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By F. G. Heivilin

There will be 3 billion people moving into cities by 2050. Permitting is both the biggest obstacle and the biggest opportunity for mining. The problem is not if we have the right minerals, but how we can permit and produce it in a ?Sustainable? manner. A ?Permit? and a ?Sustainable Development Plan? may soon be the same thing. How do we produce the minerals we need with: 1. The lowest possible carbon footprint. 2. Social license from community outreach by being a catalyst and not a problem in a ?Green World.? 3. Enhanced water supply during all stages of production. 4. Meeting requirements of our customers for service, quality, & cost. How important is it to have a complete ?Sustainable Development Program?? First, no plan is complete!!! It is a work in progress subject to continuous improvement. We need to work together to get the results we want. The goal of the world communities is to become carbon neutral by 2050. What is the mining community?s goal? Do we have one???? When a Clorox, Colgate Palmolive, Wal-Mart, Toyota, or Caterpillar buys a product, what are your chances of getting an order without a good program in place? The answer is it will be difficult or impossible shortly and you will be requiring the same thing with your suppliers. This is an opportunity if you are in the lead and it soon will be a necessity for most mining and processing companies requiring much extra effort to catch up. For some mines it was a necessity to get most of the SD plan to get permitted. The number of companies in the extractive industries with a full Sustainable Development Programs is expanding rapidly as shareholder demands for transparency continue to grow.

Feb 27, 2013

By Forrest T. Moyer

The overall disabling work injury experience, excluding office- workers, at nometal mines and mills during the period 1961-63, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by operators, was 77 fatal and 7,201 nonfatal injuries during an aggregate worktime of 335,029,685 man- hours. These injuries, fatal and nonfatal combined, occurred at a frequency rate of 21.72 per million man-hours, comprising 0.23 for the fatal and 21.49 for the nonfatal injuries. The combined severity rate of the disabilities was 2,312 days lost or charged per million man-hours, consisting of 1,379 for the fatal and 933 of the nonfatal injuries, The average severity of all disabilities during 1961-63, was 106 days per injury, The number of days lost or charged, excluding officeworkers, at nonmetal mines and mills during 1961-63, was 462,000 days charged to fatal injuries and 312,461 days lost from nonfatal injuries. The outstanding causes for fatal injuries were explosions (18 fatalities occurred in a major mine-explosion disaster in a potash mine in Utah in 1963) and falls of rock or ore from back or side, while most nonfatal injuries were caused by handling materials, slips or falls of persons, haulage, and machinery. The parts of the body most frequently injured during the period 1961-63 were the trunk, hand and finger, and foot and toe, An average of 52,810 men were at work daily, There were 20 nonfatal disabling injuries reported for office- workers at nonmetal mines and mills during the period 1961-63 during an aggregate worktime of 23,088,496 man-hours, These injuries occur- red at a frequency rate of 0.87 per million man-hours, There were no fatal injuries reported.

Jan 1, 1967

By Alfonso Rizo-Patrón Remy

El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es señalar un método que permita la recuperación económica de metales preciosos como el oro, plata y otros metales básicos (tales como plomo y cobre) de sus respectivas menas naturales y de los concentrados o relaves que los contengan. Para ello, se utlizará dos formas de aplicación: La primera se da en el tratamiento por cianuración de las menas, donde el carbón mineral es el medio precipitante de los metales disueltos. Mientras que la segunda ocurre cuando el carbón ha sido separado de las pulpas cianuradas, conviertiéndose en un agente reductor de los metales de fundición. De forma tal que se logra una recuperación integral de los metales preciosos y básicos en las barras de fundición.

Jun 20, 1954

By R. J. Hundhausen

The Shamrock copper-nickel mine in Jackson County, Oreg., was formerly a part of the Chisholm mercury property. In 1948 new owners advanced the old workings 40 feet to reveal encouraging widths of copper-nickel sulfide, ore on the Shamrock claim. When the owner's funds became exhausted, the Bureau of Mines carried on the development in 1949-50, completing 1,650 feet of bulldozing trenching, 396 feet of drifting, and 3,419 feet of diamond drilling. The Bureau's trenching disclosed a separate surface deposit 600 feet south of the mine deposit. This and the previously known deposit subsequently were diamond-drilled. The underground deposit has a known length of 100 feet, a dip length of. 100 feet and a width varying from 1 to 25 feet. The surface deposit is 200 feet long, 200 feet deep, and 5 to 38 feet wide. Neither deposit has been entirely delimited by development to date.

