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By Albert McIntosh

One of the most interesting as well as important factors connected with the petroleum industry is the consumption of motor fuel. A few years ago we always spoke of "gasoline," but when natural gasoline and benzol became more important it seemed desirable to include all of these products in the petroleum statistics and so there was adopted the term "motor fuel," which embraces these three products in their entirety. Gasoline always included all stove and motor gasolines, high-grade naphthas, cleaning naphthas, solvents, varnishmakers' and painters' naphtha and gas-machine gasoline. "Motor fuel" includes all of these products also; therefore, technically the term "motor fuel" is incorrect, but as the total quantity of these non-motor naphthas is small their inclusion does not distort the results to any appreciable extent. When the Federal Oil Conservation Board appointed its first semiannual forecasting committee early in 1930 to project the demand for gasoline and crude oil into the year 1930, it was necessary for that committee to formulate a method of forecasting. It adopted the system in use by some of the oil companies at that time, of using automobiles and per-car consumption. Six months later the American Petroleum Institute also formed a committee for forecasting, which adopted the committee principle of asking each member to produce his own forecast of demand by any method he thought best and to give a full explanation to the committee. The result of the latter method was to get the benefit of as many different methods of forecasting demand as there were members. The writer does not recall any two members ever using exactly the same method. By studying the different forecasts and their methods, there evolved a composite opinion, which was presented to the industry as the committee's estimate. The same method has been followed by the American Petroleum Institute or Planning and Coordination Committee ever since.

Jan 1, 1935

By Fink ST

Management requires up-to-date information on the activities of an enterprise in order to maintain control and to assist in decision-making and planning. In today's environment it is essential that this information is immediately available and in an easily assimilated format. If this is not the case, management is forced to make decisions based on intuition and past experience. At Mt Newman Mining Co, a computer application has been developed and implemented with the objective of providing this type of information to management. The Key Parameter Reporting System (as the application is known) allows for daily (constant) on-line capture of selected production statistics, safety statistics and free format textual comments relating to topics such as industrial relations, major maintenance and other pertinent news. Information can be retrieved,'and displayed or printed in either a tabular or graphical format. All senior managers have colour visual display units in their offices for immediate access to the system. Access to selected sensitive information is controlled. All company staff are able to retrieve unsecured information from the system via visual display units installed in all company Locations.

Jan 1, 1983

By Stanley C. Herold

At the present time five localities in the Argentine Republic are known to bear direct evidences of the presence of petroleum. The segregation of these localities is more or less arbitrary inasmuch as minor indications may be found to extend from one locality to the other at no regular distance apart, especially in the northern and western part of the republic. These localities are listed as follows: North Argentine-Bolivian region, Salta-Jujuy district, provinces of Mendoza and Neuquen, Comodoro Rivadavia, and the Gallegos-Punta Arenas region. Economic conditions attract us to the possibilities of developing these and other regions of countries in the southern hemisphere. Development work will, naturally, be undertaken first in such localities as present direct manifestations of the presence of petroleum; "hidden fields" may exist, but, unless discovered by accident, their development will be left to the last. The problems to be solved in the development of the petroleum resources of the Argentine republic are mainly of stratigraphy, structure, and transportation. We are not here concerned with the unfavorable climate of the countries to the north in the tropics where, for us of the "far north," life hangs by a thread ready to be severed by a mosquito, gnat, or tropical germ. North Argentine-Bolivian Region The North Argentine-Bolivian region has already been described by the author.' Geographically and geologically this is admittedly one field extending from Argentine into Bolivia. It is not necessary to repeat here the various conditions pertaining to this field, though the summary may be quoted as follows: Extending from northern Argentine northward into central Bolivia is a belt of petroleum seepages. On account of the remoteness of the district it has, heretofore, been little considered by oil operators. The regional geology is comparatively well understood but the local features have not been carefully detailed. Development work in the past has been done on an unscientific basis and has led to failures. At the present time, access to the region is somewhat difficult but, no

