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By F. G. Clapp

IT is to be hoped that no casual reader will erroneously refer to the latest publication' of the Division of Public Relations of the American Petroleum Institute, as being "Petroleum Facts and Fancies." The facts are so faithfully derived and the figures are so authentically sponsored by the highest sources that no person can read this valuable volume (287 pages and numerous tables) without being convinced that every- thing therein set forth is "the truth and nothing but the truth." Yet, having read the volume from the perspective of the world's petroleum industry and with a critical attitude that comes from years of study of the subjects discussed, I find myself tempted to cogitate and to envisage a few of the fancies that come to mind as a fitting sequel.

Jan 1, 1929

By Ott F. Heizer

This paper describing the mining practices at the mines of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Co., Inc., at Mill City, Nev., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in tie various mining districts of the United States. The author acknowledges the assistance of William C. Vanderburg, associate mining engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, in the preparation of this paper.

Jan 1, 1930

By Webster Smith

El cobre se encontró en Cornwall al mismo tiempo que el estaño debido a que ambos elementos se encuentran asociados en las minas. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala las primeras minas de cobre en Inglaterra, como las primeras prácticas de fundición de este metal, las fuentes medievales de cobre inglés, las fuentes de mineral más antiguo del extranjero, la expansión del cobre en la antigua China y en la antigua Grecia y Roma.

Jan 1, 1969

By Jan C. Still

The Haines-Klukwan-Porcupine subarea of the Juneau Mining District (JMD) is located in the northern portion of the JMD and consists of the land between the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, the Chilkoot Valley, Glacier Bay National Park boundary, and extending south to the Davidson Glacier and the Chilkat Peninsula and Islands (fig A-I). This area was studied as part of the larger JMD study in a cooperative effort between the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS) and the Bureau during 1985 to 1988. Prior to this, during 1984, the ADGGS and the Bureau cooperated in a study of the Porcupine mining area and during 1981 to 1983 conducted separate studies in the area. Field work was conducted by foot, boat, truck, and helicopter. Figure A-I shows the Haines-Klukwan-Porcupine sub-area and shows the areas covered by previous Bureau and ADGGS studies. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE The physiography of the subarea ranges from gentle to rugged. Glaciers formed the major features in the sub-area and left "U" shaped steep walled valleys and rugged mountains. The Chilkat, Chilkoot, Klehini, Tsirku, and Takhin are the major rivers in the subarea. The higher mountains are glacier clad and some valleys still harbor glaciers that reach the valley floors. Lush forests and dense brush predominate up to timberline at about the 2,000-foot elevation. Low point in the subarea is at sea level in the area around Haines while the high point is 7,434 feet at: Mount Henry Clay in the Porcupine mining area.

Jan 1, 2012

By W. P. Campbell

Introduction OWING to the necessity of curtailing the length of this paper, nothing like an exhaustive treatment of the subject will be attempted. Instead, merely a few aspects will be considered, viz., water trouble in wells, sampling of waters, analysis, methods of reporting analysis, and the comparison of a few typical waters. The waters discussed will not be confined to those occurring in areas where oil or gas has already been found, but will include samples from areas in which drilling is being carried on in the hope that oil or gas may be found, i.e., from unproved fields. The Water Problem The problem of dealing with water encountered in oil and gas producing areas has engaged the attention of petroleum engineers from the early days of the industry. Water was not always considered a menace to oil sands; indeed, a certain amount of it was considered beneficial in some areas, but if such exist today they are very exceptional. In some fields, the problem is more acute than in others, and at times has baffled all attempts to solve it satisfactorily. Wells have been brought-in with promise of good production, but after a brief period have 'gone to water'. Whether ?it has always been a case of poor engineering in the form of unsuccessful water shut-off of 'top' or 'bottom' water, or because 'edge' water was present and water and oil were in such close contact it was impossible to remove the one without the other, is hard to say.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. B. Janus

In connection with the purchase of coal under specifications for Government use, the Bureau of Mines in this report has compiled data on 81 mines located in 15 States. This annual report lists analytical data on the composition and quality of tipple and delivered samples of coal collected during fiscal year 1973. Tipple samples were collected by Bureau of Mines engineers at tipples as coal was being loaded into railroad cars or trucks. Ultimate analyses are given for most of the coalbeds listed. The deliveries were sampled at destination in accordance with instructions issued by the Bureau of Mines. All samples were analyzed in the Bureau laboratory at Pittsburgh.

