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By Ashok K. Kakar

THE occurrence of superplasticity in Al-Zn alloys is of interest because of its possible industrial exploitation.' The eutectoid composition (78Zn-22A1) has been the most extensively studied;'-= neck resistant flow and high strain rate sensitivity of flow stress (characteristic of superplasticity) are associated with a micron-size grain conferred on the alloy by an homo-genization and quench.5'6 Compositions away from the eutectoid have received comparatively little attention, especially from the viewpoint of relating the structural

Jan 1, 1969

By Joseph Rosta

The gold and silver review did not arrive in time for publication in the May issue. Gold The gold market generally was listless in 1992, although investors returned to the metal in the fourth quarter. The gold price declined for the second year in a row, averaging $11.05/g ($343.76/ oz), 5.2% lower than the $11.65/g ($362.44/oz) seen in 1991. The average price has declined more than 23% since 1987, when gold averaged $14.36/g

Jan 1, 1993

Jan 1, 1968

By P Guj, J A. Bell

The valuation of early-stage exploration projects requires a valuer to take into account a large number of uncertain value drivers, the interplay among which may be non-linear. This paper examines some of the key value drivers including geology, target metrics, project area and maturity, the market and the psychology behind the decision-making process. The commonly accepted valuation methods and their underlying logic are outlined, including a view on why they evolved, what value drivers they attempt to address and their potential shortcomings. These methods include the multiple of exploration expenditure, geoscience rating, expected values and market based methods. The potential future valuation methods of replacement values and neural networks are also introduced along with how to minimise heuristic bias and error within the market-based approach.CITATION:Bell, J A and Guj, P, 2012. Exploration value drivers and methodologies, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 17-28 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By Laurence G. Britton

Accurate flammability and ignitability data for chemicals form the cornerstone of procedures used to assess the hazards associated with commercial chemical production and use. Since 1967 the ASTM E27 Committee on the Hazard Potential of Chemicals has issued numerous, widely used consensus standards dealing with diverse testing and predictive procedures used to obtain relevant chemical hazard properties. The decision to issue a standard rests solely with the membership, which consists of representatives from industry, testing laboratories, consulting firms, government, academia, and instrument suppliers. Consequently, the procedures are automatically relevant, timely, and widely applicable. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the widely used standards, complemented with hypothetical but relevant examples describing the testing strategy, interpretation, and application of the results. A further goal of this paper is to encourage participation in the consensus standards development process. The paper is published in two parts. The first part (in the preceding issue of Process Safety Progress) dealt with the E27 standards pertaining to thermodynamics, thermal stability, and chemical compatibility. The second part, published here, focuses on the flammability, ignitability, and explosibility of fuel and air mixtures. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 24: 12?28, 2005

Jan 1, 2005

By Ihsan Berk Tulu, Ted Klemetti, Deniz Tuncay

Accurately estimating load distributions and ground responses around underground openings plays a significant role in the safety of the operations in underground mines. Adequately designing pillars and other support measures relies highly on the accurate assessment of the mining-induced loads, as well as the load-bearing capacities of the supports. There are various methods that can be used to approximate mining-induced loads in stratified rock masses, both empirical and numerical. In this study, the numerical modeling approach recently developed at West Virginia University, which is based on the modeling approach developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), is investigated using the finite difference software FLAC3D. The model includes the longwall panels, the adjacent chain pillar systems, and the different stratigraphic layers of the overburden. Using the 3D model, changes in loading conditions and deformations on the areas of interest, induced by an approaching longwall face, can be examined. This paper details the 3D modeling of a longwall panel utilizing this approach, and the verification of the results against field observations. The studied panel was 360 m wide with a 3-entry chain pillar system and about a 160-m average overburden depth around the studied area. The overburden strata consist of alternating layers of shale, sandstone, and limestone. The FLAC3D results were compared against field measurements from the mine site. The stress change values measured in the chain pillars were comparable with the modeling results. The model also replicated the surface subsidence profile obtained from field measurements fairly well. Overall, the 3D modeling approach was found to be successful for the case study longwall panel.

Sep 23, 2020

Jan 1, 1952

By G. E. Welch

The paper discussed the mechanics of an environmental audit. Commonly encountered problems and situations are discussed and guidelines are given to aid prudent decision makers in evaluating audit results. The merits and benefits of an external view will be given. The paper will highlight the reduction of risk through pre-acquisition and operational audits.