Jan 1, 1921

By C. Y. Cheng

THE purpose of this note is to show that the dislocation mechanism controlling the creep of Fe-4 pet Si alloy1 may equally account for the behavior of a-Fe2 over the same temperature range. A recent study of the creep behavior of a-Fe has been made by Ishida et al.2 Their results were in agreement with the mechanism of nonconservative motion of jogged screw dislocations over the entire range of temperatures investigated, from 480° to 1045°K. However, the observed creep rate was much higher than that which could be accounted for by the above model unless the authors assumed that pipe diffusion became significant below 775°K. More recently, Cheng et al.1 inves-gated the creep of Fe-4 pet Si alloy over about the same temperature range and found that the results could be correlated fairly well with a dislocation climb mechanism as represented by Eq. [l]. Proceeding as shown previously,1 if creep is controlled by a single climb mechanism, at intermediate stresses, the shear creep rate, y, can be represented by where n and K are material constants {K is independent of the temperature but dependent on the structure, that is, K decreases during the primary stage and reaches a steady-state value over the secondary stage of creep), t is the applied shear stress, G is the shear modulus, gc is the free energy of activation for creep (usually equal to that for self-diffusion, gd), and RT has the usual meaning. By solving for y, the apparent activation energy for creep, Q which can be determined experimentally, is given by where hc is the enthalpy of activation for creep which usually is also equal to that for self-diffusion, h^. By using Eq. [2], the data in Fig. 2 of Ref. 2 can be re-plotted as shown in Fig. 1. By comparing the two figures, it is seen that the slight increase in the apparent activation for creep over Region II, as noted in Fig. 2 of Ref. 2, is due to the influence of temperature on the shear modulus rather than of the stress on the

Jan 1, 1969

By G, F Beach, D Jazzini, R Rounsley

Over the past 20 years within Australia, there have been a number of incidents at mine sites where ammonium nitrate-based explosives have reacted with certain rock types containing sulfide minerals. These rocks have commonly been referred to as æreactive groundÆ. These reactions have frequently led to fires (particularly in ground susceptible to spontaneous combustion) or premature detonation of the ammonium nitrate-based explosives. Clearly, this introduces an element of risk when using ammonium nitrate-based explosives in these areas. Dyno Nobel has been proactive in developing ammonium nitrate-based explosive products that can be used in these types of æreactive groundÆ environments that minimise the risk of premature detonations occurring. A system for assessing æreactivityÆ of sulfide containing rocks has been developed that can be used in the field. Previous literature has been reviewed, identifying Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) as the most common method for determining the æreactivityÆ of the ground. In the present investigation, DTA has been rejected as a suitable technique for determining ground reactivity, since it measures thermal reactions at higher temperatures over short time periods, conditions that are unlike those in the field. For example, ground at ambient temperature has been found to react with ammonium nitrate-based explosives over long time periods, reactions that are unable to be evaluated using DTA. Other more suitable techniques have been developed to monitor rock conditions that can be measured in the field and give a good indication of potential ground æreactivityÆ with ammonium nitrate-based explosives. Dyno Nobel is currently investigating the reaction mechanisms of spontaneous combustion in reactive ground, the decomposition mechanisms of ammonium nitrate and the role of inhibitors in ammonium nitrate-based explosives. Once complete, this fundamental research will lead to the further development of even lower risk ammonium nitrate-based explosive products for use in æreactive groundsÆ in a variety of mine environments.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. B. Clark, F. N. Rhines

brittlement or notch sensitivity progressively increases. Further, in contrast to results obtained with the impact test, the notch strength for the large specimens does not reveal a 500°F embrittlement range. The notch sensitivity as determined with the 0.3-in. specimen of 4340 steel given the stepped austenitizing treatment has been discussed elsewhere. This quantity as measured for the 1.1-in.- diam notch tensile test and given in Fig. 3, is taken to signify that reduced notch sensitivity is encountered in the 600" to 800°F tempering range for specimens given the stepped austenitizing treatment. The stepped austenitizing treatment may, there- fore, be of use in promoting deeper hardenability for a 4340 steel while at the same time giving reduced notch sensitivity in the high-strength range in which this steel is now being used. Acknowledgments The work reported was supported by the U. S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics. The authors are indebted to the Bureau of Aeronautics for granting permission to publish results of this research and to N. E. Promisel, H. Hessing, and J. Maltz for their interest.

