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By Thomas J. Peters

This report is part of the U.S. Bureau of Mines Idaho Land Assesment Program to study the mineral resources of priority roadless areas in Idaho. The results of these mineral inventories provide minerals information needed to make wise decisions regarding future land management practices, and to ensure a dependable supply of minerals at a reasonable cost. The 16,300-acre Lionhead area, studied in 1991, lies along the Montana border north of Henrys lake, 10 mi west of West Yellowstone, Montana. The study area includes much of the rugged Henrys Lake Mountains, and is largely covered with conifer forest. Several peaks are over 10,000 ft in elevation. The Lionhead area has been proposed for Wilderness. No mineral resources were identified within or near the Lionhead study area. Five prospects occur in, or within 1 mi of the area: these include 1) an intermittently used road gravel pit, 2) the Thimbleberry lateritic iron prospect, of geologic and historic interest only, 3) the Tick Heaven talc prospect, 4) the Dry Fork garnet prospect, and 5) the lynx prospect, which appears to be of historic interest only. Talc is seen only as float at the Tick Heaven prospect, but the geology is permissive of talc resources at depth. The garnet prospect, and nearby similar alluvial terrane, mainly outside the study area, appears to be the most likely setting to contain mineable resources. Examined workings include four trenches and pits in rock and one gravel pit.

Jan 1, 1992

By W. G. Matteson

THE origin of the salt domes of the Gulf coastal plain has been investigated by many of the most able geologists, but the problem cannot be said to have been satisfactorily solved. Since 1860, numerous theories have been presented, only to be discarded, at least in part, as more complete information revealed their fundamental weakness. Real progress toward solution dates from 1902, when Hill' advanced the theory of secondary deposition of the domal materials from saturated solutions of hot saline waters ascending from great depths under hydrostatic head along structural lines of weakness. Shortly thereafter, Harris,2 using Hill's hypothesis as a basis, explained the doming and pronounced uplift associated with these salt cores as the result of forces exerted by growing salt crystals. This was a marked advance over the ideas of Coste3 and Hager,4 since no. evidence of igneous intrusives, as they assumed to explain the uplifts, had been found associated with the domes. Harris5 developed his theory until it offered such apparently plausible explanations of so many details of dome phenomena that his hypothesis and conclusions received widespread acceptance, despite some serious objections, and today his theory, somewhat modified, is considered by many able investigators to be the best explanation of, the origin of these domes. The immense production of oil per acre, the recognition of the high lubricating quality of the oil, the development and recognition of the efficiency and advantages of oil-burning vessels, with the, subsequent

Jan 2, 1921

By Gennaro G. Marino

Site conditions at several shallow room and pillar mines in Illinois are described and compared with the charac¬teristics of the subsidence profiles at the ground surface. The shape and magnitude of the subsidence profiles were found to be closely related to the thickness of the soil and rock over-burden the percent extraction of the coal, and the shape of mine pillars. The room and pillar mines were located at a shallow depth (from 112 to 220 ft), beneath flat to gently rolling terrain. Thickness of the coal seams ranged from 5 to 9 ft and at all sites was underlain by underclays. This information has been developed in order to improve techniques for evaluating the subsidence potential at sites within the Illinois coal basin. he results presented form a small portion of the work carried out by the University of Illinois with Illinois Abandoned Mined Lands Councils and the U. S. Bureau of Mines at the Minneapolis Research Center in Minnesota (Marino and Mahar, 1985). Presented in the paper are the modes of mine failures observed for Illinois room and pillar mines, an overall summary of the site geologic and mining condi¬tions, case histories of each mode of failure, a comparison of sag profiles, and then an empirical relationship between the site conditions and the maximum sag subsidence. The most ideal case histories are presented to illustrate fundamental behavior. A brief of the Paper is given in a summary and conclusions section.

