Search Documents

The oil production in Bahrein for the year 1937 was 7,762,264 bbl., a monthly average of 646,855 barrels. Sufficient potential production had been developed in the Second Pay (Main Pay) at Bahrein by the end of 1936 to supply the anticipated crude demand, and the drilling program was changed from straight development to partial exploration during 1937. Two nonproductive wells were drilled to test the Third Pay at a depth of about 2900 ft., or some 900 ft. below the top of Second Pay. As a result of this exploratory work, the normal drilling program was slowed down and only eight new wells were completed in the Second Pay during 1937, making a total of 45 producers from the Second Pay. The deep test was drilling at 5081 ft. at the end of the year. A 550-ft. section (termed Fourth Pay) of porous limestone interbedded with anhydrite was topped at about 4150 ft. Numerous drill-stem tests indicated that the limestone was very permeable and that it carried large volumes of natural gas under high pressure together with a small amount of high-gravity oil or condensate. Drill-stem tests also indicated that the bottom 50 ft. of the 550-ft. section carried an encouraging amount of heavier oil, gravity about 37" A.P.I., with characteristics similar to the oil produced from the Second Pay. A well was started somewhat down-structure from the deep test to better determine the oil-producing possibilities of the Fourth Pay. Some refinements in drilling technique were adopted during the year. All wells started to the Second Pay were drilled with rotary from the surface. The top 1500 ft. of porous limestone section, formerly drilled with cable tools, is now drilled with rotary without circulation, using water to wash the cuttings into cavities. The shale section from this point to the top of the oil horizons is drilled with natural mud circulation. The productive horizons are drilled with oil circulation under pressure control. A second satisfactory method of completing wells was developed when the two Third Pay test wells were plugged back and gun-perforated through cemented casing opposite the Second Pay, with good results.

Jan 1, 1938

IN welcoming the attending members of the Ameri-can Zinc Institute's Ninth Annual Meeting to St. Louis on April 18, the president of the Chamber of Commerce stressed the notable progress that had been made during nine years, marked by many price de-pressions and internal dissensions, while controversies between miners and smeltermen threatened to wreck the organization, prices dropped, and consumption grew languid for want of organized publicity and research. The reports and recommendations of Percy B. Butler, chairman of the Adjustment Committee, and F. C. Wallower, chairman of the Galvanizing Committee, might well be adopted as the institute's objectives. In reply to the speeches of welcome to St. Louis, Arthur Thacher reminded the delegates that the cor-ner stone of progress in the mineral industries was laid by the formation of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., in 1871, and the dedication of that organization to the exchange of ideas and methods of the winning of metals and non-metals from their crude state. The activities of the American Zinc Institute constitute, he said, a valuable phase of that work. Mr. Thacher forecast the treat-ment of 1 per cent zinc ore. After the reading of the report of the board of directors, in which Scott Turner and Louis Boschern were named as honorary members of the institute, a survey of world zinc conditions by A. J. M. Sharpe of London was presented. He held pres-ent conditions in China responsible for much of the present depression in zinc. World stocks on, April 1, 1927, were estimated as 52,900 metric tons. Adolph Boldt's paper on "Solidarity in Industry" was followed by a survey of the Tri-State district by Otto Ruhl, who emphasized the importance to the dis-trict of the organization of the Tri-State section of the A.I.M.E., which already has 135 members and asso¬ciates. He also mentioned .that flotation in the Tri¬State field is adding 1500 tons of concentrate to the weekly production. "Mining Economics" was the subject of Julian D. Conover, secretary of the Tri-State Zinc and Lead Ore Producers Association. He gave a detailed report on the costs of mining and milling in the district.