Jan 1, 1973

By Christopher Nelsen, Daniel Dobbels, R. Zachary Hollenbeck

Recent major floods have inundated Historic Ellicott City, Maryland, resulting in loss of life and property damage. Howard County, Maryland, has developed the Ellicott City Safe and Sound Plan to mitigate the risk of flash flooding in the Historic District, including a proposed stormwater conveyance tunnel. Challenges to overcome include thick zones of saprolite along the alignment, multiple near-surface structures, and minimal rock cover under an active railroad, while minimizing impacts to the public and historic structures. The project will also pursue recognition through the ISI Envision verification process.

Dec 1, 2022

By D Rattray, D Macfarlane, I Robb, N Halpin, G T. Dale

Mining faces many environmental, social and regulatory liabilities of which water management is just one. Others include site rehabilitation, carbon emissions, biodiversity offsets, strategic cropping land, subsidence, and noise and dust generation. Management of these liabilities is commonly seen as a cost of doing business and each is often independently addressed, bypassing the opportunity to reduce costs through integrated approaches. Furthermore, approaches to dealing with these liabilities tend to be constrained by a prevailing culture of engineered solutions and lack of appreciation of risk associated with alternative and hybrid alternative-engineered solutions. Suboptimal outcomes can also be reinforced by rigid regulatory constraints. While the cost of addressing operational liabilities may be a small proportion of overall mine management costs, failure to do so effectively may influence social licence to operate and, as recently demonstrated by the decision of the NSW Land and Environment Court to block expansion of the Warkworth Mine near Singleton, absolute licence to operate.Integration of environmental, social and regulatory liabilities with value-creating and risk-reduction opportunities such as beneficial water use, carbon bio-sequestration, habitat connectivity, keyline farming, improved grazing design and management systems, windbreaks and visual screens, presents opportunities to reduce risk and create value. This potential may achieve overall improved outcomes in both economic and non-economic mine performance criteria.Two case studies in beneficial use of waste water from the mining and coal seam gas (CSG) sectors (which operate under different legislation) will be used to illustrate the potential to address mine development, operational and closure liabilities by understanding opportunities to reduce risk and create value through a holistic water management framework. The technical requirements and alternative approaches to beneficial use of mine water are addressed, along with the direct economic benefits for mine operational costs and opportunities to positively engage communities and build resilience into social licence to operate. Regulatory barriers to achieving improved outcomes will be discussed.CITATION:Dale, G T, Robb, I, Halpin, N, Macfarlane, D and Rattray, D, 2013. Opportunities for integrated mine management to minimise risk and create value, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 227-234 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

Welfare endeavor in connection with both the metal and the coal mines of Utah has shown gratifying progress during recent years and both the operators and their employees are deserving of much credit for the efforts put forth to better living, working, educational and receational conditions in most of the mining camps of the state. In the older metal mining camps of Utah, where the towns are incorporated and independent of the mining properties operating in the vicinity, less opportunity is presented for the companies to exercise efforts looking towards improved welfare conditions than is the case of camps located on company ground and under the full control of operators.

Jan 1, 1925

By R. L. Unger

Restricted fields of vision are a common problem with underground mining equipment. Also, when lighting systems are provided, they may be positioned where they cause glare. This restricts the visibility around the machines even further. To help address these problems, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a PC based software package to aid in the analysis of certain human engineering aspects of mining equipment design. The software is available for use by equipment manufacturers and mining companies for design work on new machines, as well as for evaluating proposed modifications to existing machines.