Jan 1, 1984

By H. Cevizci

In this study, a newly developed plaster stemming method is studied and compared with the usual dry drill cuttings stemming method for surface blasting in mines and quarries. Drill cuttings are generally used in open pits and quarries as the most common stemming material since these are most readily available at blast sites. However, dry drill cuttings eject very easily from blastholes without offering much resistance to blast energy. The plaster stemming method has been found to be better than the drill cuttings stemming method due to increased confinement inside the hole and better utilization of blast explosive energy in the rock. The main advantage of the new stemming method is the reduction in the cost of blasting. In one series of blast tests, blasting costs per unit volume of rock were reduced to 16 per cent by increasing burden and spacing distances. Also, better fragmentation was obtained by using the plaster stemming method. Blast trials showed that plaster stemming produced finer material. In the same blast tests, +30 cm size fragments reduced to 5.4 per cent of the total, compared to 37.7 per cent in the conventional method of drill cuttings stemming. With this method of stemming, vibration and air shock values increased slightly due to more blast energy being available for rock breakage, but these increased values were small and under the permitted limit for blast damage criteria.

Jan 1, 2012

By Lester Blackner

THE PROPERTY AND LOCATION THE Ray Consolidated Copper Co.'s mining property is located on Mineral Creek 6 miles north of Kelvin, at Ray, Pinal County, Ariz. (Fig.. 1) . The mining claims now owned by the company consist of 126 lode claims, comprising 2,144.9 acres, containing at the beginning of operations 82,904,368 tons of 2.19 per cent. copper ore. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OREBODY The main orebody is a disseminated deposit in schist and porphyry formed by secondary enrichment. Its existence was proved by churn drilling, and it is at present one of the largest proved copper deposits in the world. The orebody itself covers .205 acres with an average thickness of 121 ft., and occupies a definite belt which has a northwest direction. Its length is approximately 5,000 ft. The width varies, being about 2,000 ft. at the west end and 2,500 ft. at the east, narrowing down irregularly front both ends to a few feet in the center. The thickness of the body varies greatly along the line of lode, ranging from a few feet up to 470 ft. thick. The ore horizon is not constant, but varies, following in a broad sense the topography The body in general dips slightly to the northeast, and is broken up by numerous small faults and fractures. The ore-bearing formations, consisting of mineralized schist and mineralized granite porphyry, stand fairly well and offer no difficulty in mining operations.

Jan 6, 1915

By G. T. Brow

An experimental method is described for testing diffusion of gases in crude oils at pressures and temperatures up to 3,000 psia and 200° F. A sampling technique was developed to withdraw by constant-pressure mercury displacement about 60 µl of oil from the diffusion cell through any of several 1/2-in vertically spaced capillary tubes and to trap about 4 µl of the oil in a specially designed microsampler. Oil trapped in the microsampler can be completely inserted in the sample inlet of a chromatograph. From analysis in a three-stage chromatograph (GLC), gas concentration in a sample is determined from the ratio of gas peak heights to area of peaks of reference components (hexanes or heptanes) in the oil. A diffusion coefficient is calculated from measured concentration profiles with known equations for diffusion in finite or semi-infinite systems, depending on whether the gas has or has not reached the end of the oil column. Results are given for a test of methane diffusing at 2,560 psia and 160° F in crude oil from the Weber Sandstone reservoir in the Rangely field, Colorado. A constant diffusion coefficient of 3.34 X 10-5 cm2 per sec was obtained which gives a good fit between calculated and experimental profiles determined at six times after start of diffusion. The maximum standard error of gas concentration determinations experienced with this method was ±0.88 ml per ml of gas-free oil.

Jan 1, 1970

By I. Zimbovski, T. Ivanova, E. Chanturiya

"The mechanism of selective action of new reagent-collector AMD of phenylpyrazolone class with sulphide minerals of copper-zinc ores was theoretically and experimentally investigated. The validation was carried out using spectrophotometry, Fourier-transformed spectroscopy, laser scanning microscopy, analytical scanning electronic microscopy and flotation. The reagent AMD in alkaline medium on chalcopyrite and sphalerite surfaces is chemically sorbed, forming strong hydrophobic complexes with copper and zinc. On the pyrite surface, AMD acidifies ferric iron ions with formation of hydrophilic oxidates. The selectivity of collector AMD with separation of sphalerite and pyrite in alkaline condition (??=10) is confirmed by flotation experiments. With AMD, the obtained recovery of sphalerite was 34.4 % at extraction of pyrite of 3 and 6 %. The low recovery of sphalerite is caused by weak collective ability of the reagent. The use of copper sulfate increases the flotability of sphalerite up to 82.0 % at extraction of pyrite of 5 and 2 %. It has been experimentally determined that during the flotation of sphalerite and pyrite by AMD reagent with addition of butyl potassium xanthate, and in the presence of copper sulfate and regulator of formation of ammonium thiocyanate complexes, the recovery of sphalerite is increased to 91 %, while the recovery of pyrite is decreased to 3.8 %. The chalcopyrite is floated actively (90 % recovery). The results of all theoretical research and experiments were confirmed by flotation tests on ores and products of dressing in industrial conditions."

