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By C. Kasatuka

Globalization creates investment opportunities for enterprises around the world. Attracting foreign investment has been a key challenge for economic growth in developing countries. Corruption, political instability, armed conflict, and other internal problems affect foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows negatively. A framework of criteria provides a basis for comparing non-commercial risk (NCR) among twenty-three mineral economies. Countries competing for foreign direct investment inflows are ranked from least to most risky. This study compares Inward FDI Performance Index (IND) with NCR ratings in developing countries and shows that risk is increasingly mitigated by means of appropriately structured insurance. Given the option for countries with similar mineral potential, investors will generally invest in the country that offers lower non-commercial risk. Keywords: foreign direct investment, non-commercial risk, developing countries.

Jan 1, 2006

The sedimentary basins of this region developed in the collision zone of thePacific Ocean plate and the continent. Stresses were transmitted thorough wedge-like lithospheric blocks, such as the Okotsk Sea, East Kamchatka, Aleutian and other smaller blocks. Compression and inversion were more active at the boundaries: ***INSERT EQ*** and ***INSERT EQ*** in places. Tension, rifting and the increase in the rate of sedimentation were marked in P1-2, P3, N12, and also in N2 û Q in places. Structural plan changes of the sedimentary basins and possible oil, gas and fluid migration occurred more actively at the boundaries: ***INSERT EQ***.

Jan 1, 1995

By C J. Kruger, E le Roux

Anglo American Platinum has adopted a strategy of Best Practice Principles (BPP) for sampling, mass measurement, analysis and metal accounting for more than a decade now. When new plants are designed, the most suitable sampling equipment and sampling protocols are implemented and material flows and plant layouts are designed around sampling strategies. A few years ago, a crushing plant for a high-grade matte stream was commissioned.The design called for the high-grade material to be crushed to 95 per cent passing 2 mm and the design allowed for a single cutter primary Vezin sampler, increments taken from a gravity flowing stream at regular intervals, whilst filling a tanker for the pneumatic offload at our base metal refinery. This was a single point of sampling and analysis that would measure the wanted output from our smelting complex and the input to our refineries. In addition, the design incorporated the functionality to collect increments in an ‘interleaved’ fashion from the Vezin sampler for internal precision checks.The metal accounting strategy for Anglo Platinum is the ongoing measurement of all inputs, outputs and stock levels for all our operations for platinum group metal (PGM) and base metal (BM) content. Included are yearly stocktakes, usually done on 1 February every year, across the smelters and refineries (at least the base metal refinery). A trend was developing in the accounting period immediately following the introduction of the new crushing and sampling facility, whereby the absolute difference between the physical stock and theoretical stock (PGMs predominantly) increased for the two respective sites on an ongoing basis. The smelter (sender) showed an increase in physical stock compared to the theoretical stock and the base metal refinery (receiver) showed that their theoretical stock increased against their physical stock. Because of this anomaly, an additional stocktake was held in September for the period in question and it was confirmed through the physical stock measurement results, that the PGM accounting problem was indeed pointing towards the evaluation of the high-grade matte stream.This paper showcases parts of the process that took place to explain the poor accountabilities for the respective sites. Previous results from the sampler ratification process (of the interleaved sampling design) were analysed again, a physical inspection was carried out on the sampling system again and the sampler performance was monitored (quality control parameters) for the period.From these investigations, it was found that airflows present inside the Vezin introduced the sampling bias and a change in sampling protocol was introduced as well as physical changes to the sampling equipment were made to eliminate the airflow and thus the bias conditions significantly. The accounting period which followed, after a phased upgrading process, showed that the accounting between our smelter and base metal refinery had been restored to within statistical limits (difference between physical and theoretical stock below five per cent relative to theoretical stock).CITATION:Kruger, C J and le Roux, E, 2017. Pitfalls in Vezin sampling for finely crushed materials, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 151–158 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By B Hartmann

