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By R. W. Parsons, P. R. Chaney

Oil recovery by the imbibition mechanism can be important in fractured carbonate reservoirs with a bottom water drive. Laboratory experiments were performed on water-wet carbonate rocks to model this process. The results are interpreted in light of the applicable scaling laws. The imbibition production behavior of a pillar of rock subjected to a slowly rising water table can be synthesized from data on total immersion experiments on small rock samples. If the rate of water table rise is slow enough and if the physical properties are such that the imbibition zone is of a small vertical extent, then only the final oil recovery on the small samples need be known. Applying laboratory imbibition data to a real reservoir should be done with caution because of possible wettability problems and the unknown behavior of two-phase flow in fractures. INTRODUCTION The spontaneous taking up of a preferential wetting fluid into a porous medium with the simultaneous expulsion of the contained fluid is termed imbibition. One of the many physical imbibition processes is the production of oil by the taking up of water into a water-wet reservoir rock. In certain types of heterogeneous reservoirs, e.g., fractured, it is realized that imbibition alone may be the dominant mechanism. Theoretical studies of imbibition oil recovery have followed several lines of attack. The behavior of certain mathematically tractable and conceptually simple models have been analyzed. Birks1 considered a bundle of vertical capillaries model, while Perotti et al.2 and Kelemen3 used a model of a series of vertically oriented fractures. If the oil production behavior from a block of reservoir rock is known, then the cumulative behavior of a vertical stack of these blocks subjected to a rising water table can be determined by a method outlined by Aronofsky et al. 4 Knowing the capillary pressure and relative permeability functions should uniquely set the imbibition behavior for a given sample. Solutions of the partial differential equations describing the process, however, present some formidable problems. Digital computer techniques have been applied to displacement processes in which the capillary pressure has been included.5"8 More recently, similar techniques have been used by Blair 9 to calculate countercurrent imbibition behavior. The fact that imbibition behavior is described by the usual fluid flow equations (Darcy's Law and continuity equation) implies that the derived scaling laws should apply equally to this situation. Use of model experiments to study imbibition has been employed by Graham and Richardson 10 and Mattax and Kyte,11 who actually tested the scaling law applicability. This study is concerned with scaled model imbibition experiments on water-wet carbonate rocks. Of particular interest is the slowly rising water table experiment. This simulates a highly fractured reservoir with the water table rising uniformly through the vertical fracture system. Experiments were performed on different sized samples and with different rates of rise of the water-oil interface surrounding the rock pillar. Total immersion imbibition experiments on smaller rock samples were performed to test the basic linear scaling laws and to see if these simpler tests could be used to synthesize the rising water table experimental results. THEORY IMBIBITION SCALING LAWS Scaling laws for the flow of two incompressible immiscible fluids in a porous medium have been presented by Rapoport.12 These are derived directly from Darcy's Law for the individual phases and the continuity equation. Results from a laboratory model experiment will duplicate those from some reservoir prototype if a constant proportion is maintained among the three forces acting on the fluids — the capillary pressure gradient, the gravitational gradient and the flowing pressure gradient. Operation of the model (i.e., fluid injection or withdrawal) must be conducted in accordance with specific equations. If the

Jan 1, 1967

By X. Cao, X. -G. Chen, K. Liu

As is well known, the standard Al-Cu 206 cast alloys have extremely low iron contents, usually less than 0.15 wt. %. Recently it is found that the iron contents of the 206 cast alloys can be extended up to 0.5 wt. % through the precise control of the iron-rich intermetallic phases. In the present work, the tensile fracture surfaces of the 206 cast alloys with various iron contents are systematically analyzed to understand the failure mechanisms. Results show that higher iron contents can reduce the tensile properties (especially the ductility) of the alloys mainly due to the increasing volume percent and size of the iron-rich intermetallics. Tensile failure mainly occurs at the iron-rich intermetallics/matrix interfaces for the platelet ß-Fe, but by the self-disassociation for the Chinese script a-Fe and Alm(FeMn). Cracking is easier to initiate and propagate along the longitudinal axis of the platelet intermetallics, but it can be deflected along the branches/arms of the Chinese script iron-rich phases, making the alloy more resistant to the propagation of the cracks, and thus the Chinese script iron-rich intermetallics are less harmful than platelet ß-Fe. In addition, it was also found that the Chinese script a-Fe has even a less damaging effect compared to the Chinese script Alm(FeMn) due to the relatively small size and compact morphology.