Jan 1, 2014

By Yuanbo Zhang, Zhixiong You, Daoxian Duan, Guanghui Li, Tao Jiang, Xiaohui Fan

"Presently, high-grade manganese oxide ores are usually utilized by a coal-based reduction roasting process. However, there were some obvious drawbacks, including serious environmental pollution, high energy consumption, etc. The reduction temperature is relatively high (850-900 °C). In this study, a kind of biomass, pine black charcoal, was used as a reductant to reduce low-grade manganese oxide ores. Under the optimal conditions of reduction temperature of 600~650 °C, roasting time of 30~45 min and ratio of ore to reductant 5:1, the leaching efficiency of manganese reached more than 98%. Compared with the traditional coal-based reduction process, the reduction temperature is reduced by 250-300 °C.IntroductionManganese plays a very important strategic role in the national economy, and it is widely used not only in the metallurgical industry, but also in the light industry, chemical industry, medicine, agriculture, etc [1]. The average grade of manganese ores in China is evenly about 21%, which belongs to typical low-grade manganese ores [2]. Therefore, large quantity of high-grade manganese ores is required to import in order to meet the rapid development of Chinese manganese industry. As reported, the conventional treatment of reduction roasting has been widely applied for processing manganese oxide ores, in which coals or reducing gases (CO, H2 or CHi) were usually used as reducers [3]. However, there were some insuperable problems, such as high energy consumption, poor operating conditions, serious environmental pollution, etc [ 4-9]."

Jan 1, 2013

By B. Dubreuil, J. -M. Lalancette, D. Lemieux

A gold bearing pyrite concentrate was treated at the pilot scale for the extraction of gold. Mineralogical analysis of the concentrates identified gold to be mainly present in the form of a solid solution in pyrite. Gold distribution resulted in a poor extraction yield of 55 % by direct cyanidation. A piloting campaign including an oxidative pre-treatment by roasting in a fluid bed was followed by treatment with halogens for gold extraction and has led to a gold extraction yield of 94%. Sulphur removal during the oxidation was very efficient at >99.5% and gold extraction by the halogens was completed within a 1 hour contact time. The piloting was performed on a 300 kg sample and used a diluted solution of hypohalites as the oxidizing agent for gold extraction. Sulphuric acid was injected in the reactor during the halogens treatment to lower pH to 2. The diluted solution of hypohalites (1-3%) was generated by electrolysis during the piloting campaign in a diaphragm-less electrolysis cell. The extracted gold was recovered via adsorption over silica and the gold depleted brine was treated for impurities removal. This brine was recycled for further gold extraction. With the recycling of water and brine, the regeneration of hypohalites and with a barren solid that is inert and stable, the Nichromet Extraction technology is a green process where the protection of the environment does not preclude profitability.

Jan 1, 2014

By D A. Kepert, D Clark

During early 2004, Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) began an aggressive exploration and drilling program in the Chichester Range, targeting iron enrichment developed in the Nammuldi Member at the base of the Marra Mamba Iron Formation. The timely recognition by FMG of distinct zones of (hypogene) microplaty hematite (mplH) enrichment overprinted by extensive supergene mineralisation led to an early reappraisal of the geological history of the area and characterisation of the possible structural and stratigraphic controls on mineralisation. Regionally, the Chichester Range dips gently at less than 5¦ to the south, however, detailed mapping shows that this regional limb is overprinted by low amplitude, long wavelength, north/south to northeast/southwest trending folds. The locations of major structures in the Marra Mamba Iron Formation, combined with spectral analysis of known mineralisation, allowed extrapolation and prioritisation of exploration target areas. The delineation under cover and understanding of these structures was enhanced by detailed airborne magnetic data. Recognition that supergene mineralisation was associated with a palaeotopography that continued significantly under cover to the south under sediments of the Fortescue River valley led to the discovery of extensive supergene mineralisation together with additional mplH mineralisation. A model for the landscape evolution and preservation of enriched Nammuldi Member was generated in order to help communicate both the complexities involved with targeting drill holes beneath cover and the potential limits to the lateral extents of mineralisation.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. Woods