Jan 1, 1994

By Willard C. Lacy

Discovery of a mine is a complex affair. No mine is simply found but comes about through the efforts of many. It is difficult to establish "credit" when a mine is found and becomes a viable operation, or "guilt" when a mine is lost, goes bankrupt, or remains undeveloped. The story of the Toquepala and Cuajone developments entails various stages of: (1) discovery and recognition; (2) testing and innovation; (3) political and industrial negotiation and intrigue; and (4) finance, development, and operation. The Toquepala and Cuajone projects introduced innovative drilling techniques, were among the first major porphyry copper deposits to utilize induced polarization (1P)geophysical methods, were among the first deposits to undertake complete feasibility studies on drilled- out ore bodies, and were developed by the first large Western Hemisphere copper mining consortium. Many persons have contributed to the development of these two great deposits. Some of the names have been lost and certain contributions have gone unrecognized. I apologize for these omissions.

Jan 1, 1991

By R. D. Brown

On November 16, 1978, Finance Minister Chretien delivered his second formal budget in the House of Commons. Over-all, the provisions of the budget should provide moderate stimulus to the Canadian economy. With respect to the mining industry, the budget offers some welcome changes in the form of' improved write-offs for development expenses and social assets; higher investment tax credits; and a reduction in federal sales tax. On the other hand, income bond financing of new mineral ventures may be restricted.

Jan 1, 1979

By William M. Wallace

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: The subject, "Shake It for Results," may or may not suggest just what is to be shaken, or just what results are to be obtained. I can assure you that if you are thinking about anything outside the realm of pure mining application you have come to the wrong meeting, and if this be the case, you have come to hear a subject discussed that I am not prepared to undertake-at the moment, at least. At the very beginning of time, results were definitely obtained by shaking. If you will recall, Eve shook a certain tree of forbidden fruit-need I recount to you the results that were, and are still, being credited to that bit of engineering? To get closer to the subject at hand, it is the intent of this paper to touch generally on the shaking, principally the vibratory shaking, of materials on a piece, or pieces, of perforated metal or screen cloth. Through the evolution of such a motion we find that great strides have been made toward a highly efficient "operation which is an essential factor in the mining world of today. The object of the shaking motion is to more efficiently separate one size material from another, according to the openings in the screening medium over which it is passed. Sizing is an important operation in every ore dressing, coal prepara¬tion or other mineral-preparing plant for reducing the product to a form more concentrated or more convenient for utilization than that in which it was mined. In coal preparation, market requirements, convenience, custom, and efficiency in combustion necessitate grading mined coal by sizes. All ore-dressing or coal preparation plants therefore must have what is called screening, sizing, or grading apparatus.

Jan 1, 1941

By Earl W. Waay

"Since the beginning of the petroleum industry in 1839, up to within two or three years ago, these has been a dearch of engineers who have had the fundamental technical training also sufficient practical experience so that they could compete with practical men. Need for Technical Investigations in Industry: As in the early stages of the mining industry, the petroleum industry has been rather slow in realizing the need for technical assistance and investigators in the development and production of oil lands. The rapid increase in consumption, however, during the past few years has accentuated this need more than anything else could have done. When it is realized that our production cannot longer keep pace with the demand, it is easily understood why it is imperative that be instituted which will tend to conserve and prolong the supply of oil from the fields now known. It is interesting to note from preliminary production figure given cut by the U. S. Geological Survey, for the year 1919, that the United States produced about 430,000,000 barrels, an increase of 22,000,000 or 6 per cent over 1918 production and also there was imported, chiefly from Mexico, a little over 52,000,000 barrels, making a total of 430,000,000 barrels, to satisfy the trade demand in the United States of which almost 6,000,000 barrels was exported. Stocks were not materially increased.Other significant facts regarding our petroleum industry, are that just recently the U. S. Shipping Board in soliciting bids for 24,000,000 barrels of fad oil to meet prospective needs, received bids for only 1,500,000 barrels at prizes ranging from 75 to 90 per cent higher than was paid last year. One large company on the Pacific Coast has stopped its export trade, and has notified consumers,of gas-engine distillate that they will no longer make deliveries of this product. This will materially affect the farmer, in many instances, through his use of the truck and tractor."