Jan 1, 2014

THE exhibits of mining equipment at the AMC Metal Mining Convention and Exposition will be the largest and most diversified ever shown to the metal and nonmetallic mining industry. Over 795 leading manufacturers have been assigned a total of 36,130 net sq ft of exhibit space - 49 pct more than the last such exposition. Following is a partial listing of exhibitors, the products they will show, and their representatives.

Jan 8, 1950

By Raj K. Singhal

This paper is a report on a task force study dealing with many facets of computerization. The primary mandate of the task force was to examine the software and hardware currently available for application relating to reserve estimation, mine planning, economic evaluation, equipment selection, production scheduling and composite mine simulation and to evaluate how adequately the software fulfills the user needs in surface mining of oil sands and coal. To meet its objectives the task force consulted extensively with the users, developers and suppliers of hardware and software. The paper outlines the approach taken by the task force to fulfill its mandate, summarizes its findings and presents some pointers which might be useful to others considering this type of evaluation.

Jan 1, 1986

By F. D. Rosi

The slip and twinning behavior in extended titanium crystals were studied in some detail. The formation and appearance of coarse kink bands are discussed. Their crystallographic geometry was determined by X-ray analysis. A phenomenological interpretation of the complexities in kink band development is also presented. The critical resolved shear stress, coefficient of shear hardening, and plane of fracture were determined for several crystals extended at room temperature. THE slip and twinning elements observed in the room-temperature deformation of titanium were enumerated in a previous paper1 in which considerations were advanced regarding the nature and selection of these elements and their effect on the known mechanical properties of this metal. The present study concerns the crystallographic, microscopic, and mechanical aspects of flow in relation to the slip and twinning elements, and includes a prediction of slip systems, nature of slip and twin markings, inhomogeneities of plastic flow, and stress-strain characteristics. Unless otherwise noted, arc-melted titanium sponge (99.77 pct) was used in these experiments. The method of production of crystals, their dimensions, and the surface preparation for micrographic examination have been reported.&apos; For obtaining stress-strain characteristics, only those crystals which traversed the entire width of the specimen and were at least 8 mm in length were used. Tensile deformation of the crystals was performed with conventional grips for sheet specimens and a constant-stress loading beam, designed after the method of Andrade and Chalmers.&apos; The specimens were loaded by allowing sand to flow from a reservoir into a bucket suspended from the longer end of a balanced 6:1 lever arm at a rate controlled to load the specimen approximately 2 kg per min. Strain measurements were made using the Baldwin SR-4, bonded, resistance-wire strain gage, Type A-8, which permitted a reading accuracy of 2 microinches per inch. The formulas used in the evaluation of shear stress and shear strain, as in deriving the coefficient of shear hardening, are given by Schmid and Boasv n terms of the original orientation and change in length of the crystal. For calculating the critical resolved shear stress, the standard equation was used. The crystallographic nature of the unpredictable slip observed in a number of specimens was determined by the single-surface X-ray method of analysis as described in ref. 1. Experimental Results Prediction of Slip System: It was reported&apos; that room temperature slip in titanium takes place predominantly on {10i0} and in a <1120> direction, giving three potential slip systems. Hence, it should be possible to predict the operative primary system in the manner used by Taylor and Elam&apos; for alu- minum (i.e., the one with the greatest component of shear stress in the direction of slip). The stereo-graphic construction in Fig. 1 shows that this is true. In all cases, slip was found to occur initially on the (0110) plane and, in a number of cases, in the [21f0] direction. (The direction of slip was not determined for all orientations.) It follows that duplex slip can be expected when two slip systems are geometrically equally favorable for slip, as demonstrated in Fig. 2. In both crystals slip took place simultaneously on the (1700) and (olio) prismatic planes, as indicated by Fig. 2a and b. In the case of crystal B the movement of the specimen axis with increasing extension was toward the (10i0) direction, which represents the stable end orientation resulting from alternate slip on the [2ii0] and [1120] directions. This is analogous to the duplex slip process in face-centered cubic metals." Unpredictable Slip: In a number of crystals whose orientations were well within the operation of a single slip system, secondary slip occurred on planes not predicted by the criterion of maximum shear stress. Examples are shown in Fig. 3. In addition to