INTRODUCTION Gaudin (1), considered that "the mechanism of mineral collection is the central problem of flotation theory". From their work on adsorption phenomena in flotation for more than fifty years (2), Gaudin and his co-workers have made major contributions to the elucidation of this mechanism, a fact acknowledged by their contemporaries in the field (e.g. (3)). Their investigations in a number of areas, e.g. demonstrating that submonolayer quantities of adsorbed collector species can induce flotation, or identifying the influence of substances which can activate or depress (1), have helped to provide the basis for and the development of a theory to account for the interaction between mineral and collector. It was established in the late fifties (4) that the presence of oxygen is a prerequisite for the flotation of metal sulfides with thiol collectors. This fact rendered inadequate the concept of simple ion adsorption being responsible for rendering these minerals hydrophobic. The requirement for oxygen has been explained (1) in terms of this species being a component in chemical reactions between the sulfide surface and the collector. Gaudin has been instrumental in identifying the products of chemical reactions at sulfide minerals (1.5), a line of work which has been continued particularly by Finkelstein and co-workers in South Africa (6). In presenting a detailed mechanism of the mineral-collector- oxygen interaction, it has often been considered that the mineral surface - must first be oxidized to a metal oxy-sulfur species which

Jan 1, 1976

By J. A. MacLellan, John C. Bowling, J. R. Davenport, G. M. Ellis

Six months out of the year the cold is always there, and it seems to be waiting for someone to make a mistake. The simplest things can shut down a multi-million dollar plant besieged with -40°F temperatures and a 40 mph wind. It takes only one man-door improperly latched to feeze up all the pumps on the bottom floor. Someone can poke a one inch hole in an outside wall in July and six months later, the whole plant is flooded because the main water line just froze up and burst. Some important things must be remembered in plant design for cold and remote areas. For one thing, everything in these areas is more expensive due to long and difficult supply lines. Fuel is expensive and would be a major cost item even if it were not expensive, due to the extended periods of low temperatures. Building volumes should therefore be kept to an acceptable minimum. Service areas, on the other hand, must be adequate, because maintenance generally has to be conducted inside in a heated area. Supply vehicles, for instance, have to get completely inside the building to unload. If you try to unload a supply vehicle with the door open at -50°F, you won't be able to find the vehicle for fog and if you take more than 5 minutes half the water lines in the plant will freeze UP.

Jan 1, 1972

By L. S. Linda, P. G. H Pistorius

Ferritic stainless steel is utilized to fabricate automotive exhaust systems using a ferritic weld metal. Ductility of the weld metal is higher if its microstructure contains a significant proportion of equiaxed grains. The formation of equiaxed (rather than columnar) grains is favoured by a higher titanium weld metal content. In this study, the Ti content of ferritic stainless steel weld metal was changed by using Tifree (Type 436) and Ti-containing (441) ferritic stainless steel as base metals. The metal-cored welding consumable contained 0.4% Ti. Gas–tungsten arc welding and gas–metal arc welding processes were compared. The weld metal Ti content ranged from zero to 0.5% Ti, as determined from scanning electron microscopy supplemented by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Cross-sections of the weld beads were subjected to point counting (to estimate the fraction of equiaxed grains) and image analysis (to estimate the average grain size). Point counting proved to be more reliable. The fraction of equiaxed grains was sensitive to the Ti content, but not to the welding process. Below 0.4% Ti, the fraction of equiaxed grains gradually increased with an increase in the weld metal Ti content; above 0.4% Ti, the fraction of equiaxed grains rapidly increased with increasing Ti content. The transition in behaviour at 0.4% Ti corresponded to a Ti content at which Ti-rich precipitates became stable at the estimated liquidus temperature of the weld metal.

Jul 2, 2022

By Van Der Muelen P. A.