Jan 5, 1927

T. R. HARRISON, Washington, D. C. (written discussion). *-Mr. Kowalke shows that a high resistance millivoltmeter is subject to smaller errors, due to change in resistance of the thermocouple to which it is attached, than is a low-resistance instrument. He uses as examples instruments having resistances of 30 and 2 ohms, respectively. At the Bureau of Standards, resistances above 300 ohms would be considered high and 30 ohms rather low. In the tests on calorized-iron thermocouples, a difference between the first and third calibrations of the couples serves to show changes due to the intermediate heat treatment and only under certain conditions would changes in calibrations due to changes in the wire be detected by ,a recalibration after 1 1/2 in. had been cut from the hot-junction end of the couple and the ends rewelded. The calibration of a couple depends only on the thermoelectric prop-erties of that part of the couple which lies within the region of non-uniform temperature, i.e., the temperature gradient; hence, so long as the temperature gradient falls along wires of similar thermoelectric properties no change in the electromotive force is produced by altering the metals of those parts of the circuit that are at uniform temperature. Usually at the cold-junction end of the circuit, copper leads, brass binding posts, manganin resistance coils, and various other materials form part of the circuit, but so long as all are at a uniform temperature (or if for each junction between unlike metals there is a similar opposing junction at the same temperature) no resultant thermoelectromotive force will be produced thereby. Likewise, if a length of several inches at the hot-junction end of the couple is at uniform temperature, it matters not if this section is unlike other parts of the couple, so long as there is good metallic connection and no source of e.m.f. other than thermoelectric is present. Cutting off part of the hot end of the couple within such a region of uni-form temperature would not alter the e.m.f. of the couple.

Jan 12, 1919

This fund was established in 1929 for support of research and especially refers to non-ferrous mining and metallurgy. It is administered under the Board by a committee consisting of the President and Secretary and three members selected by the Board. HOWE MEMORIAL LECTURE The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectarers for the years indicated: Albert Sauveur—1924 Bradley Stoughton—1927 John A. Mathews—1925 Henry D. Hibbard—1928 William Campbell—1926 John Howe Hall.—1929 JOINT ACTIVITIES The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties. United Engineering Society This is a corporation organized by the American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American lnstitute of Electrical Engineers, to hold the title and administer the property at 29 West 39th St. In 1916, the American Society of Civil Engineers was admitted, and each society now has an equal one-fourth interest in the ownership, occupancy, and administration of the building. . The cost of this property has been over two million dollars. A. I. M. E. representatives are: Arthur S. Dwight, John V. N. Dorr and H. A. Guess. Alfred U. Flinn, Secretary, 29 West 39th St., New York City. Engineering Foundation This is a fund established by the United Engineering Society in 1915 with a gift of $200,000 from Ambrose Swasey. Subsequent gifts had increased the fund to about $620,000 on March 1, 1929. The income of the fund is used to further research in science and engineering and to advance the profession of engineering and the good of mankind. A research project in alloys of iron is being conducted in

Jan 1, 1929

The complete life cycle of a production facility has many phases requiring many different skills and many different personalities. It is not unlike the life cycle of a person and many parallels can be drawn from it. I leave some of these analogous situations to your fertile minds. The author, having worked in operations, plant design, plant commissioning, marketing and many other interesting situations through the industry has drawn from this experience and examples given by many associates in the industry.The phases seen are as follows: Concept Studies û someone has a bright idea of how to make a dollar. Scope Studies û what possible processes/options that could make a dollar. Prefeasibility Study û the æviableÆ scope options are studied to develop feasible options. Feasibility study û defines the concepts that should be designed to make a viable project thus enabling financing and project commitment to be made. Detailed Design û an intermediate step that consolidates the inputs to give a robust plant that can be constructed.Construction û people can see what they thought was going to occur and start to understand the plant. Commissioning û the hand-over of æownershipÆ from the conceiverÆs to the operators. Operations û the ætoyÆ has become reality and money must be made. De-commissioning û the plant has seen out the useful life of the ore deposit, it now goes through a further process required by society.Across these phases of plant design run several countervailing management requirements that can influence the outcome of the plant design. Some of the management rigours that have to be applied to the various phases are as follows: costing basis of the various phases; operational and maintenance reviews; sustainable development; risk assessment; reliability reviews; equipment availability; commissioning time; and environmental review.This paper endeavours to awaken people to the phases that projects require for a successful outcome and the management rigour that has to be applied throughout the phases to ensure the correct intellectual horsepower is applied at the right time to ensure the best outcome.Many of you would be parents and realise this is not unlike the development of children, teenagers, adults, retirees and ongoing.