Jan 1, 1992

By Stephen Meyer, Véronique Falmagne, Antti Pyy

Kittilä Mine is a gold mine located in Northern Finland, owned and operated by Agnico Eagle Finland. The mining operation started in 2008 with open pits which were completed in 2012 and production moved to being entirely underground. The mine consists of four separate orebodies, currently producing 2.0 Mt per annum, and requiring over 19 km of development on a yearly basis. The principal mining method is long hole stoping with delayed backfill. Microseismic monitoring was initially tested in the Suuri orebody, in the mining block between the 625 and 500 Levels. A small monitoring system was installed in 2018, after observations of stress-induced damage to the rock mass and in anticipation of future mining at greater depth. The initial goals were to evaluate if useful data could be recorded and test the signal quality of different sensor types. Prior to 2018, ground control related challenges in the Suuri and Roura mining blocks had been mostly related to sill pillar mining and block movements between weak graphitic schist planes. Seismic monitoring in the Suuri deposit proved successful for following the rock mass response to mining and helped support the rationale for early monitoring in the new, deeper mining block in Rimpi at 900 m depth. Preliminary geotechnical characterization and testing of the rock mass showed areas of silicification in the footwall rocks with potentially continuous structural features. Seismic monitoring of the Rimpi area has confirmed the brittle behavior of the rock mass, with strong seismic responses induced by stress changes following blasting being recorded. In addition to this expected behavior, a large magnitude event associated with significant damage in the footwall drive development 90 m above the stoping was experienced. Initial investigation of the rockburst showed two separate damage locations with over 300 tons of displaced rock. The seismic monitoring system recorded this rockburst as a single seismic event with magnitude significantly larger than previously recorded. Additional analyses indicated a possible thrust fault event, triggering two separate strainbursts. Following this event, the ground support system was upgraded in parts of the footwall drives to improve dynamic capacity. Systematic calculation of the source mechanisms for the small footwall events down to Mw-2.5 has revealed potential planar structures in the footwall. Early implementation of microseismic

Apr 26, 2022

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Jan 1, 1938

By Rodrigo Peroni, Vitor Campos

Carajás is one of the largest open pit mines in the world. The mine is comprised by a haul road network more than 100 km long, where the need for good roads is paramount and determining of the truck performances. This work integrates, regarding the ultimate pit design, an approach to consider an economic value to an originally unfit material, assuming it has the appropriate characteristics for haul road construction, which sometimes lies over economic iron ore. This measure demonstrated an improvement in the utilization of resources and guarantee the necessary material to the haul road design and Mining Pads maintenance.

Jun 25, 2023

Admissions: Joseph C. Gordon, Chairman K. F. Anderson Allen B. Gibson H. J. Gruy R. F. Madera Dan H.-McLendon K. W. Robbins Aurel E. Smith W. F. West Advertising: John. D. Wisenbaker, Chairman Bernard F. Klein Henry N. Lyle R. E. Howard Clark R. Edgecomb, Jr. [ ]

Jan 1, 1961

By Andrei Bagrianski, Marco Nieto, Alexander Prikhodko

Se realizó una adquisición magnetotelúrica helicotransportada con el sistema MobileMT sobre un depósito metálico asociado a un pórfido de cobre conocido como Proyecto Santiago en el Cinturón Metalogénico Mioceno al sur de Ecuador. La adquisición geofísica se enfocó en identificar las respuestas de magnetometría y conductividad eléctrica y paso seguido, realizar inversiones unidimensionales y bidimensionales con el objetivo de caracterizar la respuesta petrofísica del sistema tipo pórfido. Los resultados arrojaron una anomalía de conductividad aparente mayor a 15 mS/m que se identificó como el cuerpo porfirítico en profundidad, llegando a estar entre 200 m a 600 m por debajo de la superficie.

May 10, 2023

By Yanhui Liu, Xuewei Lv, Pingsheng Lai, Chenguang Bai

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of slag basicity on the Si content in stainless steel master alloys prepared by smelting reduction of Fe-Ni-Cr sinters. Theoretical analysis focusing on the gas, slag and alloy phases of the smelting reduction process at 1600°C was carried out by thermodynamic calculation software----FactSage, showing that the increase of CaO within the slag can result in the decrease of Si within the master alloy. Experiments were also carried out in vacuum melting furnace at 1600°C , and chemical analysis method was used to detect Si content in the alloys. When the MgO content is 9.00%, the experimental results were consistent with the calculated values. However, when the MgO content rises up to 14%, the content of Si in the alloy reaches the maximum when SiO2 equals to 22.81%.

Jan 1, 2016

By Guilherme Monteiro Garcia

O resfriamento contínuo de forma controlada garante propriedades mecânicas específicas nos aços. Este trabalho apresenta melhorias feitas em um sistema de controle de resfriamento em um laminador de tiras a quente. As melhorias apresentadas garantiram uma melhora na performance de 5% de forma a reduzir drasticamente o custo da não qualidade. As modificações visaram adaptar o sistema para uma nova realidade de grandes acelerações e desacelerações da tira no trem acabador visto o aumento da produtividade e a redução do uso da coil box.