In 2003, Independence Group NL purchased the Long Shaft Nickel Mine complex (Long) in Kambalda, Western Australia. Lightning Nickel, the nickel operating arm of Independence Group, faced considerable challenges operating the mine, with the most significant challenge being able to prove that the remnant ore at Long and the associated orebodies could be mined safely and efficiently. Given the seismic history at Long, the magnitude of these challenges could not be underestimated. In an effort to achieve 100 per cent extraction of the flatter orebodies, traditional methods such as room and pillar were dismissed. A method consisting of transverse sills, butting into each other was proposed. To stop fill material from the first sill rilling into the adjoining sill, it was proposed to backfill the sills with pumped cement fill. The capital cost of the fill plant was estimated to be in excess of $1.5 million and the cost for cement alone was $1.0 million per annum. Shotcrete was already an extremely useful tool in dealing with the widely variable stress environment, but was to be used in an innovative manner that would enable the full extraction of a tabular section of the Victor South orebody. A layer of shotcrete, approximately 100 mm thick, was to be sprayed on the up dip wall of the initial development sill. The sill was to be backfilled with ænormalÆ development waste and ætoppedÆ with sand backfill. The next sill, ie slightly up dip and alongside, was to be mined along the shotcrete boundary wall. With respect to wall stability, the premise was that the shotcrete wall would stay in place and prevent the backfill (development waste and sand) from rilling into the adjoining development. It was also proposed that any breaches of the shotcrete wall would be repaired using shotcrete before substantial inflow of backfill into the ænewÆ development. This paper describes the development and implementation of this mining method, as well as some of the associated financial aspects.

Jan 1, 2008

THE science of topography deals with the various natural and physical features of the earth's surface. These features are determined by the manifold constructive and destructive processes of nature, and their many diverse forms and characteristicsare dependent primarily upon geologic structure. Thus it is that a close relationship exists between the rocks of a region and the topographic features of the lJountry wherein they occur. Again, the existence of all sorts of mineral wealth is dependentupon the nature of the rocks, and their extension is directly connected with the topographic features represented upon the enclosing land-area.In studying any district with a view to deciphering its geological structure, to locating any mineral deposits it may contain, and to ascertaining, so far as a surface-examination may show, their probable and economic possibilities, it is therefore ofprimary importance to have at hand a correct topographical map of the area under investigation.GENERAL REMARKSThe actual amount of topographic detail shown will depend upon the money and time available for topographic surveying and upon the scale upon which the final map is to be produced...

Jan 1, 1912

By B. O. Odera

The Pt-based alloys have a high potential for replacing some Ni-based superalloys (NBSAs) used in the highest temperature and most aggressive environments, and vanadium would be a beneficial alloying element. Six alloys of average compositions Pt-26.6Al-9.1V, Pt-23.1Al-17.8V,Pt-9.6Al-21.1V, Pt-17.4Al-6.4V, Pt-22.3Al-7.9V, and Pt-6.0Al-10.1V (all in at.%) were manufactured by arc-melting and examined in the as-cast condition using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Five samples were heat treated at 1 000°C for 1 500 hours and water quenched, then examined. The phases were identified using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the identities were confirmed by XRD. In most of the samples, the phases existing in the as-cast condition were different from those at 1 000°C after ~1500 hours heat treatment. A solidification projection, an isothermal section and a liquidus surface projection were determined for the Pt-rich corner.