Jan 1, 2002

By C. W. Andrews

The various methods of by-product coke-manufacture have been quite thoroughly discussed in a number of papers recently published, and I think it would possibly be of interest and value to discuss the growth and probable future of the byproduct coke industry, rather than details of manufacture. The first by-product coke-plant in the United States, consisting of 12 ovens, was put in operation at Syracuse in January, 1893. This installation was followed by one at Johnstown, Pa., in 1895; one at Dunbar, in 1896, and one at Glassport, in 1897. The plant at Syracuse was primarily intended to supply the owners with ammonia for their alkali-works. At Glassport, for the first time, gas was sold for illuminating purposes, although it was mixed with water-gas to make it marketable. The New England Coke & Gas Co. started the plant in Boston in 1899, which was destined to change the whole trend of the establishment of by-product plants, since it manufactured for the first time illuminating-gas suitable for sale without enrichment. This was accomplished by dividing the gas on the battery into two portions. One portion, consisting of the richer part of the gas, was saved for sale, while the remaining, or leaner, portion was used in the battery. This idea was originated by Dr. Schniewind, of the United Coke & Gas Co. The coke was used for domestic, industrial, and locomotive fuel, as its sulphur-content was too high to make it suitable for use in the foundry. The successful operation of this plant led to the building of additional plants at points where the production of illuminating-gas could be sold to advantage and where there was a fair market for the coke-output. The following list of illuminating-gas plants in order of construction will give a good idea of the rapid growth of this method of combined gas- and coke-manufacture: Hamilton, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.; Camden, N. J.; Baltimore, Md.; Chester, Pa.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Duluth, Minn.; Geneva, N. Y.; Chicago, Ill.; Indianapolis, Ind. In addition to these there are now under construction plants at Muncie, Ind.; Joliet, Ill., and Waukegan, Ill., all of which will produce illuminating-gas and metallurgical coke.

Jan 1, 1913

By S. B. Sargent, V. J. Collins, Lester C. Uren

[The conclusions arrived at by authors in paper read before the Petroleum Division and the California Sections of the Americam Institute of Mining and MetallurgicaI Engineers and the Standardization Division of the American Petroleum Tnstitute, at a joint session held at Los Angeles, Cal., Jan. 21, 1926, are presented below.] From the theoretical discussion and experimental evidence presented in this paper, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. The efficiency of the oil-well plunger pump is dependent to an important degree upon the submergence provided. 2. Ample submergence must be secured in order to provide sufficient static pressure to force the oil through the restrictions interposed in the oil path at the standing valve and at the plunger nut surrounding the garbutt rod. These restrictions should be no smaller than is structurally necessary, in order to reduce resistance to oil flow to a minimum. 3. A part of the static pressure developed below the standing valve by submerging the pump is dissipated in overcoming the inertia and in providing upward acceleration for oil left between the pump valves at the conclusion of the down-stroke of the plunger, and of oil below the standing valve in the gas anchor above the oil inlet. This loss in effective static pressure can be reduced to a minimum by dispensing with the garbutt rod and placing the working valve at the lower end of the plunger. The valves should be as near together at the conclusion of the down-stroke of the plunger as is consistent with security in avoiding striking of the lower end of the plunger on the standing-valve crown. Gas anchors should be short, and oil inlets should be as near the standing valve as is consistent with proper gas exclusion. 4. Because of the presence of gas in solution in the oil, which tends to escape from solution under the reduced pressure conditions above the standing valve, the effective length of stroke of the plunger is reduced, and the suction effect of the rising plunger is largely nullified. The influx of oil through the standing valve is therefore chiefly dependent on static pressure developed by submergence.