Jan 1, 1958

By Magdelinka Padenkova-Yaneva, Emilia Christova Kostakeva

"One of the methods for waste treatment is composting during which as a result of controlled biological decomposition of organic waste in aerobic conditions harmless materials are received. Composting takes place in suitably designed premises which ensure the optimal conditions for biochemical decomposition of the waste. A usual way to process composting is the spreading of the waste on a base made from reinforced concrete.In the paper the phases and basic technical features of the process of composting, the requirements and properties of the base and the ways of protection of concrete base against corrosion are revealed. Technical decisions for a specific construction site in Bulgaria are shown and the advantage of achieving durability of the concrete constructions in the plant while achieving simultaneous environment protection from pollution is discussed.IntroductionComposting is the process of controlled biochemical decomposition of vegetable and animal organic waste in aerobic conditions as a result of which harmless materials are obtained. The latter have better stability and are rich in humus substances which are useful for agricultural crops and can be used for restoring the soil fertility [1, 2, 3, 4].In modern waste treatment plants a composting technology is adopted in which the waste is spread on a concrete base as piles with certain dimensions [1, 3]. These piles are periodically stirred or air is blown through them in order to ensure the quantity of oxygen required for the process of aerobic decomposition of the organic matter. The fluids and gases formed in the course of the composting are take away in order not to pollute the environment – air, water, and soils. For this purpose the base on which the waste is spread must satisfy certain requirements, and the gases must be taken away and rendered harmless in order to protect the atmospheric air from pollution. This paper discusses the need for protecting the concrete base from corrosion and characterizes the stages and main parameters of the composting process and the possibilities for primary and secondary protection of the concrete base from corrosion. Specific technical decisions applied in a composting facility in the area of the town of Plovdiv are presented."

Jan 1, 2008

By G. W. Luxbacher

Coal mine infrastructure is rarely designed solely on the basis of ventilating the underground workings. Instead the optimization of a mining sequence, the minimization of coal quality variation, reduction of coal losses by adapting to property boundaries and geologic structure (seam inclination, roof conditions, coal thickness, etc.) or other similar considerations have formed the objective for mine plant design and layout. Infrastructure development may also reflect a desire to maximize production early in the life of the mine or to permit flexibility in mining according to market conditions. Requirements for coal mine ventilation, established by the 1969 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, have mandated changes in the traditional concepts of mine plant design in the United States. Mines, in operation prior to the passage of the Act have experienced severe limitations when attempting to adapt the existing mine infrastructure to meet the requirements of the law. In addition the increased quantities of air required, velocity limitations on trolley haulage and belt lines, the establishment of separate intake escapeways and gob area ventilation have com- pounded the inherent complexity in planning mine ventilation systems. Past practices in mine ventilation planning and design are no longer adequate. Given the complexity of today's ventilation systems, effective planning and design approaches are required. As such, the interrelationship between the overall coal mine plant design and ventilation system design is examined. An approach to ventilation system design constrained by global considerations of mine plant design, is presented. The proposed approach is, however, applicable to the design of new mine ventilation systems as well as to the modification of existing systems.

Jan 1, 1980

IN the ordinary course of treatment of pyritic ores or concentrates, whether for the recovery of copper, tin, gold, or any other contents, the removal of some or all of the sulphur contents is almost invariably the first step. The practice is to roast the ore in a current of air so that the sulphur is oxidized to sulphur dioxide and the metal constituents are changed from sulphides to oxides. If it is feasible to produce sulphuric acid in conjunction with the treatment process, the sulphur can be usefully employed; but if this is not possible, then the sulphur contents not only become a dead loss, but tend to be a nuisance as well in the surrounding neighbourhood.The problem of avoiding this disadvantage and making economic use of the sulphur has had attention from the early days of scientific metallurgy, and in the past few years very special efforts have been made both to drive part of the sulphur as such from pyrites and recover it, and to replace the sulphur in the S02 by carbon, with the production of carbon dioxide and precipitation of the sulphur. So far economic success does not appear to have crowned these efforts. In the case of pyrites, of the two atoms of sulphur which go to make the FeS2, the first is very lightly held. Dissociation is effected by heat alone at a temperature which is given by Peters as 5160 C.Now, sulphur and hydrogen will unite or burn together, with the production of sulphuretted hydrogen. It occurred to the writer that, if hydrogen was passed over pyrites heated to the above temperature, this first atom would be snatched away by the hydrogen, and could possibly be economically recovered.The first step consisted of some simple laboratory experiments. From these it was found that this first atom was readily removed, and that the extraction was practically complete. Further, the reaction took place at a low temperature, a dull red heat being sufficient.