Jan 1, 2012

By H. H. Bein

Most western industrial sands are feldspathic and contain feldspars in variahle amounts. A few deposits will show alumina contents of less than one per cent while others will contain over twelve per cent alumina. Some industries are not especially concerned with the amount of contained feldspar but are interested only in color and in size gradations. Other industries, however, are very much interested in alumina content and set up quite rigid specifications as to this content. Several western plants are beneficiating crude sands both to reduce the iron content and to control the feldspar content. At present, most of these plants are using flotation processes for both controls although a few plants do use magnetic separators for the reduction of iron content. Some work has also been done with electrostatic separators for the feldspar-quartz splits. The Sand Division of Del Monte Properties Company, Pebble Beach, California, has been operating a flotation plant for iron removal and the separation of quartz and feldspar since 1950. As mentioned before, control of alumina, especially in the quartz product, is very important. Some users require an alumina content of less than two per cent and others will demand a product of less than one per cent Al2,O3,. The standard Quinolate method for determining alumina is lengthy and time consuming. The HF —H2SO4 evaporation step is especially critical and, if forced, spattering is apt to occur with a resulting loss of sample. Standard procedure is to evaporate to dry ness overnight at a low temperature. Even with forcing under optimum conditions the procerlnre will take two or three hours to complete. A new method has been developed which allows an alumina determination to be made, in 10 or 15 minutes, on a sample of the quartz product as it is being produced. This pocedure, although simply an approximation, has been most helpful in showing whether or not the product being formed is meeting specifications. This procedure has also allowed a great reduction in samples formerly taken and analysed by the orthodox method. Whether a sample assays 1.75% A12O3, or 1.95% .41,0, is not so important as the fact that it is below the allowable maximum of 2.00%. Similar thinking would apply to products required to contain less than 1.00% A1,0,. The step by step procedures for the method are as follows: 1. Collect sample, drain or filter, and dry. 2. Split sample through standard Jones sample cutter to quarter or eighth sample, depending on size of original sample taken, then split down to about 5 grams through Sepor micro-splitter. 3. Screen through 50 mesh sieve (U.S. Series) and reject undersize. 4. Weigh out 2 grams and place in platinum crucible. 5. Etch with 3-5 mls 38.40% HF for 1 minute at room temp. 6. Decant and wash. 7. Stain for two minutes in same crucible with a 1% water solution of Nigrosene dye. 8. Decant and wash well. 9. Dry.

Jan 1, 1961

By H. J. Sloman

Mining laws of the several coal-producing Stat e with respect to safety catches on mine cages and their testing are extremely variable and generally indefinite in scope. The most specific requirements are contained in the Coal Mining Laws of Washington,3/ as follows:

Jan 1, 1944

By Meagan S. Boltz

From October 2000 to April 2001 a local array of fourteen seismograph stations was deployed at the Trail Mountain Mine (TMM), an underground coal mine in Emery County, Utah, to locate mining-induced seismicity (MIS). Original analysis of the data provided epicentral locations that coincided closely with the active longwall panel. The original analysis yielded poor quality hypocenters, however, preventing a useful relation from being made between mining activity and the event depths. For the original analysis, only stations at elevations above mine level were used for locating MIS. As a result, P- and S-arrival times from four of the stations in the local array were not used: an inmine station and three stations at elevations below mine level. This study compares mine workings and active mining to a revised TMM dataset that included P- and S-arrival times from the lower elevation stations that were not used in the previous study. In the revised locations, a modified master event methodology was used to calculate station delays. These station delays correct for errors in the shallow layers of the velocity model. The resulting hypocentral locations have improved depth resolution, determined by a lower root mean square (RMS) for the locations, compared to the original study. Most of the events occur in the roof of the mine and follow the longwall panel. When located using the velocity model determined in the original study, the elevations of the events increase as the longwall panel progresses. One possible explanation for the elevation increase is that it may be related to geology or the caving process. As presented here, a 10% decrease in the shallow velocity structure results in a more plausible location for the hypocenters. Consequently, it is hypothesized that progressive development of the TMM longwall panel(s) may have resulted in a progressive change in the velocity model.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. B. Desai

The construction of 1144 nos. of piles, each 1.5 m diameter, bored-cast-in-situ type and varying in depths from 6.5 to 23m, has been completed as foundation for 26 piers of 548 m long aqueduct across Orsang river to carry 1128 m3 water of Narmada Main Canal of the Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat. These piles are socketed 1.5 m into foundation grade rockmass. The portal system of 44 nos. of piles and pile cap at the top for each pier is analyzed considering the portal fixed at bottom of piles. The borings for pile shaft were done deploying reverse mud circulation rigs and also by conventional chiseling and bailing operations. Besides vertical loading tests and lateral loading test on piles, dynamic tests such as low strain integrity testing on 290 piles and high strain pile testing on 17 piles were also conducted. The results indicated that (a) the settlement/ displacement are much less than the prescribed limits (b) good quality of concrete (c) piles are firmly socketed and (d) piles have adequate structural capacity to withstand the design load.