Aug 17, 2017

By R Osterman

As mining companies have to go deeper in search of ore and coal, the importance of protecting the highwall increases. Wall fatigue also increases with importance of the long life expectancy of a highwall, in particular the impact of fatigue influenced by resonance. Resonance is the tendency of a material to oscillate with greater amplitude at certain frequencies when exposed to a periodic force. Until recently, only dominant frequencies, either natural or induced, were all that could be measured through the fast Fourier transform of the blast-induced wave form.This paper presents a novel method to accurately predict the resonant frequency of a highwall. In fact, the method can predict the natural frequencies between any two monitoring points placed in line with the source of impact, and as such it can be used to determine the resonant frequencies of any physical object. The method not only predicts the resonant frequencies of the material; it predicts the structural response of the total frequency spectrum. This method helps describe the response of a mechanical structure to excitation. It describes the structure’s efficiency in the use of energy, that is, whether energy is dampened or consumed in resonance.The initial predictions have been so accurate that it made it possible to determine the fundamental frequency and the first six harmonics of a highwall in a northern Queensland coalmine. With the use of electronic detonators, the blast can be timed with a repeating delay to create an induced artificial frequency that has been determined to retain the least amount of energy.CITATION:Osterman, R, 2015. Transfer function – new method to accurately predict resonant frequencies of a highwall, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 233–244 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By Ana Maria Gontijo Figueiredo

Muitos dispositivos biomecânicos têm sido produzidos com ligas superelásticas (SE) de NiTi. Na maioria das aplicações, o material é submetido a solicitações mecânicas cíclicas, tornando seu comportamento sob fadiga um parâmetro importante. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados de ensaios de fadiga por flexão rotativa de um fio SE, ensaiado a seis temperaturas diferentes, sob amplitudes de deformação (?a) variando de 1% a 12%. As curvas mostram que a vida em fadiga do material na fase martensítica estável (ME) é cerca de 100x maior do que na fase austenítica estável (AE). A curva do fio SE se aproxima da curva do fio AE para pequenas ?a e, com o seu aumento, se aproxima da curva do fio ME quando ?a aumenta. As superfícies de fratura obtidas foram observadas ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura e foram calculadas as áreas correspondentes à fratura por fadiga (af). Os resultados mostram que, para o fio nas fases AE e ME, af decresce continuamente com o aumento da ?a. Para o caso do fio SE, af permanece relativamente constante para valores intermediários de amplitude de deformação (2% a 8%). Para uma mesma deformação, af cresce com a redução da temperatura, com o consequente aumento do número de ciclos para falha.

Aug 8, 2018

By Harrison R. Cooper

Safety considerations apply from two perspectives in conducting shaft inspections for production and service hoists. The first is to conduct the task more effectively while minimizing the possibility that shaft deterioration may go undetected. The second is to increase security and efficiency of the inspection team in fulfilling its duties.

Jan 11, 1979

By M. Le Roux, Q. P. Campbell, M. Fofana

The determination of densimetric information to predict coal washabilities is an important step in characterising the feed material, as well as the performance of operating plants. However, traditional methods like float-and-sink analysis are hazardous and time-consuming. This is especially true for finer particle size ranges, where very long settling times are required in a medium. De Beers Technologies recently developed a density analyser, known as the RhoVol, for use on diamondiferous kimberlite. Operating over size ranges from 25 mm down to 3 mm, it can determine the mass, volume, density, size and shape of all the particles in a given population and is thus able to provide information about the densimetric distribution on a single particle basis. A study was carried out to compare uncalibrated and calibrated RhoVol results to densimetric and size data obtained using traditional zinc chloride float-sink procedures, for three different coal samples in the size range 3 mm to 8 mm. The results indicate that the RhoVol can be used to provide simple, rapid and safe size-by-washability information for coal, provided proper pre-calibration is done, mainly to account for the effects of particle porosity in the density determination. Keywords: Coal washability determination, RhoVol, densimetric curve

Jan 1, 2020

University of Alabama University, Alabama Mining and Metallurgical Society JOSEPH CHARLES MEAD, President WAYNE G. BRIGGS, Secretary J. R. CUDWORTH, Faculty Sponsor RICHARD L. BOWRON, Counselor University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Miners' Society W. JAMES THOMAS, President LAMONT WEST, Secretary J. B. CUNNINGHAM, Faculty Sponsor B. R. HATCHER, Counselor

Jan 1, 1938