Jan 1, 1927

By Edmund Kirby

This meeting marks the point at which the long-standing dissatisfaction with the mineral-land laves, the innumerable protests against them, and the many isolated efforts to obtain relief, have developed into a general movement for the: revision. That part of the mining industry which is affected by these laws has three general organizations to speak for it: the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, and the American "A Mining Congress: all of which are represented in this meeting. In the series of able and thoughtful presented here, prominent men have discussed the evils of the present laws aid some of the reforms which should be made in them. We all appreciate fully the ultimate value of these studies; but we are also painfully aware of the fact that discussion of this kind has been going on for a quarter of a century without any other effect than a steady increase in the mass of printed records stored on library shelves. In order to get any practical result we must induce an indifferent government at Washington to act, and to do this we must unite in pushing some practical plan whereby it may act in a simple and effective way and with the least possible amount of criticism or opposition. The actual question before us is not whether the mining laws are bad; for their evils and absurdities are not only beyond discussion but also beyond the resources of a temperate and dignified vocabulary. It is not what particular changes ought to be made; for it is premature to make specific recommendations until there is some one to listen to them. Moreover, we all know that there are wisdom and experience enough available, and awaiting that time, for the creation of a code which would be a model to the mining world. The practical question now is, how to obtain the revision; and since the American Mining Congress has of late restricted its attention to this phase of the problem I wish as one of its representatives here to present its views upon the matter.

Jan 6, 1914

By Henry M. Howe

If a bar of wrought iron or steel is suddenly cooled from a bright red-heat, the contraction which then occurs is considerably greater than the expansion previously caused by heating the bar, so that its final length is considerably less than its initial length. Mr. Thomas Wrightson has investigated this phenomenon,* and has shown that not only does this permanent contraction occur on sudden cooling, but, if the heating and cooling be repeated, say fifty times, a further permanent contraction occurs at each successive cooling. In Mr. Wrightson's opinion, this contraction cannot be explained on mechanical grounds, and he ascribes it to some molecular change caused by sudden cooling; but I think that we need not invoke mysterious molecular changes to explain this phenomenon, which appears to me to be due to very simple and purely mechanical action. Let us consider the cooling as divided into two periods, in the first of which the exterior or skin of the bar becomes almost completely cooled, and hence tends to contract almost to its initial dimensions, while the still hot arid plastic interior contracts but little; in the second period the already cool skin remains nearly constant in temperature, and hence tends to contract but little, while the interior cools from a comparatively high temperature to the ordinary temperature, and hence undergoes great contraction. The excess of the contraction of the skin over that of the interior during the first period tends to make the bar bulge in the middle of its length. This, as well as the decrease of density which occurs, Mr. Wrightson correctly explains. The interior of the bar just sufficed to fill the skin when both were in their initial condition, before being heated at all. At the end of the first period, the volume of the still hot interior is more than the now contracted skin can hold while maintaining its initial shape; and the effect is much the same as when we powerfully blom into a soft India-rubher Lag of the shape of the skin of the bar—it bulges, and tends to approach the spherical shape, in which the ratio of surface to

Jan 1, 1886

By James I. Mathis

Should an arbitrary reduction factor be applied to laboratory compressive strengths when designing pillars? The answer is, as is the main contention of Peng's article, probably not. Many factors affect the strength of the material remaining in the pillar. On the other hand, outside influences will influence the strength testing results from the lab. This is not the first article, nor the last, to discuss the discrepancy between the two strengths. As was discussed in the article, actual pillar strength is affected by several factors. The two mentioned were: • The scale effect of discontinuities. How large must the pillar be so that the increase in discontinuity count with size will not decrease the strength. • Non-uniform strengths and lithologic units within the pillar. The scale effect of discontinuities is important. What size block must be tested so that the rock mass strength is actually measured? For a highly fractured rock mass, or coal with a high cleat density, this sample may be quite small. Conversely, if an unaltered, moderately jointed, quartz monzonite was examined, the sample block would likely be very large. This is the subject of ongo¬ing research. More to the point, if the tested sample is sufficiently large to model the rock mass strength, then no reductions should be made in the lab strength based on this factor alone. Non-uniform strengths and variations in lithologic units will also affect the pillar strength. I am not an expert in coal mines, having gained my experience in hard rock metal mining. These problems, though, are commonplace. However, strength sampling for pillar strength determination involves sampling material from within the lithologic unit that will form the pillar, not from pieces of material found on the floor. In addition, this sampling should cover the entire range of strengths of the material in the pillar-hard units (such as the partings described by Peng), as well as soft units. Testing results should then be included in the pillar design. Contrary to statements in Peng's article, at least one rock mass rating system (Laubscher, 1990) allows for the compositing of strong and weak units into a design rock mass strength that can be used for pillar design.