SOME time ago, the writer received from W. 0. Borcherdt, Manager of the, works of the Bertha Mineral Co. at Austinville, Va., several specimens of a dense yellowish slag-like material, containing cavities showing clear needle-like crystals, and representing a product formed by the fumes of zinc oxide and basic lead sulphate from the oxide furnace, attacking the firebrick lining of the flues. The matrix, which is of a greenish-yellow color, is made up chiefly of an amorphous glass, carrying numerous crystals, the latter being well-defined, clear, and transparent, but colored a very light yellow by small amounts of ferric oxide. A number of the crystals were carefully separated from the matrix and tested with the blowpipe. They have a fusibility of about 2, yield a globule of lead and a coating of lead oxide before the blowpipe on charcoal, and contain some zinc. Their hardness is 5 to 6. 1 Fig. 1. Under the microscope the crystals appear to be made up of a prism, with narrow faces, and a fairly large pinacoid, but unfortunately show no terminal faces (Fig. 1). Between crossed nicols they gave parallel extinction in. the three planes containing the crystallographic axes, and are therefore orthorhombic. The index of refraction is high. A number of the best crystals were measured on the reflection goniometer, the angles given below representing the average of measurements made on different individuals. mm = 46° 52' mb = 66° 34' a:b:c = 0.4334:1 :?

Jan 5, 1917

By Leo Tarasov

MAGNETIC torque studies of ferromagnetic single crystals have been carried out in a number of laboratories during the last decade1,2 and some work has been reported on polycrystalline material showing preferred orientation. Goss3 used the method extensively in developing electrical sheet with desirable magnetic properties, but he used it as a control rather than as a means of studying the texture. Bozorth4 made a quantitative correlation of a torque curve he obtained from some cold-rolled iron with the texture as determined from X-rays, but did not extend his studies beyond the one specimen. Other studies, which have been reported from time to time 1.5 have also been incomplete in the sense that no effort was made to study a whole series of samples, differing only in degree of cold reduction, or in the annealing temperature, in order to ascertain the effect of such treatments on the texture as revealed by torque measurements. It is the purpose of this investigation to make such a study, mainly in order to see how useful the method can be made when used under favorable circumstances and to find what kind of a correlation can be expected between magnetic and X-ray studies of texture. Before proceeding further, it is desirable to say a little about single crystals, so as to make clear the concepts involved in magnetic torque measurements.

Jan 1, 1939

By Larry Powell

Rend Lake is an Army Corps of Engineers reservoir located in Franklin and Jefferson Counties in south-central Illinois. The lake consists of 20,000 acres of water and 19,000 acres of public access land. The site attracts over two million visitors a year and is surrounded by campgrounds and other recreational facilities. The lake overlies the largest tonnage of low sulfur coal in the state. Coal is being removed beneath the lake from five mines operated by three coal companies. Currently high extraction mining operations are approaching low-lying, environmentally sensitive, and high-use recreational areas. Advanced planning to maximize coal extraction and minimize potential effects of subsidence requires the development of procedures to assess the impact of high-extraction mining on the land use of the area. The Bureau of Mines, the Corps of Engineers, and the coal companies have initiated research to assess the following proposed planning steps to ensure the maximum recovery of the coal resources while minimizing impacts to surface land use: 1) Establish a dialogue between the surface and mineral owners; 2) develop a geographic information system to aid in assessing existing land use and potential changes; 3) assess the potential effects of subsidence on drainage, wildlife habitats, and changes in land use prior to mining; 4) coordinate the mining displacements with surface activities to minimize disruption; and 5) develop appropriate mitigation plans before mining occurs.

Jan 1, 1986

By Janne Karonen, Stephen Hughes, Mikael Jåfs, Jan Stål, Hannu Johto

End-of-life electrical and electronic scrap material attracts attention as a good opportunity for new value creation through efficient metal and energy recovery of such materials. On the other hand, the treatment of such wastes becomes important to avoid problems for society and environment. Treatment of such secondary raw materials faces multiple challenges due to their increasing complexity and evolving nature. Processing of these complex scrap materials together with recovery of a wide range of valuable metals with a combination of pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy using Outotec technology is discussed in this paper. One key consideration is environmental performance which needs attention when processing such complex secondary E-waste materials. Outotec has successful experience with commercial projects in the countries at the forefront of environmental and operational standards. INTRODUCTION Increasing attention has been drawn to the responsible processing of end of life Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) as part of metals recycling, especially copper. It has been estimated that the amount of WEEE globally in 2016 was around the level of 46 Mtpa (Balde et al., 2017), representing a major disposal challenge but at the same time huge opportunity for resource recovery. The potential for increasing the recovery is high, because the official recycling rate of WEEE is in 2016 only 20% (Balde et al., 2017) and at the same time the estimated increase of the WEEE amount is between 3 and 5% per annum in the EU (Eurostat, 2019).