Jan 1, 1955

By J. Suarez Condezo, E. Herrera Alarcon

The Ilo Smelter Modernization Project will require treating the slag from the Peirce Smith converters in Slag Cleaning Furnaces using pig iron technology. Currently the slags from the converters show variable magnetite contents. The copper contained in this slag is recovered in Reverberatory Furnaces, where the smelting rate was improved due to the high silica content of the converter slag. Preliminary industrial tests where developed to clean the slag from converters using pig iron. The results showed that the magnetite content has a significant influence in this process. This work describes the actions that are being implemented in the converter operation to control the magnetite content in the slag in order to maintain the high copper recovery of the smelter when the new facilities are commissioned. This task will demand a strong control of both the slag chemistry and converter practices in order to get the copper recovery considered as the design criteria (~97.4%).

Jan 1, 2007

By D Cork, R Peet

"Methane is a signifi cant greenhouse gas. Methane is released from coal seams during the mining process, both in surface and underground operations. This uncontrolled release is termed æfugitive emissionsÆ and in underground mines is transferred to the atmosphere in ventilation air, known as ventilation air methane (VAM). The global VAM emissions are over 369 Mt of CO2-e/a (Butler, 2011; US EPA, 2010). Coal mines may abate this VAM or consider abatement should there be a price on carbon. These fugitive emissions are heading towards ten per cent of AustraliaÆs emissions by 2020 (Department of Climate Change, 2011).There are safety issues involved in VAM destruction. Due to the nature of coal, and coalextraction, unpredicted methane spikes above the lower-explosive-limit (LEL) can occur in theventilation air; for example outburst events or ventilation failure. This could lead to a mine fi re ifthe mine ventilation air was connected to a VAM abatement plant and the risks are left unmitigated.CorkyÆs is working with the mining industry to directly address these safety issues. CorkyÆs calltheir technology VAM RAB, which stands for ventilation air methane regenerative afterburner(VAM RAB). VAM RAB utilises the principles of a thermal oxidiser.This paper discusses fi ve independent layers of protection (ILPs) to fi rst stop methane reachingthe thermal oxidiser and secondly prevent the fl ame front from burning away from the VAMRAB. The test work completed or contemplated includes safety integrity level (SIL) assignmentto various vents, barriers and door systems to prevent a fl ammable mixture reaching the VAMRAB, proven rapid response methane monitoring sourced from the petrochemical industry, anddefl agration experiments to test the eff ectiveness of the passive geometry and active engineeringcontrols. These experiments and SIL assessments indicate that it is possible to safely connect theVAM RAB to a working coal mine.Further work is required to upscale the pilot safety work. Refi nement to the design is possible;for example improvement to safety duct controls once trialled at demonstration scale plus thermalenergy capture for power generation or other applications to provide heat. Nevertheless, thispaper shows how safety issues can be managed by a multilayer of protection approach usingvents, barriers and doors, and appropriate thermal oxidiser geometry."

Jun 1, 2012

By B. R. Queneau

Steel has been chosen as the metal whose solidification will be used to tie in the principles discussed in the previous papers. Although steel is the most important [ ] practical example that could be chosen, its solidification is complicated by the presence of many elements added either intentionally or present as impurities. The liquid steel bath in an open-hearth furnace contains carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and many residual alloying elements such as nickel, copper, and molybdenum. The bath also contains oxygen, the concentration of which is a function of the carbon content, as shown in Fig. I. Deoxidizers such as silicon and aluminum may be added either before or after tapping depending on the grade of steel being made. There are four types of steel ingots: Killed, semikilled, capped, and rimmed, and these differ from each other in their state of oxidation. Each type of steel has advantages in the production of specific steel products, and it should be emphasized that no one type should be considered superior to the others. Fully deoxidized steels, known as killed steels, have little or no gas evolution on solidification. When the steel solidifies in the mold, shrinkage occurs which causes a large void known as "pipe." To minimize the amount of metal that has to be discarded on account of pipe, a big-end-up mold is used together with a refractory "hot top" which supplies molten steel to the main body of the ingot while solidification proceeds, Fig. 2. A section through a 32x32 in. ingot is shown in Fig. 3. The "hot top" volume is about 15 pct of the ingot, and the yield from killed steel in billet form is about 8o pct of the ingot weight. High quality machinery and tool steels are rolled from killed-steel ingots, but at the present time this represents less than 20 pct of the total steel production in the United States. In order to reduce cost and to increase