Jan 1, 1993

By Theo B. Comstock

In the summer of 1877, the writer led a party of four young men from Cleveland, Ohio, by way of the Great Lakes, to Prince Arthur's Landing (now Port Arthur), at the northwest corner of Lake Superior, thence, via the Dawson route and side journeys, as far as Cross Lake. It was the original intention to pass down the Pigeon river to its mouth, but the loss of one member of the party for six days in the forest, added to other obstacles, made it necessary to turn back. A well-filled note-book, together with illustrative collections, were sunk beyond recovery at the head of the Maligne rapids by the breaking of a tow-line, and two of our number (including myself) narrowly escaped drowning. I had, probably, obtained information of considerable economic value, but the necessity of travelling nearly 125 miles for provisions (excepting a meagre supply kindly furnished us by a Canadian government gang whom we fortunately met), rendered further note-taking impossible. Until now, such results of this expedition as could be recorded . from memory have gone unpublished, because of my inability to make them serve any useful purpose. The trip of the Institute to Vermilion Lake, only a few miles south and east of our turning point, gives some little excuse for presenting the following lines at this time. The ridge back of Port Arthur, Ontario, which follows approximately the course of the Lake Superior shore line, brings up the slates and accompanying strata through which the silver and gold veins of that region have penetrated. The interior district, hack from the lake, may be briefly described as a glaciated area, having its general drainage less modified by erosion than by the original structure. This statement, however, must be somewhat qualified with reference to minor details, which all bear the unmistakable impress of the ice-flow and its recession. In many respects there is much in this tract to remind one of the Sault Ste. Marie topography, excepting that the granitic character of the rocks is here largely replaced by fissile strata. The Kaministiquia river cuts through several of the parallel folds,

Jan 1, 1888

By Nelson W. Taylor

With the extensive deposits of potash minerals which have been discovered in the southwestern states, and their rapid development, a permanent American supply of potassium compounds is now assured. The 325-year history of the potash industry in this country has been told by H. I. Smith1, of the U.S. Geological Survey, and the more recent activities of the Survey and of American potash companies were described last year by the same author2. In fact, it may be stated that so great is the productive capacity that two mines in New Mexico and one in California are able to supply more than half a million tons of crude and refined salts over and above that produced for agricultural purposes. The era of scarcity has given way to an era of superabundance. This situatiori makes it desirable for the potash producer to look for other applications for his product, and it is with this in mind that the writer presents some information pertaining to present and possible future uses for potassium compounds in the ceramic industry. Ceramic Products Ceramic products are essentially solid materials containing one or more oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, FeO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, which are the oxides of greatest abundance in the earth's crust. The typical ceramic process is that of firing or burning the batch, and the product may be glassy, crystalline or mixed. In the glassy or vitreous group come glass, porcelain enamel and glazes; in the crystalline group, refractory materials such as silica brick, or chromite or magnesia; and in the mixed group, porcelain, chinaware, stoneware, tile, brick, etc., which contain both a vitreous and a crystalline phase, in variable proportions. The ceramic industry of the United States is a billion dollar industry, and is important not only because of its magnitude but also because of the key position occupied by certain ceramic products in the whole manufacturing structure. From the standpoint of use of potash, the field of refractories is of no great interest, since K2O lowers the melting point of a refractory oxide and