Jan 1, 1952

By Ellis S. Hertzog

The data published in this retort cover only one phase of a special study of tile physical and chemical properties s of only Alabama coals made by the Bureau of Mines. In addition to determinations of friability, the survey included determinations of grindability, B.t.u. value, and ash-fusion temperature. Assay distillation tests, both for high- and low-temperature carbonization, and proximate and ultimate analyses were made also. However, this preliminary paper is concerned only with the results of friability tests and is issued to expedite the release of this information to the public. The friability, test measures the liability of a coal to break into smaller pieces when subjected to repeated handling, as occurs in the mining, preparation, and transportation operations. Friability depends on many physical characteristics of the coal that vary not only between different seams but also in the same seam. The laboratory methods of determining friability have been developed to give a practical means of estimating degradation of size. So far as is known to the authors, no data on the friability of Alabama coals have ever been published. This caper makes available for the first time fairly comprehensive3 information on this subject. Because the procedure for the tumbler test for determining the friability of coal is relatively new to the coal operators, the authors Lave included a, complete description of it in this report.

Jan 1, 1938

By T. A. Toney

With new lightweight designs, spirals have become standard equipment in coal preparation plants worldwide. To their credit, spirals typically show very low coal losses to the refuse stream under most operating conditions. However, spirals do tend to separate at cut points in excess of 1.80 S.G. Attempts to obtain lower cut points have typically resulted in coal losses to middlings. Middlings retreatment with secondary spirals is therefore becoming common place. Other forms of retreatment with water-only cyclones, hydrosizers, and recirculation have been attempted with some success. This paper reports on a novel (Patent Applied For) approach to retreating spiral middlings m a heavy-media-cyclone circuit.

Jan 1, 1998

By John Gross

"Introduction.Southern Illinois and Kentucky are credited with approximately 90% of the fluorspar production of the United States. A small amount of high-grade acid, spar is obtained from the ore by band sorting; the greater part, however, is recovered by jigs and tables as gravel spar containing approximately 85% calcium fluoride. In the jigging and tabling operations, galena is recovered, and enough silica and calcite are removed to raise the calcium fluoride content of the gravel spar to 85%. However, the removal of silica and calcite results in a large loss of spar. With increasing depth in the mines, zinc sulphide, sphalerite, is encountered in increasing quantity and the removal of this has become a serious problem. While the sphalerite can be fairly well removed from the spar by present milling methods, a marketable zinc concentrate can not be made. The experiments described below were made on fluorspar ore from Southern Illinois, by the mining experiment station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, at Rolla, Mo., in cooperation with the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy.The ore tested contained. 7.3% lead, 27.9% zinc, 35.7% calcium fluoride, 9.5% silica and 4.7%. calcite.Tests and Results. In some preliminary tests it was noticed that a portion of the finely crushed ore adhered strongly to the sample pans, and upon investigation it was found that the adhering material was practically clean spar. By utilizing this property of adhesion 46.8% of the spar was recovered as a product containing 98.3% calcium fluoride. This suggested the possibility of using electrostatic separation."

Jul 1, 1921

By J. H. Jacobs

In late 1946, research was begun at the Bureau of Mines Electrometallurgical Laboratory at Boulder City, Nev., to determine the possibility of electrowinning manganese from chloride electrolytes on a continuous basis. All phases of electrodeposition were investigated on a small scale it the laboratory, and the results were reported by Jacobs and Churchward. These results indicated that a chloride process had certain possible advantages over the sulfate process that made it worthwhile to continue the investigation on a semi-pilot-plant basis, and this paper reports the results of this work. Research and development work on a process for electrowinning manganese from low-grade ores has been carried on intermittently by the Bureau of Mines since 1936. A process was developed, using sulfate electrolyte, that has been extensively described in the literature.