Apr 1, 1920

By G. L. Oldright, F. W. Schroeder

Very great changes were made in the dimensions of the smelting hearths of the furnaces in the period from about 1800 to 1906, the length increasing from about 11 to 116 ft., and the width from 8 to 19 ft. During this time the tonnage smelted increased from about 9 to 250 tons per 24 hr., and the tons of charge smelted per ton of coal increased from 0.77 to 4.3. Dr. Mathewson3 noted no great difference in the "fuel ratio" (i. e., the amount of charge smelted per ton of coal) as the furnace at Anaconda was increased in length by stages from 85 to 116 ft. (The percentage of copper in the slag, however, was lowered from 0.42 to 0.36 per cent. The other components of the slag were not given.) Lump coal fired on grates was the fuel used during this period. The practice in operating the furnaces over such a length of time naturally varied considerably, and there were differences in composition and nature of the charge, yet it may he considered that the improvements made were due largely to increases in the size of the furnace used. Doubtless some credit should be given to improvements in operating technique, like changes in the methods of firing the lump coal. However, the greater part of the advance was probably due to factors influencing the

Jan 1, 1928

By B. W. Naugle

A small-scale laboratory coke oven similar to those described by Swiniarski, Cryan, and Altieri and Fuchs, Sandhoff, Taylor, and Gauger was built by the Bureau of Mines in 1943. Tests made since that time have indicated that such a small oven is of questionable value in predicting the coking pressures to be expected in commercial coke ovens. This summary of the work done has been prepared at the suggestion of the Advisory Committee to the Bureau of Mines-American Gas Association Survey of Carbonizing Prop¬erties of American Coals.

Jan 1, 1948

By D. Gu, R. G. Anthony, C. V. Philip, M. E. Huckman

"In this paper, we review the equations needed to construct an ion exchange column model. These models contain three major components: 1) a differential material balance around the column, 2) a differential material balance around an ion exchange particle, and 3) a constitutive equation for diffusive flux. We then examine the ability of a fairly simple mathematical model to predict ion exchange column experimental data. This model contains the traditional absorption theory equations and is used to predict the behavior of a column filled with a hydrous crystalline silico-titanate and which is removing trace amounts of Cs+ from a high pH, complex electrolyte solution. Finally, we propose replacing Fick's law with the Nemst-Planck equation as the constitutive equation for diffusive flux. We use a NemstPlanck type model to predict batch experimental data, then evaluate it by comparing it's ability to predict experimental data to that of a more traditional Fick's law type model. The data from this comparison suggests that the Nemst-Planck type model yields better results.IntroductionMillions of gallons of strongly basic, radioactive waste are currently stored in underground storage tanks at Hanford and Savannah River and several locations within the United States. Due to the limited life expectancy of the tanks, there is a pressing need to remediate these wastes. This need has prompted the recent development of new ion-exchange materials for removing radioactive elements from aqueous solutions. A novel material called TAM-5 has been developed jointly by Texas A&M University and Sandia National Laboratories. TAM- 5, a crystalline silico-titanate, is highly selective for Cs + in the complex electrolytic solutions typical of these wastes. It is stable in very basic solutions and in radioactive environments [1, 2 ,3]. In laboratory testing to determine the selectivity of various materials, TAM-5 was superior to other candidate ion exchangers [4, 5]. The selectivities were determined by measuring a distribution coefficient, Kd, which is defined as the concentration, gig or mmols/g of Cs in the solid phase divided by the concentration, mg/L or mmols/mL, of Cs in the liquid phase. The units of Kd are ml/g or L/kg. Table 1 shows Kd values for TAM-5 compared to 9 other candidate materials in a typical waste solution [6]."