Jan 1, 1938

By J. R. Thoenen

IF ASKED whether limestone production was a mining problem I would; not hesitate to answer emphatically in the affirmative. The question, "When is a quarry a mine?" is familiar. The immediate mental picture induced by the thought of limestone production is that of an open quarry. All are familiar with the open pit in the iron-producing districts of Minnesota and Michigan and the open cuts of the so-called "porphyry" coppers of the West. If these are mines, they differ little from limestone quarries in general mode of operation; if quarries, why do they need the attention of mining engineers? During 1923, the United States produced in round numbers 70,000,000, tons of ore. The limestone production of the United States for the same period was something over 100,000,000 tons. In tons, it about equals the oil production of the United States. The uses of limestone are legion. A paper read by a prominent engineer of Chicago, at the meeting of the National. Crushed Stone Association held last February in St. Louis says: "There is no industry in the United States today that is more basic in its operation or by itself controls. more industries. There is hardly a chemical operation, hardly a metallurgical operation or building operation that a crushed-stone man does not control if he will jump in and make the full utilization of it." Some of the many uses are for road metal, concrete, railway ballast, building stone, riprap, and rubble, the manufacture of iron and steel, alkalies, calcium carbide, magnesia, carbolic and carbonic acids, asphalt filler, mineral wool, poultry grit, sulfuric acid, phosphates, nitrates, soap, baking powder, the purification of copper and prevention of coal-mine explosions, to say nothing of the quantities used in the making of lime and cement. It has been said that without iron we would revert to the Stone Age; how much iron would we have without limestone? From the point. of view of the mining engineer, using the term in its broad sense to include geologists and metallurgists, the production of limestone is important because of its occurrence, volume, commercial importance, and the problems presented by its recovery and treatment.

Jan 2, 1925

By Nelson W. Taylor

With the extensive deposits of potash minerals which have been discovered in the southwestern states, and their rapid development, a permanent American supply of potassium compounds is now assured. The 325-year history of the potash industry in this country has been told by H. I. Smith1, of the U.S. Geological Survey, and the more recent activities of the Survey and of American potash companies were described last year by the same author2. In fact, it may be stated that so great is the productive capacity that two mines in New Mexico and one in California are able to supply more than half a million tons of crude and refined salts over and above that produced for agricultural purposes. The era of scarcity has given way to an era of superabundance. This situatiori makes it desirable for the potash producer to look for other applications for his product, and it is with this in mind that the writer presents some information pertaining to present and possible future uses for potassium compounds in the ceramic industry. Ceramic Products Ceramic products are essentially solid materials containing one or more oxides such as SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, FeO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, which are the oxides of greatest abundance in the earth's crust. The typical ceramic process is that of firing or burning the batch, and the product may be glassy, crystalline or mixed. In the glassy or vitreous group come glass, porcelain enamel and glazes; in the crystalline group, refractory materials such as silica brick, or chromite or magnesia; and in the mixed group, porcelain, chinaware, stoneware, tile, brick, etc., which contain both a vitreous and a crystalline phase, in variable proportions. The ceramic industry of the United States is a billion dollar industry, and is important not only because of its magnitude but also because of the key position occupied by certain ceramic products in the whole manufacturing structure. From the standpoint of use of potash, the field of refractories is of no great interest, since K2O lowers the melting point of a refractory oxide and

Jan 1, 1938

By R. A. Liddle

Intermitt'en'I'ly during the past 10 years showings of oil and gas in tests drilled in the eastern part of Texas have stimulated the search for production. Tests on the flanks of the long-known salt domes, principally Keechi and Butler, have found oil in small quantity in the Woodbine formation of the basal part of the Upper Cretacrous. In the central part of Cherokee County, Colliton et all in 1926, in their Clapp No. 2 found a good showing of 37" B6. oil at about 3500 ft. Several wells were drilled in 1926 and 1927 as a result of this showing. On Jan. 22, 1927, Humble Oil & Refining Co. wildcatting on Carey Lake salt dome, obtained commercial production in its Clark No. 1. This inaugurated intensive exploration both for salt domes and for other types of structure. As a result several new domes and a few promising structures of other types have been discovered. Development in East Texas durinG 1927 Carey Lake Dome Location.—On the Neches River in Anderson and Cherokree counties, 10 miles west of Jacksonville, Cherokec (lounty. (Fig. 1.) date of Discovery.—During 1925 geologisls of the Humble Oil & Refining Co. working in the Neches River valley discovered slight surface fracturexs, cratic dips, and slickensided clays and sands in green-sands of the Mount Selman formation north of Carey Lake. A number of core tests were drilled by the Humble Oil & Refining C'o. during 1925 and 1926, some more than 1500 ft. deep, to check their surface obsuvations of faulting, and the possibilities of a salt dome. On May 16, 1927, solid rock salt was reached at 2142ft. in the first deep test on the prospect. Surfacc Indications.—Surface indications of the Carey Lake dome, though not as evident as manifestations at the previously known domes of Palestine, Keechi, Butler, Grand Saline, Steen and Brooks, are more noticeable than on any of the domes discovered in 1927. F. E. Poulsen, of the Pure Oil Co., who examined the area before the deep tests were drilled, noted the alignment of erratic surface dips which suggested faulting, especially in conjunction with slickensiding, and the local deflec-