Jan 1, 1996

By Kadri Dagdelen

Design of the ultimate pit limit to direct long range mine planning has been a celebrated problem in the mining industry, and in mining academia, since 1965. Although many papers have been presented on this topic, even today, there is not a single solution technique which is widely accepted and considered universally best. Many philosophical differences exist among the pit planners concerning the use of different methods and it appears that resistance is very strong towards accepting other techniques if you are a believer in one. Whatever the case might be, the pit parameterization technique for the ultimate pit limit design is the latest and takes a different approach than its predecessors. There are already a number of papers which discuss the concepts involved (Francois-Bongarcon, 1976; 1978; 1980; 1981); however, the aim of this paper is to fill in some of the gaps which are thought to be missing in the previous discussions and, in addition, to present the recent research done on the subject at the Centre de Geostatistique de l?Ecole de Mines de Paris in Fontainbleau, France. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part will discuss practical aspects and interpretations of pit parameterization concepts with- out using mathematical or theoretical arguments; the reader who is interested in the theory should refer to Francois-Bongarcon (1978). The second part will present an approach to obtain a complete double parameterization of reserves using an inexpensive (computer costs) single parameterization algorithm. A case study of this approach is also included.

Jan 1, 1982

By Shane McDonald

Australia produces approximately 84 million tonnes of coal per annum from 30 longwalls in New South Wales and Queensland, operating at an average depth of around 300m. Industry trends and expectations place increasing emphasis on the reliability of these operations; for example, the current average face width is 245m and this is expected to increase to approximately 270m by 2010. In recent years, Beltana No.1 Mine has consistently been Australia?s highest longwall producer, with ROM output of 7.2Mt in YEJ2007. Strata management has become a key feature of the operation of Australia?s longwall mines, as a tool to manage variances in the geotechnical environment. This involves an understanding of the impacts of the geotechnical environment on ground behaviour and the implications for mine design, stability and associated support, interaction and horizon selection. The anticipated ground control impacts of these factors form the assumptions that drive the format of plans specifying both triggers and actions, with quantified, monitoring-focussed experience used to refine the plan in a continuous improvement (ie ?plan-do-check-act?) process. This paper summarises the Beltana No.1 Mine strata management methodology and experience to-date.

Jan 1, 2008

By John Smyth

Mining through in panel entries and the full face recovery method has been successfully practiced at U.S. Stwl, Mine 50. Suppat of the cut-through entries and recovery room is critical. Traditionally, concrete crib or fly ash cement backfill has been utilized. However, these traditional methods are not feasible at Mine 50 due to the difficulties of the plow face mining through these types of support. Recent development of new cable support systems provides an option for cut-through entry support. Mine 50 and Jennmar Corporation personnel have worked together to design and apply the cable systems in the cut-through entries and full face recovery room to eliminate standing support. To date, a number of full face recovery rooms and cut-through inpanel entries have been successfully mined. The results indicate that the cable systems combined with high capacity shields, have provided sufficient capacity to support the roof. Utilizing the Jennmar Finite Element Analysis (JFEA) computer program (Stankus and Guo, 1996), an analysis of the stress and roof deflection changes as the longwall gradually cut through was conducted. From the finite element analysis data, a supplemental support plan was designed. The history and experiences at Mine 50 are presented. Based on the case experiences and modifications made to the finite element analysis, an improved design criteria for future use has been formulated.

Jan 1, 1998

By James J. Graham

Uravan, Ambrosia Lake, Gas Hills and South Texas are all historic names in US uranium. These mining areas supplied the uranium that brought the United States into the nuclear age during the 1960s, and fueled the birth of nuclear energy for peaceful uses — a promise of nearly limitless, clean energy for the world’s future. That promise still exists today, but it is hard to hear over the rhetoric of environmental activists and politicians. Nuclear power offers dependable electricity with limited environmental impact at stable prices. Nuclear power releases no greenhouse gases or particulate matter into the atmosphere. High level nuclear waste (HLW), although long lived, is readily controlled and compact. In the United States, generating 1 billion kWh of electricity with coal produces 47 kt (52,000 st) of solid waste (ash and sludge), compared to 3.6 t (4 st) of HLW produced by nuclear.