Jan 1, 1996

By K. Raht

LEAD poisoning is perhaps the oldest and, until recent years, the most misunderstood of all industrial diseases. Hippocrates appears to have recognized a relationship in the colic experienced by a patient who worked with metals, and the ancient literature is filled with references to the colics and 'dry bellyaches'. The colic and other sequalæ following drinking of lead-bearing waters and, particularly, wines has excited possibly more comment in the older medical literature than any other ætological factor. It was not until1656, when Stockhusen definitely connected the colic of the workmen with the fumes given off in the process, that the true danger to those working with lead was recognized. Unfortunately, something over 200 years elapsed before industry took any note of Stockhusen's discovery; it remained for Legge and Goodly and investigators of the early 1900's to forcibly educate their profession and industry to the manner in which lead gained entrance to the body. The work of Legge and Goodly was published in 1912 and the clearness with which these investigators presented the scientific data which they had accumulated will mark this volume as perhaps the first and most important contribution to our modern knowledge of the subject. It also ushered in a period when, in the short space of thirty years, lead poisoning has been reduced from one of the most baffiing and widespread o industrial diseases to one which can be anticipated and controlled. The next great contribution came in 1926 with the publication of the work of the Harvard group. Here, for the first time, was the physiological behaviour of lead laid bare, and it is to the discoveries of these authors that we owe our modern treatment of lead poisoning.

Jan 1, 1941

By J. B. Dilworth

OUTCROPS of coal have bees discovered is many localities is the Philippine archipelago, and practically all of the larger islands contain deposits of this mineral. Very little prospecting has been done to determine the value of the various coal-bearing areas, but so far as known, the largest and most promising fields are found : (1) is northern Cebu; (2) is the small island of Batan, a part of the province of Albay is southeasten Luzon; (3) is the somewhat larger island of Polillo, off the east coast of Luzon, and (4) is southern Mindoro, sear the small coast tows of Bulalacao. Northern Panay, south-central Cebu, and various localities is southern Luzon, Masbate, Negros, and Mindanao also afford evidences of the existence of coal-beds, the extent and value of which have not yet bees proved. The general position of these islands and districts is shows on the map of a portion of the Philippine Islands, Fig. 1. Some of these coal-fields have been known for many years (coal was discovered is Cebu 1827 and is Batas is 1842),1 and several futile attempts were made by the Spaniards to operate mines is these districts. But owing to many circumstances, chief among which were indifferent management, the political unrest of the islands, natural difficulties of transportation, and those inherent in the mining of steeply-inclined and somewhat irregular seams, no considerable output was ever obtained from any of these mines, and the fuel required is the many departments of industrial and political life has continued to be drawn largely from Australia and Japan. These conditions exist to a great degree at present, and though much interest is the coal-deposits of the Philippines

Jan 1, 1909

By P. R. Taylor

A reaction is evaluated by which heated and pressurized water is used to precipitate metal oxides from loaded Kelex 100 complexes. Pure copper oxide (CuO) and pure nickel (Nio) in powder form, and ranging in average size from 12 to 25 micrometers, were found to precipitate from copper and nickel loaded Kelex 100/kerosene complexes, by water heated and pressurized to between 374 and 400 °c and 2170 psig (148 atm) and 3500 psig (238 atm). The precipitation is suggested to result from hydrolysis of the metal, following exchange for the hydrogen in the phenolic hydroxyl of the Kelex 100 structure, enhanced by the conditions provided by heated and pressurized water. The reaction is believed to have the characteristics of homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous growth. The effects of temperature, pressure, initial metal concentration and seed addition on the kinetics of the process were studied. In addition, characterization studies were performed on the reaction products. A detailed discussion of the experimental results is presented.

Jan 1, 1992