Jan 1, 1951

By Kenji Matsuzaki

A mathematical simulation model of the Imperial Smelting Furnace operation has been developed for purpose of improving the furnace operation. The model consists of top, shaft and bottom regions, Analysis in the shaft region is based on differential heat and materials balances taking account of reaction kinetics and heat transfer rates, and those in the top and the bottom regions are based on heat and materials balances under a steady-state condition, Longitudinal distributions of process variables such as temperatures of gas, sinter and coke, gas composition and fractional conversion under a practical operating condition were calculated, With this model, the furnace performance under various operating conditions also can be shown reasonably predicted,

Jan 1, 2003

By B. B. Rath, Hsun Hu

Rates of migration of large-angle boundaries have been studied in zone-refined aluminum crystals, defonned 80 pct by rolling in the (110)[112] orientation at -78°C followed by a recovery anneal at 80°C. Artificially nucleated grains show a marked variation. by an order of magnitude, in their growth rates in different directions. The average activation energy for the migration of all boundaries was found to be about 16,000 cal per mole. The anisotropy of the boundary migration is rationalized on the basis of the boundary structure. It has been observed by Beck and HU,1 Kohara el al,2,3 and Czjzek and Haessner4 that recrystallized grains formed upon annealing Of deformed sing1e crystals of aluminum show anisotropic growth characteristics. Kohara et al. found that single crystals rolled in the (110)[112] orientation, when random nuclei were provided on one side of the crystal by rubbing with emery paper and annealing, developed a sharp recrys-tallization texture on the other side of the crystal upon further annealing. This sharp recrystallization texture consisted of four components, which were related to the deformation texture of the crystal, i.e. (110)[112], by rotations of ±40 deg around each of the two common [ 111] axes&apos; They also noted that recrystallized grains were elongated in directions perpendicular to either of these two common [1111 axes. They attributed this anisotropic growth to the difference in the rate of self-diffusion or diffusion of impurity atoms along the tilt and the twist boundaries. A somewhat similar investigation was conducted by Czjzek and Haessner4 On strained single-crystal sheets Of alum- inum. These authors claimed that the matrix structure of the deformed crystal had a greater effect on the growth anisotropy of the recrystallized grains than did the boundary orientation itself. In the present investigation quantitative measurements of the rate of grain boundary migration in anisotropic growth have been made in zone-refined aluminum (99.9999+pct pure) crystals deformed 80 pct by rolling in the (110) 112] orientation. Crystals of this particular orientation were chosen because of the following desirable features: 1) the crystal does not change its orientation during rolling; 2) the rolling plane contains all the significant crystallographic directions; and 3) when annealed, following deformation, the crystal does not re-crystallize spontaneously but polygonizes to a stable and homogeneous structure. Hence, the initial orientation of the crystal and a constant strain energy in the matrix can be maintained during subsequent grain boundary migration studies. It is essential to keep the driving force constant for the study of boundary mobility.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A cylindrical single crystal of 1 in. diam was grown by the Bridgman method in a high-purity graphite mold. The resistance ratio, R(4.2°K) /R(298°K) , of the grown crystal was approximately 2.0 x 10-4. A number of slices, 1/4 in. thick, were cut from the crystal along the (110) plane and were mechanically and electrolyti-cally polished to remove the strained surface layer. The crystals were then rolled along the [112] direction to 80 pct reduction in thickness at -78°C. To minimize surface friction, the crystals were rolled between two layers of 0.005-in. teflon sheet. Rolling was interrupted, prior to completion, to remove the surface layers and the edges by electropolishing. These and similar precautions in handling the rolled crystals