Jan 1, 1923

By E. S. Smith, Sunirmal Banerjee

INTRODUCTION Social awareness of the detrimental impact of man-made wastes on our environment has grown considerably during the last two decades. Increased public and institutional concerns have resulted in the implementation of a wide variety of regulatory controls of disposal of wastes. These regulations have often reflected significant conservatism in expecting guaranteed elimination of pollution risks. This sort of expectation assumed a state of knowledge which was not readily available to the major producers of wastes. The mining industry, in particular, has been affected by such regulations in terms of excessive costs and loss of benefit. As a result, investigations are in progress (1) to generate newer methods for satisfactory stabilization of mine and mill wastes and (2) to apply the available technology to achieve the standards set by the regulatory agencies at reasonable costs. This paper presents a conceptual scheme for stabilization of mill wastes by suitable management of operations and accelerated consolidation of tailings slurries. The main discussion in this paper is aimed at the ability of the proposed scheme to address the major considerations in effective disposal. Comparison in both cost and effectiveness are also made between the proposed scheme and various other currently used disposal concepts. MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS IN EFFECTIVE DISPOSAL The primary objective of an effective tailings disposal scheme is to provide containment of the contaminants in such a manner that the undesirable impact of the wastes on the three basic elements of our environment--land, air, and water-would be minimal. Bearing the above objective in mind, one may justifiably list the major considerations in the choice of the disposal scheme in terms of its effects on land, air, and water (Bromwell, 1976) as follows: Effects on Land (1) whether the scheme makes optimal use of land.

Jan 1, 1980

By Lester Tarnopol, Ralph Hultgren

A considerable interest in the subject of superlattices has been manifested by many papers and reviews that have recently appeared, both in physical and metallurgical publications. This interest is due largely to the apparent simplicity of the ordering process, which permits the explanation of many phenomena on the basis of elementary theory. Moreover, ordering may cause important changes in the physical properties of alloys. In this paper, we shall discuss the causes of superlattices in terms of simple properties of the elements that give rise to them, together with a series of experiments performed to test our conclusions. Evidence is presented that in some cases the process of ordering is more complex than might be supposed. While the different species of atoms are usually found in random positions in alloy lattices, in some cases unlike atoms tend to be nearest neighbors. Bethe's1 "order of neighbors" is a statistical measure of thib tendency. At suitable compositions it is possible for atoms in large regions to be regularly arranged, which causes superlattice lines to appear. in X-ray diffraction patterns. Bragg and Williams2 haw dealt with this "long-distance order" in their fundamental work 011 superlattices. Excellent discussions of superlattices are to be found in current reviews TheRmodynamic Considerations Thcrmal vibration tends to destroy order. The magnitude of the effect can be determined from the entropy of mixing, which is calculate from first principles. Since the ordered state has the lower entropy, it must also have a lower internal energy to be stable at any temperature. The difference in internal energy determines the critical temperature at which long-distance order disappears. According to the, theory of Bragg and Williams,~

Jan 1, 1939

By W. J. Reagan

MANY factors enter into the manufacture of basic open-hearth steel of high quality. Perhaps the two most important are temperature and the iron oxide content of the metal. If we can control these two factors we can essentially control basic open-hearth practice. SOURCE AND EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE Earlier investigators, especially Herty and his associates, have shown that iron oxide is introduced into the open-hearth furnace in four ways:1 1. - By oxidation of the scrap by furnace gases. 2. By decomposition of the limestone. 3. By oxidation of the iron oxide in the slag by furnace gases. 4. By direct addition of iron ore to the charge. We also know that the speed of operation of an open-hearth furnace depends, for a given charge and given combustion conditions, on the rate at which iron oxide will diffuse from the slag into the metal. The rate of diffusion depends upon a number of variables, such as iron oxide content of the slag, slag viscosity, etc., which also depend upon the amount of iron oxide in the metal, amount of carbon present, temperature, and so forth. For a given carbon and a given temperature, the iron oxide content of the metal is in proportion to the iron oxide content of the slag. This fact can be easily verified by analysis of slag samples taken as described by Herty.2 It is preferable to take these samples just before deoxidation. In killing the steel samples with aluminum it is desirable to use aluminum rod of 99 per cent purity; ordinary commercial aluminum rod with a purity of approximately 92 per cent is not satisfactory. In drilling these samples it is also essential to take the largest amount of drillings possible. This gives more accurate results because it eliminates spotty segregation of Al203.