Jan 1, 2002

By D. Z. Mraz, R. S. Jones

Unlike in coal mines where caving methods are used, the subsidence over potash mines in Saskatchewan, Canada, is a function of gradual mining convergence. Because of the presence of high pressure water aquifers over the evaporite salt formations, the mines have to be designed as regionally stable and no caving is allowed. The extracted area converges gradually and the convergence is mainly a function of the extraction and the mining method employed. Consequently, the subsidence rate is very slow and the bridging of the over-lying strata is a considerably more important phenomenon than elsewhere. The paper evaluates a case history of convergence and subsidence in a deep potash mine in Saskatchewan.

Jan 1, 1986

By Roy F. Waters

An inventory was made by the Bureau of Mines of wastes of mineral origin, water requirements, treatment of wastes, and water treatment practice of 163 industrial installations in the Lower Missouri River Basin. This is the second and concluding report on the survey, conducted in cooperation with the Missouri Basin Field Committee of the Department of the Interior as part of the Missouri Basin project. Principal industries covered by this second report are: Sand and gravel, coal, meat, ice, brewing, paint, petroleum, chemical, fabricated metals, and a number of industries having either no waterborne wastes, or none of mineral origin. Gravel, sand, and silt from 47 producers are the major wastes, totaling 6 million tons annually, Coal mine wastes in the form of slurried solids from washing crude coal are second in volume, totaling 100,000 tons per year. They contain an average of about 40 percent coal. Salt is the third largest waste, amounting to 28,000 tons per year, Next is calcium carbonate, most of which is formed in water treatments, Because of its high unit value, chromic acid is important, although the waste quantity is much smaller; cyanide wastes are also significant because large quantities of sodium hydroxide and chlorine are consumed in their treatments prior to disposal. The various industries discharging wastes use 38 billion gallons of water annually; the recirculation rate is 109 billion gallons per year. The plants discharging no waterborne mineral wastes use 2 billion gallons of water per year and recirculate more than 1 billion gallons. Sand and gravel plants use 13.5 billion gallons; petroleum refineries use 10 billion gallons in direct use and recirculate 82 billion gallons per year.

Jan 1, 1962

By Annie G. Smelley

As part of its program to develop technology that will encourage maximum utilization of the Nation's mineral resources, the Bureau of Mines conducted research on debrining potash-clay waste slurries by means of flocculation with a high-molecular-weight polymer and subsequent solid-liquid separation on a rotating trommel screen. In laboratory batch tests, potash-clay waste slurries were consolidated from initial clay contents of 8 pct to final contents of 30 pct with a polymer dosage of 1.2 Ib/ton of dry clay waste. Small-scale continuous tests yielded debrined products containing 20 pct solids using a polymer dosage of 1 Ib/ton of dry clay solids.

Jan 1, 1983

By Richard Goodridge, Stephen Thomsqn, S Rodgers, D Tunaley

The mining, quarry and construction industries are facing’new challenges everyday. These challenges can be imposed by economic objectives or through external factors such as extreme geological conditions. Simultaneously, all mines, quarries and construction sites are facing more and more stringent environmental requirements.

Jan 1, 1998

By A. E. Tercan, D. Mamurekli

Ordinary kriging on the assumption of a gaussian error distribution and indicator kriging were used to derive the probability that a given calorific value would or would not be exceeded by coal from an area of a deposit. The two techniques led to similar probability maps despite local differences; the lack of an absolute reference makes it impossible to judge which method is better for this particular application

Jun 19, 1905

By George H. Johnson

This report describes the procedures and summarizes the results of an investigation of surface subsidence above caving blocks at the San Manuel mine, San Manuel, Ariz., in order to obtain quantitative information on subsidence and ground movement caused by mining large volumes of ore. This investigation is one part of an overall study of rock mechanics being undertaken by the Bureau of Mines. Attention was given to the improvement of a rapid and precise method of surveying a large number of subsidence pins and cracks in the surface terrain. Photogrammetric methods were used as an adjunct to the triangulation subsidence surveying as well as in ordinary topographic work Maps of various kinds were prepared to show the results obtained. The computation of the survey notes was programed for an electronic digital computer at a saving of time and expense over the use of a desk calculator and trigonometric tables.

Jan 1, 1963