Jan 1, 1967

By R. J. Wysor

SINCE the outbreak of the European war, few problems of raw-material supply have commanded more nation-wide attention than potash. It is well known that before the war the domestic production of potash was an insignificant percentage of the imports. The average annual importation of raw potash salts for several years prior to 1914 was slightly over 300,000 net tons, and f other potash manure salts about 700,0000 tons. The sudden and almost total cessation f these imports created a unique and stringent situation. Methods of recovering potash from feldspar and other native mineral sources, and reclamation from hitherto waste products, have received a marked impetus. Soaring prices have been a keen-incentive to research and industrial development. Although several brief articles concerning the possibilities of potash recovery have appeared in recent trade journals, it still may be a matter of some surprise to the average technical mind that potash might be reclaimed as a profitable byproduct in the manufacture of pig iron. At the present time it may be of special interest to present some data, largely of a technical nature, on this subject. A fairly thorough search of the literature reveals a number of articles concerning salts of the alkali metals in the blast furnace. Many of them deal with the-theoretical role f alkali cyanides in the furnace. Several discuss the, probable effect of the alkalies on the furnace brickwork. Two or three ambitious patents have been granted for reclaiming potash or other products from blast-furnace gas. However, we have heard nothing further as to the practical application of these patents. Little literature of importance has appeared during the last 10 years concerning alkalies in blast-furnace practice, and I have discovered no record whatsoever as to the actual sale or commercial disposal f flue dust for its , potash content until this was inaugurated in our plant at Bethlehem. A bibliography of the most important articles discovered is appended.

Jan 1, 1917

By C. E. Hennig

On January 1, 1959, the United States had 313 petroleum refineries with a total installed crude-oil throughput capacity of 9,819,846 barrels per day, according to the Bureau of Mines annual survey. Compared with a year ago, this represents a net decreased of five in the number of slants mild a net increase in capacity of 412,139 barrels per day. The continued increase in total capacity and decrease in number of plants raised the average capacity of a refinery to a new high of 31,373 barrels per day. During 1958 total capacity increased in every refining district except the Louisiana Gulf district, which showed a 2-percent decrease due mainly to the retirement of the American Oil Company&apos;s plant at Destrehan, La. The largest increase, 14 percent, occurred in the Texas Inland district followed by a 12-percent increase in the Arkansas-Louisiana Inland district. At the beginning of 1959 the industry was building facilities that would add 108,400 barrels per day to crude-oil capacity. It also had under construction a capacity of 226,100 barrels per day as replacement. On January 1, 1959, no new refineries were under construction.

Jan 1, 1959

By J. J. Barakso, S. J. Horsky, H. V. Warren

"A review of past and present biogeochemical studies is given. Early and more recent analytical procedures are described and compared. Tables 1-5 give silver concentrations in various organs of some plant species at different localities. Table 6 and conclusions provide guidelines for exploring for silver using biogeochemistry.IntroductionBiogeochemistry has been shown to be a useful tool in the search for gold deposits, especially those of the disseminated type (Warren and Barakso 1982). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that biogeochemistry can also be of assistance in searching for silver concentrations buried by as much as twenty feet of overburden without inflicting any damage on the environment."