Jan 1, 1932

By Elmer W. Pehrson

The term "survival" in the title means the preservation of a society in which men are free from the political and economic restraints that characterize totalitarian systems, be they communist, socialist or facist. It means the ability to withstand the enemy's offensives in the fields of propaganda, commercial competition and, if necessary, war. The temptation to substitute "victory" for "survival" is great but a realistic appraisal of the creeping socialism and demagoguery that pervade our time indicates that we may have to be content with survival in status quo. "Mineral strength" means assurance that adequate supplies will be available to meet all the contingencies of cold and hot wars. The overall mineral position of the U. S. viewed in the light of these premises is far from secure. It is true that we are the leading producing and consuming nation of the world, but the Soviet Union is gaining and the Sino-Soviet Bloc confronts us with a sobering potential. The emergence of the Common Market in Europe as an economic and political unit places a third independent entity into the competition. Our total mineral output continues on an up- ward trend but the reverse is true in certain strategic commodities. Moreover, consumption is moving ahead faster than production so that there is increasing dependence on imports which has significant adverse geopolitical connotations. There is widespread belief that our resources can at least maintain present levels of self-sufficiency during this critical period in world history, but social dreamers, the labor monopoly, and trade and taxation policies have discouraged aggressive activity in exploration and development, and access to essential foreign sources is threatened by a variety of circumstances. Our stockpiles, belatedly built up to achieve minimum protection against shortages in time of war, are under. political attack and threatened with partial destruction on the basis of what are at best uncertain assumptions regarding the new: look of global warfare.

Jan 11, 1962

By L. J. O’Connor

Mining activities in the small historic mining camp of La Colorada in the state of Sonora, Mexico can be traced back to the mid eighteenth century when gold was discovered and exploited by Jesuit missionaries. Following one hundred and twenty six years of activity, the mines were shut down due to the Mexican revolution. Very little activity took place until 1989 when a company, Minera Las Cuevas, spent US $350,000.00 in mapping and sampling and diamond and reverse circulation drilling over a period of three years. During 1991 HRC Development Corporation entered into a joint venture agreement with Minerales de Sotula, S.A. de C.V. that allowed an earn in of 70% interest. Exploraciones Eldorado, S.A. de C.V. and it's parent company, Eldorado Corporation Ltd. were subsequently incorporated by HRC to hold the La Colorada project. Property evaluation ensued and a thirty thousand tonne Run of Mine test heap was leached from August of 1992 until May of 1993. Full scale commercial production commenced in late November, 1993 and the first gold/silver doré bar was poured early in January of 1994. Pre-production costs were a total of approximately four million dollars U.S. During the fall of 1994 a buyout of the venture partners' interest gave Eldorado one hundred percent ownership of the property. The first two years of mining have utilized a local contract mining fleet and have placed nearly two million tonnes of ore on a run of mine heap. Low cost ripping and dozing mining methods have been employed in conjunction with drip irrigation leaching. An initial pilot plant carbon adsorption circuit was supplemented with a Merrill Crowe recovery circuit in June of 1994 and was completely replaced with the construction of a second Merrill Crowe circuit in July of 1995. Approximately fifty thousand troy ounces of gold and over one hundred thirty thousand ounces of silver will have been poured by year end 1995. Ongoing, on site exploration continues to increase mineable reserves in the known deposits. A feasibility study is ongoing concurrent with the operations and will provide the basis for future elevated production levels. Exploraciones Eldorado continues to explore outward from the current operations and several anomalous outlying zones may play part to the long term economic growth of the company in Mexico.