Jan 1, 2019

By Robert T. Hill

The successful completion, January 10,1901, by Capt. A. F. Lucas, of a well, near Beaumont, Texas, whereby an enormous flow, estimated at '75,000 barrels a day, was obtained, opened a new oil-field in the United States, kindled a frenzy of exploitation and speculation, revolutionized the fuel industry of a large region, and brought gain to thousands of people. Even to-day, it is impossible to cast up the present results or to prognosticate the future influence of this event. It has caused the revival of attention in other localities where oil had been suspected, and exploration for oil throughout the Texas region. It has attracted notice to the mineral resources of the Texas region, and created an interest in the geological conditions of that great State. This State, which has increased in population and wealth, as recorded by every succeeding census, with leaps and bounds such as are exhibited by no other part of the Union, now stands fifth in population and first in productive wealth per capita. Its fields, pastures, forests and mines teem with raw material. The whole economic evolution of the State has gravitated toward a focal point where these products were available for the coming of the kiln, the machine and the factory. The only drawback to the prosperity of the State was the lack of an economic fuel, inferior coal costing an average of $5.00 per ton at the time of the Beaumont discovery. This

Jan 1, 1903

By Luke L. Y. Chang, Bert Phillips

ThE tendency toward further oxidation of the intermediate oxides and the high volatilization rates of the higher oxides have prevented direct attainment of equilibrium data for the system tungsten-oxygen. As a result, St. Pierre et al.1 have proposed a phase diagram (to 800°C) based on thermody-namic data to 1200°C for the known tungsten oxides (WO2z, W18O49, W20O58, and WO3) and a report on a tungsten suboxide W3O.2 Recent modification of a technique previously described3 5 now permits adequate preservation of compositions of mixtures of metallic tungsten and metal oxides (e.g., of tungsten, cobalt, calcium, samarium, titanium) in order that condensed phase relations may be established to 1700 This method has been applied to study the high-temperature stability of tungsten oxides. In the method used, the desired compositions were sealed in nonreactive containers such that only a small gas volume remained. Each sample then established its own equilibrium atmosphere at temperature. This method has advantages in the study of systems of the W-0 type where knowledge of the condensed phases is desirable but for which composition and pressure of the gas phase are not readily attainable because of oxide volatility. Mixtures of 99.99 pct tungsten metal powder and purified tungsten anhydride (WO3) or in some cases W18O49* were equilibrated in pellet form in sealed

Jan 1, 1964

By Keith Cramer

As a leader in the development of metal extraction technology, Avecia continues to pioneer advancements for the processing of copper through leach, solvent extraction, and electrowinning of copper. From the initial patent of the second generation of oxime 5- nonylsalicylaldoxime in the 1970's; to the effective use of modifier technology; and development of computer assisted modeling programs, Avecia is driving SX technology to maximize extraction productivity. Keys to consider when advancing productivity are: 1) high quality, high performance products; 2) a responsive, partnering approach to technical service; and 3) tools to aid in the education of industry wide technical personnel with a view on continuous improvement. The focus of this paper is on the advancement of tools to aid in the education for optimization of processing copper through solvent extraction. One such tool is Avecia's own customized solvent extraction modeling program called MEUM. MEUM is currently used world wide to analyze plant operations, test ideas for improving operations, assist engineering companies in design, and to teach basic solvent extraction concepts. Recently MEUM has also been incorporated into a University setting. In the spring of 2000 Avecia worked with the University of Melbourne to integrate MEUM into their Mass Transport tutorial class. Students completed exercises to evaluate how operational changes affected a solvent extraction plant's performance. This paper introduces the basic functions of the program and discusses the successful implementation of MEUM into the University of Melbourne curriculum.

Jan 1, 2002