Jan 1, 1928

By J. E. Nesset

"As an alternative to conventional dewatering by vacuum filtration and oil-fired rotary dryers, Brunswick Mining conducted extensive pilot-scale testwork on its copper, lead, zinc and bulk concentrates using a Larox Oy (Finland) automatic pressure filter. The results showed that pressure filtration readily produced final cake moistures of 6-8.5 per cent on this very fine sulphide material.An in-depth analysis examines pressure filtration in terms of metallurgical performance and projects energy savings of 78 per cent for pressure filters over the current dewatering operation. Potential energy and operating cost reductions are also estimated.IntroductionVacuum filters followed by oil-fired rotary dryers are one of the most common means of dewatering mineral concentrates. They represent, however, a level of technology which is exceedingly wasteful in terms of manpower, space utilization equipment and fossil fuel dependence. In addition, the use of thermal dryers is leading to increased environmental concerns both in plant and out.These were the primary factors which prompted Brunswick Mining to consider alternative dewatering methods as the existing equipment came up for replacement and upgrading. In late 1979, company engineers were encouraged by automatic Larox pressure filters seen at several Scandinavian operations. Subsequent laboratory tests by the manufacturer (Larox Oy of Finland) on several concentrate samples were sufficiently promising for Brunswick and Noranda to lease a trailer mounted filter-lab unit and a technician from Larox for a five-week period. Extensive on-site testwork on all four Brunswick concentrates (zinc, lead, copper and 'bulk' lead-zinc) confirmed the potential of pressure filtration."

Jan 1, 1982

By Jin-Hwa Song

Rolling temperatures and cross rolling ratios were varied to investigate the effect of crystallographic texture of alpha-phase on the anisotropy of mechanical properties in modified Ti-6A1-4V alloy. Hot rolling method was unidirectional and cross rolling, during which the rolling temperature was in the range of 830°C and 920°C. Cross rolling ratios were varied from 0.3 to 1.0 at 875°C. For unidirectional rolling, as the rolling temperature increased texture changed from the mixed basal and transverse texture to the simple transverse texture. Contrary to other work, it was observed that the maximum intensity of transverse components increased with the increase in rolling temperature. For cross rolling, on the other hand, the transverse texture component was almost suppressed at 830°C, giving rise to a symmetrical basal texture. With increasing cross rolling temperature, the transverse texture components developed again. A simple transverse texture, which showed two maxima appearing circularly 90° apart, was observed at 920°C. It was found that unidirectional rolling could not eliminate the transverse texture, which resulted in the anisotropy of mechanical properties. The anisotropy of mechanical properties obtained from tensile and V-notch Charpy test was closely related to the crystallographic texture and its intensity at each rolling condition. To obtain the isotropy of mechanical properties by cross rolling, it is suggested that cross-rolling ratios should be controlled above 0.5. The variation of rolling temperatures and directions has great influence on the anisotropy of impact value rather than tensile strength.