Jan 1, 1996

By Frank Foote, V. H. Nordstrom, Eric R. Jette, Bernard Queneau

The nickel-chromium alloys form the base for many industrial heating alloys, so that this system is of considerable practical importance. The literature on these alloys, however, contains much conflicting evidence, not only regarding the solubility limits of the terminal solid solutions at different temperatures but even regarding the number of phases existing in the system. Part of the difficulty undoubtedly arises from the fact that chromium of sufficiently high purity has been available only during the last few years. A second and possibly even more important difficulty arises from the ease with which chromium reacts with silicon and carbon compounds and the atmosphere to form silicides, carbides, nitrides and oxides. Pilling and Kihlgrenl in 1929 reviewed the existing scanty information. They did not consider the diagram by which they summarized the various bits of information to be entirely satisfactory. Matsunaga2 investigated the system by thermal analysis, microscopic examination and other means. Electrolytic nickel of 99.9 per cent purity and thermit chromium containing 0.30 per cent Al, 0.40 per cent Fe, 0.25 per cent Si and 0.04 per cent C were used. A Tammann furnace with hydrogen flowing through it was used for melting. Sekito and Matsunaga3 reported an X-ray investigation, presumably on these same alloys, which, as far as can be judged from the abstract, essentially confirmed the thermal and microscopic results. Nishigori and Hamasumi4 found compositions for the terminal solid solutions in equilibrium at the eutectic temperature which agreed fairly

Jan 1, 1934

By D. Wallace Fields

Increasing public pressure and demands from various tiers of government have generated a legislative maze of statutory and administrative requirements facing industries involved in mineral extraction and processing. Each tier, of government has asserted concurrent jurisdiction and threats of harsh measures if industry does not satisfy all requirements. In the field of water pollution control, federal requirements have increased, carrying with them increasing techniques of enforcement - ranging from injunctions through criminal penalties. Federal laws have required that states formulate water quality standards as an adjunct to federal regulation. Florida has reacted with the Water Pollution Control Act of 1967. This act incorporates state water quality standards and permit requirements for any installation constituting a potential source of pollution, and provides for civil sanctions as well as injunctive relief. The federal government has utilized an 1899 law to require a permit for discharges into navigable waterbodies - a term which has been judicially defined to include any watercourse capable, after reasonable improvement, for use in the transportation of waterborne traffic. Failure to secure these permits can result in the issuance of an injunction or civil or criminal penalties. The Corps of Engineers will not issue these permits without the approval of the discharge by state, local and other federal agencies. Air pollution similarly is regulated by a multi-tiered network of laws and administrative standards. Federal regulation has increased from early research support in the 1950's through the development of Air Quality Standards and their enforcement by large fines, injunctions, administrative conferences and public hearings. Florida regulation, under the Florida Air Pollution Control Act of 1967, parallels federal law but grants concurrent regulations, requirements and enforcement tools to local and state agencies. Although previous state regulation was minimal, consisting only of three acts passed in 189 1, 1899, and 1911, in the future the mining industry will have to contend with this increasing network of ecological requirements. It is recommended that the industry take the initiative by involving Florida in the Interstate Mining Compact, as well as seeking the passage of a state reclamation law funded by a severance tax.

Jan 1, 1972

By Jerome Alexander

IT is an outstanding fact of Nature that many of the practical properties of substances are dependent, not on their ultimate chemical composition, but on the kind and degree of aggregation of their constituent particles. Thus, a granite boulder is unmoved by wind or water, but if reduced to a fine dust it will be blown about by the wind and washed away by the rain. Carbon in one crystalline state of aggregation (diamond) is the hardest known substance, whereas in another crystalline state (graphite) it is so soft that it is used as a lubricant. Laying too much stress on the mere chemical analysis of substances is apt to obscure the fact that the nature of the aggregation of their particles is always a factor of importance, and sometimes the most important factor. Colloid chemistry deals with matter in. a very fine state of subdivision; its sphere begins with particles just a little smaller than a wave length of light-and extends clown until they blend into molecular dimensions. With particles of this size; such phenomena as surface tension and adsorption, which depend on the development of free surface, become enormously magnified. Thus a cube of 1 cm. edge has a surface of only 6 sq. cm.; but if it is reduced to colloidal dimensions by being cut up into cubes each having an edge of 0.01 , (0.00001 mm.), it will yield one million, million, million (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) such cubes, having a combined area of 600 sq. in., or 21,274 sq. ft. The tiny force with which a drop of rain clings to the window pane becomes a. factor to be reckoned with, if the surface involved is increased millions of times. From the colloid-chemical viewpoint, metals and alloys may be regarded as jellies or sponge-like structures, the viscosity or stiffness of which at ordinary temperatures is exceedingly great; and like all jellies their properties are dependent on the composition and degree of dispersion of their constituent phases. These, in turn, depend on chemical composition, mutual solubility, speed of chilling, subsequent mechanical and heat treatment, etc In fact, in preparing metals and