Jan 1, 1984

By C. E. Hottman, R. K. Johnson

Fluid pressure within the pore space of shales can be determined by using data obtained from both acoustic and resistivity logs. The method involves establishing relationships between the common logarithm of shale transit time or shale resistivity and depth for hydrostatic-pres-sure formations. On a plot of transit time vs depth, a linear relationship is generally observed, whereas on a plot of resistivity vs depth, a nonlinear trend exists. Divergence of observed transit time or resistivity values from those obtained from established normal compaction trends rinder hydrostatic pressure conditions is a measure of the pore fluid pressure in the shale and, thus, in adjacent isolated permeable formations. This relationship has been empirically established with actual pressure measurements in adjacent permeable formations. The use of these data and this method permits the interpretation of fluid pres.rure from acoustic and resistivity measurements with an accuracy of approximately 0.04 psilft, or about 400 psi at 10,000 ft. The standard deviation for the resistivity method is 0.022 psi/ft, and for the acoustic method 0.020 psi/ft. Knowledge of the first occurrence of overpressures, and of the precise pressure-depth relationship in a geologic province, enab1es improvements in drilling techniques, casing progroms, completion methods and reservoir evalzmtions. INTRODUCTION CENKRAL STATEMENT Operators engaged in the search for and production of hydrocarbon reserves in Tertiary basins are more and more frequently confronted with complications associated with over pressured (abnormally high fluid pressure) formations. This is particularly true in the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast area. The problems associated with these formations are of direct concern to the combined activities of all phases of operations, i.e., geophysical, drilling, geological and petroleum engineering.&apos; - Knowledge of the pressure distribution of a given area of operations would greatly reduce the magnitude of many of these complexities and in some cases would completely eliminate specific problems. his pape; presents techniques developed for estimating formation pressures from interpretations of acoustic and electric log data. Specifically: the acoustical and electrical properties of shales, reflected by conventional acoustic and electrical surveys, can be used to infer certain reservoir properties, such as formation pressure, at any level in a well. It has been possible to develop these techniques because of a firm understanding of the basic principles that govern and apply to such overpressured provinces. NORMAL PRESSUKES Normal pressures refer to formation pressures which are approximately equal to the hydrostatic head of a column of water of equal depth. If the formations were opened to the atmosphere, a column of water from the ground surface to the subsurface formation depth would balance the formation pressure. On the Gulf Coast, the shallow, predominantly sand formations contain fluids which are under hydrostatic pressure. These formations are said to be normally pressured or to have a normal pressure gradient.* Experience has shown that the normal pressure gradient on the Gulf Coast is approximately 0.465 psi/ft of depth. OVERPRESSURES Formations with pressures higher than hydrostatic are encountered at varying depths in many areas. These formations are referred to as being abnormally pressured, abnormally high pressured, or overpressured. Formation pressures up to twice the hydrostatic pressure have been observed. These formations require extreme care and much expense to drill and to exploit. COMPACTION-FLUID PRESSURE RELATIONS THEORY The generation of overpressured formations in Tertiary sections of the Gulf Coast and several other Tertiary sedimentary basins is, in general terms, considered to be primarily the result of compaction phenomena.&apos; This portion of the paper presents a brief review of the theory which associates compaction and fluid pressure relations, and should thus provide the necessary background for an understanding of the techniques presented. See Hubbert and Rubey&apos; for a more comprehensive treatment of this subject. The theory of the consolidation of a water-saturated clay&apos; has been well established by workers in soil mechanics. The concept is explained by a model with perforated metal plates separated by metal springs and water and enclosed in a cylindrical tube. Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of such a model (see Ref. 5, Fig. 27, page 74). The springs simulate communication between clay particles, and the plates simulate the clay particles. Mano-

Jan 1, 1966

By Michel David

Once a mineralized body has been delineated, drilled and estimated from surface samples, it often happens that before the final go-no-go decision is taken, an underground sampling program is decided, very often via a ramp which hopefully will be later used to extract the ore. The cost of such a program can be close to a million dollars. On other occasions, when a property changes hands and is reexamined maybe 20 years after the original drilling program, a "check sampling" program is carefully, designed to make "sure" that the old assays are "correct". One may fear poor sampling practice in old days, or deliberate highgrading by promoters. Again one may be talking of resampling cost which may be in the six-figures range. Other similar situations include the drilling of a few large diameter holes to ascertain the validity of a majority of small diameter drill holes, or auger drilling, or back-rimming. In uranium checking radiometric information is also a problem related to the above ones.