Jan 1, 1951

By D. P. Tao, J. G. Groppo, R. Killmeyer, W. W. Wen, B. K. Parekh

Economical dewatering of ultra-fine (minus 74 m) clean coal slurry produced in column flotation to a 20 percent or lower moisture level will be an important step in successful implementation of the advanced fine coal cleaning processes. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate efficiency and effectiveness of three dewatering techniques, namely, hyperbaric, vacuum and screen bowl centrifuge, in dewatering of ultra-fine (D50 ~ 25 m) clean coal slurry produced by the `Ken-Flote' columns operating at the Powell Mountain Coal Company, St. Charles, Virginia. he hyperbaric filter using 3 bar pressure and 165o cake formation angle, provided a filter cake with 23.6percent moisture with a throughput of 800 Kg/m2-h and air consumption of 868 Nm3/t (460 scfm/t). The vacuum filter with 30 percent submergence provided a filter cake with 27.8 percent moisture with a throughput of 122 Kg/m2-h. The screen bowl centrifuge provided a dewatered product containing 32.9 percent moisture at a feed rate of 450 Kg/hr, however, the solids capture was only65 percent. Addition of 1 Kg/t of a cationic surfactant provided filter cakes with 19.1 percent, 23percent, and 34 percent moisture using hyperbaric, vacuum, and centrifuge, respectively. Similarly, addition of 0.5 Kg/ton of copper chloride lowered filter cake moisture to 20.7 percent and 24.8percent, using hyperbaric and vacuum. With the centrifuge no improvement in filter cake moisture was noted. However, use of 80 Kg/ton of `orimulsion' in the centrifuge provided dewatered product containing 26 percent moisture, and the solids capture increased from 65 to 95 percent. The dewatered product appeared dry and was easily handleable.

Jan 1, 1999

[Scott Aberle Western Energy Co POB 99 Colstrip, MT 59323-0099 Randy L. Acre Joy Mining Machinery 2569 Silver Oak Ct. Grand Junction, CO 81505 Brian L. Acton Oxbow Carbon & Minerals Inc 1601 Forum Pl-#P2 West Palm Beach, FL 33401 Laine W. Adair Genwal Resources Inc POB 1420 Huntington, UT 84528-1420 Thomas D. Aderman The North American Coal Corp 14785 Preston Rd #1100 Dallas, TX 75240-7891]

Jan 1, 2000

By H. Memarian

In the last few decades, many developing countries have tried to expand and improve upon higher education, which is acknowledged to be the leading factor for development. In this respect, develiping countries have significantly increased the number of tertiary institutions and their students. These rapid expansions, along with all the benefits, have drawbacks as well. An example is the status of mining engineering education in Iran. Presently, the number of active mining engineering departments in Iran (27) is more than the sum of similar departments in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and South Africa (23 altogether). Also, the number of annual mining graduates in Iran (645) is more than the cumulative graduates of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia (613). The expansion of mining engineering education in Iran has coincided with the closing or merging of similar mining departments, as well as a decline in the number of interested students in the industrialized world. The present study shows that the need for development and the excessive number of high school graduates, resulting from high population growth in the early 1980s, are the two primary factors influencing the significant expansion of mining engineering education in Iran.

Jan 1, 2007

By G. Stecklein

This report summarizes the results of research into the areas of the fragmentation and entrainment of Airborne Respirable Dust (ARD). The objectives of this program were four-fold: first, to review the present state of knowledge regarding ARD; second, to expand this state of knowledge through the identification of hypothetical microscopic mechanisms by which the coal is fragmented and the dust becomes entrained; third, to specify the informational requirements to verify or nullify these hypotheses; and fourth, to relate experimental techniques that will produce that required information. Additionally, insights are provided regarding potential methods of extraction and/or treatment which may reduce the concentration of ARD.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. Dan Walker

In recent years the Federal Bureau of Mines tested and approved four new types of self-contained breathing apparatus and a facepiece designed for use with the McCaa 2-hour self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus. The Bureau also developed and perfected a battery-powered lifeline telephone for use in mine rescue and recovery operations. Some of this equipment is described in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7413.4/ This publication is a revision of information Circular 7413 and presents pertinent information on more recently developed mine rescue equipment. The breathing apparatus described herein are 1/2- and 3/4-hour sell-contained types of much simpler design than the conventional 2-hour self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus ordinarily used by mine rescue crews; however, it is just as important to select rescue crews carefully and to train them properly in the use, care, and limitations of the newer types of apparatus as well as the older, established types, if the newer types are to be used safely. The Bureau of Mines recommends that 1/2- and 3/4-hour self-contained breathing apparatus be used only as auxiliary equipment in mine rescue and recovery work and that the capabilities and limitations of the apparatus should be well understood by those who wear the equipment.

Jan 1, 1957

Commercialisation of outcomes from research projects is a process often poorly understood and managed, but has the potential to achieve significant benefits for the industry and community as a whole. JKTech Pty Ltd was established in 1986 to transfer viable research outcomes from the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) at The University of Queensland, Australia. This paper describes successful and unsuccessful examples of commercialisation by JKTech over the years, and draws some conclusions as to the factors that contribute to success and failure in technology transfer.