Jan 1, 2004

By Chikabumi Yamauchi, Masami Tashiro, Toshiharu Fujisawa, Hiroyuki Snano

"Rare earth metals usually contain large amount of oxygen because of their reactiveness, and therefore oxygen removal is one of the major problems on the purification of rare earth metals. In the present research work, halide flux treatment at high temperature under inert gas atmosphere was applied to the oxygen removal from neodymium. NdF3 was used as a halide flux. Deoxidation reaction and its mechanism were discussed based on the experimental results. Halide flux treatment is very effective for oxygen removal from rare earth metals.IntroductionSolid Sate Electrotransport (SSE) process has been successfully applied for the elimination of interstitial gaseous impurities from chemically active metals[l]-[5]. However, to achieve a higher effectiveness of the SSE process, it is required a very low initial impurity content in the metal. In case of rare earth metals, it is known that they usually contain large amount of oxygen that should be lowered as much as possible before applying the SSE process. In addition, if effective oxygen removal is achieved by simple process, it is significant also from the industrial viewpoint. In the present work, the application of a halide flux treatment is investigated to remove oxygen from neodymium by using NdF3 as a flux. At first, deoxidation reaction and its mechanism were discussed based on the phase diagram of the Nd-NdF3-Ndp3 quasi-ternary system. Based on the results, oxygen content in deoxidized neodymium was calculated theoretically and it was verified by deoxidation experiments."

Jan 1, 1998

By Frank Harwood Riddle

Products made from the ores of the sillimanite group, and synthetic substitutes for them, have unique properties, and service tests prove that they are playing, and will continue to play, a major part in improvements in metallurgical processes. Also, they are examples of how comparatively useless, rare, or "museum" minerals have been made available in commercial quantities. Until research developed uses for them, the minerals had been observed only in small, scattered masses, or crystals. Improvements in ceramic processes and compositions have come about very gradually. In the last 10 or 15 years, several outstanding developments have been made. Of greatest interest to the mining and metallurgical engineers are those affecting the composition, necessitating the mining of new minerals, and improvements in ceramic products used in metallurgical processes. Sillimanite and Mullite Sillimanite (Al2O3.SiO2), then known as Fibrolite, according to Dana,' was first reported in 1792. In 1796, cyanite (Al2O3.SiO2) was first described.2 In 1873, Behrens published results of his microscopic study8 of porcelain. He showed that it contained what appeared to be crystals, which dissolved less readily than quartz and glass in hydrofluoric acid. Hussak4 described the presence of needlelike crystals as occurring in some instances in small amounts in certain porcelains. In 1908, Plenske and Zoellner both studied porcelain structure.5 Plenske observed that "sillimanite" might be present in masses of exceedingly minute grains which apparently were amorphous. Zoellner advanced the theory that the needlelike crystals were formed by a molecular change in the clay,

Jan 1, 1932

By W. H. Bassett

IN the commercial annealing of cartridge brass there are four points regarding which definite data are essential. They have to do with the correct interpretation of grain count in its relation to annealing temperature and, incidentally, to Brinell hardness. These points are: 1. The comparison of the grain sizes of two cartridge-brass mixtures: 69 copper, 31 zinc, 0.376-in. (9.5-min.) gage; and 68 copper, 32 zinc, 0.130-in. (3.3-mm.) gage. 2. The comparison of the grain sizes of annealed metal that had previously been reduced by rolling varying amounts; for instance, 20.0, 36.6, 50.9, and 59.1 per cent. 3. The determination of standards for grain sizes on annealed brass of the composition 68 per cent. copper, 32 per cent. zinc and 69 copper, 31 zinc. 4. The comparison of grain size with Brinell hardness on identical samples of annealed metal. In their comprehensive and thorough investigation of the recrystallization of cold-worked alpha brass on annealing,1 Mathewson and Phillips have discussed the relations between temperature of anneal, degree of deformation, and structural alteration in alpha brass. They have also shown certain comparisons between the ordinary physical properties and the grain size of annealed brass. The purpose of the present investigation is mainly concerned with the grain size of cartridge brass, its relation to Brinell hardness, and the publication of sufficient data to enable those engaged in the inspection of such material to have a correct foundation upon which to work.

Jan 1, 1919