Jan 2, 1919

By H. B. Fuqua, B. E. Thompson

The area discussed herein, commonly known as the North Texas district, embraces the following 10 counties: Archer, Baylor, Clay, Cooke, Foard, Hardeman, Knox, Montague, Wichita and Wilbarger. It is underlain by two major structural features. The northernmost portion of the district, including Cooke, Montague, northern Clay, Wichita, Wilbarger, Foard and Hardeman counties, is underlain by the system of buried mountains known as the Red River uplift, which is parallel to and closely related to the Wichita-Amarillo uplift of Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle. While the presence of a great majority of the numerous oil fields of the area is traceable to this feature, the production in Archer, southwestern Clay and southeastern Baylor counties is due to the influence of what is known as the Cisco Arch (so called because of its influence on Cisco deposition), the axis of which extends in a north\lest-southeast direction across Archer County. Discussion of Tables Preliminary to discussing developments during the year 1933, it appears advisable to offer a few words of explanation on Tables 1 and 2, included as part of this paper, in which an effort has been made to sumlllarize oil and gas development in North Texas to Jan. 1, 1934. One of the chief objectives of this publication is understood to be to show production by individual pools, and, if possible, by distinct pays in a pool. This the authors haw been unable to do for North Texas. It is a generally recognized fact that there are well over 100 individual pools, which should perhaps be mow properly called "productive spots," in Archer county alone, with perhaps an even greater number in Wichita County. It can be found upon investigation that an apparently continuous productive area covering Many acres consists of a half dozen lenticular sands, all stratigraphically different,, which produce only under portions of the apparently continuous area. It is also a fact that practically all gross production records are carried by the various intcrcsted parties by major districts or by counties. It is obvious therefore

Jan 1, 1934

By J. L. Keats

IN THE literature on the elimination of metalloids in basic open-hearth practice, there are a great many heats recorded in which excellent data on changes in slag and metal composition during refining are given, but in almost all of these heats either temperature data or weights and analysis of charge are unrecorded and observations on the physical characteristics of the slag are almost always lacking. With these points in mind, a test heat was made in which as complete as data possible on all the factors that affect the elimination of metalloids were obtained. THE TEST HEAT The test heat was made in a standard 100 ton stationary furnace at the Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. on January 17, 1922. The Charge-Scrap.-The scrap consisted entirely of rail-heat butts, selected from a number of heats made, the week before the test. The average analysis of the scrap was calculated from the analysis of these heats-and from the weight of scrap from each heat. Pig Iron.-Two ladles of pig iron were used in the charge and two samples were taken from each ladle as it was poured into the furnace. These four samples were composited for the average pig-iron sample.

Jan 2, 1926

By Petr Sulovsky, Pavel Leber, Jaroslava Ledererova, Miroslav Svoboda

"The properties of raw materials used for the production of building materials play an essential role in their choice. Industrial waste materials can in some cases improve the performance of new building materials, when compared with classical raw materials. The addition of waste can however negatively impact some of the building material´s characteristics, influencing its stability, service time, durability, and can introduce undesirable variation of certain characteristics over time. It is necessary that each secondary raw material intended for such use be thoroughly investigated in terms of its chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, with special attention paid to the risk components and risk parameters. It is necessary to make many- sided technological tests in relation to the required characteristics of the resulting materials for each chosen application. Moreover, the limit values for the critical (risk) parameters, which the given secondary raw material must satisfy to be used in a specific technology, need to be defined. Introduction The risk components in the industrial waste materials to be used in the production of building materials fall into two groups: - components that pose a risk of development (instant or delayed) of a process deleterious to the utility properties and durability of the resulting materials. Such processes include volume change (expansion as well as shrinkage), alkali-silica reaction, delayed ettringite formation, thaumassite attack, aggressive carbonation, etc. - elements or components that can, if released from the waste-containing building material, pollute the environment. They involve the so called potentially hazardous elements as well as compounds like fenols, PCB, PAHs etc. From the viewpoint of the presence of both groups of risk components, the wastes can be classified as: • environmentally inert waste materials. They are produced in the largest volumes and do not pose a threat to human health. Their physical and/or chemical characteristics fail to satisfy all requirements for utilization in ordinary production. The aim of technology design is to work them into the building products with suitable utility properties. • easier workable waste materials containing toxic components are produced in large volumes. In spite of the content of toxic components, their physical and chemical properties make them suitable for ordinary production, provided that the harmful substances are immobilized by the chosen technology."

Jan 1, 2008