2. The objects of this Institute, as set forth in its certificate of incorporation, are: "To promote the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals, and the welfare of those employed in these industries by all lawful means; to hold meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members the information the obtained, and to establish and maintain a place for meeting of its members, and a hall for the reading of papers and delivery of address, and a library of books relating to subjects cognate to the sciences and arts of mining and metallurgy."

Jan 1, 1939

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1923

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained.

Jan 1, 1923