Jan 1, 2012

By Jr .. Ebbley

The investigation of mine shafts and underground workings at Leadville, Colo., was started in May 1946 and recessed in November 3, 1946. Thirty-eight shafts and connecting accessible underground workings, comprising about a third of the accessible shafts in the district, were investigated. The Leadville district, a former important producer of lead and zinc, was considered by the Bureau of Mines to be capable of bolstering 'the waning domestic output of .these important metal. Accordingly, the investigation was initiated for the purpose of. .obtaining more definite data on sulfide and oxide reserves, evidence to justify completion of the Leadville drainage tunnel, representative large samples of the complex oxidized and mixed ores for testing to determine methods, beneficiation factual data to be supplied to property owners in order to stimulate production, and to determine the more favorable areas for development by the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1949

By G. Deschenes, W. Yen

Ammonium thiosulphate is a non-cyanide lixiviant for gold leaching. The major problem is the high reagent consumption. A combination of 0.3M (NH4)2S2O3, 0.03M CuSO4, 3M NH3 was used to leach a copper-bearing gold ore at pH 10.2 for 24 hours. 30 kg/t of thiosulphate was consumed. Oxygen and copper species were found to be responsible for thiosulphate decomposition. The thiosulphate consumption could be reduced to around 17 kg/t by adding chelating agent, reducing copper sulphate concentration to 0.001 M and replacing CuSO4 by NiSO4. The increase of pulp density might reduce the thiosulphate consumption to around 17 kg/t. By regulating the oxygen supply, the thiosulphate consumption could be reduced to 10 kg/t.

Jan 1, 2002

The heap leaching of base metal ores can be applied within a number of different scenarios, each requiring its own set of parameters to be determined during the metallurgical testwork programme. The occurrence of acid-gangue reactions and its concomitant precipitation reactions is a factor common to all cases, and requires that the optimal irrigation acid strength be found that optimises the combination of extraction kinetics, acid consumption and possible premature blinding of the heap due to precipitation reactions. For the heap bioleaching of base metal sulphide ores the oxygen requirement needs to be determined for the design of the aeration system, and the operating conditions employed need to also facilitate bacterial growth over and above the acid strength optimisation mentioned above. For the heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite, the need to preserve heat in the heap becomes yet a further parameter of critical importance. For the heap leaching of uranium ore a choice is required between either chemical or bacterial oxidation, based on economic and processing factors. Frequently the operating parameters need to be determined for a circuit in which heap leaching is combined with tank leaching and/or pressure leaching. The processing implications and metallurgical testwork approach for each case is discussed.

Jan 1, 2007

By D. R. Knowlton

IF I were a minister, and this were a sermon, and such a passage appeared in the Bible, I would choose for my text: "From whence cometh the oil for our war?" And no preacher was ever more serious than I am. You petroleum engineers recognize that the producing branch of the industry is passing through an era of plenty and inflated potentials into an era of scarcity and unmet allowables. Not too long ago the oil operators of Kansas, California, and Texas were appearing before operators' meetings and regulatory authorities asserting that these States were capable of producing at rates far in excess of what the demand at that time would absorb. Today every oil-producing area in the United States except the Texas Gulf Coast and West Texas is producing close to or in excess of its maximum efficient rate.

Jan 1, 1943

By S. Acar, M. Botz

Introduction In 2007, Newmont Mining Corporation will begin construction of a milling and cyanidation leaching circuit for the Yanacocha site in Peru. Ore to be processed in the circuit contains a relatively high level of cyanide-soluble copper, and as a result, leach solutions are expected to contain elevated levels of copper and WAD cyanide. As the means of controlling copper levels in leach solution, a circuit will be installed to precipitate copper sulfide from barren solution using sodium hydrosulfide. In addition, a circuit will be installed to recover cyanide from barren solution, with recovered cyanide to be returned to the leaching circuit and treated solution to be utilized as make-up in existing heap leaching facilities. As needed to support design of the copper precipitation and cyanide recovery circuits, pilot testing was conducted in 2005 to determine preferred operating conditions and evaluate the performance of the processes. This paper presents results from the pilot testing where 99% copper reduction was achieved and 95% to 98% cyanide recovery was achieved.

Jan 1, 2007

The current global economic climate has adversely affected the resources industry in general. For the gold mining industry, even though the gold price has been stable as compared to other resources, there is still a need to cut costs even further in order to be profitable and sustainable. Of all the costs that are associated with mining, comminution of ore accounts for the majority. Comminution costs constitute mainly electricity, grinding balls and liners. Of these three components, grinding balls form the major portion of the consumable costs, and can be as high as 40%?45% of the total. As a result, proper grinding ball selection is a key consideration towards reducing mining costs. This paper discusses quality control procedures that can be conducted in order to select the best grinding balls for a particular application. Keywords: grinding balls, forged, semi steel, hardness, chemical, metallography, wear testing, impact test

Jan 1, 2009