Jan 1, 1979

By Robert J. Hundhausen, GEORGE M. GRISMER

This circular describes the methods and costs of deepening the Silver Summit three-compartment shaft in the Coeur d'Alene mining region of Idaho. A noteworthy rate of advance was achieved at this operation by the successful use of a mechanical shaft-mucking machine. The Silver Summit mine is 1 mile west from the town of Osburn, Idaho, via U. S. Highway 10. The adit-level portal of the mine is on the south slope of the Coeur d'Alene River Valley at an altitude of 2,700 feet. The Silver Summit shaft is 6,000 feet from the portal. In past years this shaft had been sunk from the adit level to a depth of 1,500 feet. During 1946 the Polaris Mining Co, deepened it to 3,095 feet. The work was done under a co- operative development agreement between the Silver Summit Mining Co. and the Polaris Mining Co.

Jan 1, 1948

By M Scoble, A Ostry, J Shandro

Mining companies are not ill-informed on the topic of community health. There have been a number of research studies that have illuminated community health issues associated with mining, especially in the western Canadian province of British Columbia. However, what is missing amongst the literature is the perspective of mine managers and mining executives on this topic. This is important as mine managers and executives face a number of issues related to community health and are under pressure to consider the topic in more detail. This paper presents results from an exploratory qualitative investigation based on grounded theory research techniques into current community health considerations from the perspectives of mine executives and mine managers working in Western Canada. Interviews were conducted between February and May 2012 with 11 mining versus ten mining executives and managers who represented operating mines or mining umbrella organisations in Western Canada. Participants report on general community health issues that are perceived to be important, the perceived role that the mining sector should play?in contributing to community health and how this differs in Western Canada as compared to locations abroad, and?risks companyÆs face in making community health contributions. This paper concludes by drawing attention to pressing health needs that are present in Northern, rural and Aboriginal populations in Western Canada and provides a platform for future research initiatives focused on improving the health and well-being of communities associated with the mining industry. CITATION:Shandro, J, Scoble, M and Ostry, A, 2012. Community health considerations from mining executives and managers in western Canada, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 97-104 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

By Jiongtian Liu, Guihong Han, Shuzhen Yang, Yanfang Huang

Binder, as a necessary functional material of electrode in lithium ion battery, has a vital influence on the electrochemical performance. The humics, coupled with polyacrylamide (PAM) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were used as a water-soluble binder for LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode using in lithium ion battery. The techniques of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge were conducted to evaluate the performance of humics binder in LFP electrode. The reversible specific capacity of LFP (HA + PAM + CMC) electrode can reach to 142 mAh g−1 after 50th cycling (100 mAh g−1) on conditions of raw materials with 1 wt% PAM addition, humics and CMC with a mass ratio of 3:1 in binder, and the raw materials mixed in an interval order. Humics has the potential to be used as a novel, eco-friendly and high-efficient binder for lithium-ion battery.

Mar 1, 2018

By M. M. Jones

A procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium has been developed in support of minerals research being conducted by the Bureau of Mines. Uranium is separated from the sample by tributylphosphate extraction from acid solution containing added aluminum nitrate and (ethylene dinitrilo)-tetraacetic acid solutions. The colored uranium-dibenzoy1methane complex is developed in the organic phase by adding an ethanol solution of dibenzoylmethane buffered with triethanolamine. Absorbance is measured at 410 nanometers, and the response is linear up to at least 100 micrograms U30S in the aqueous aliquot taken for analysis. Aliquots containing as little as 8 micrograms U30S may be analyzed with relative errors no greater than ±5 percent. For aliquots containing at least 35 micrograms U308, relative standard deviation at the 95-percent confidence level is about ±2.2 percent. Appropriate procedures are given for analyzing a wide variety of samples.

Jan 1, 1980

By W. T. Lundy

THE forms in which sulphur is commonly found-native sulphur, sulphides of many metals and sulphates-are widely distributed throughout the world. The two first mentioned are the principal sources of sulphur. Substantial amounts of sulphur in some form are recovered from gases from industrial plants and from gases from smelters treating other minerals. In recent years, plants have been installed in the United States to recover sulphur in elemental form from sour gases."&apos; The amount of sulphur so produced is small at the present time but undoubtedly will increase in the future. The recovery of sulphur from gases is not covered in this chapter, which is confined to: (1) native sulphur deposits of Texas and Louisiana; (2) those of Italy; (3) other scattered deposits of native sulphur; and (4) pyrites deposits found in many countries of the world.30 Sulphur, a nonmetallic element, occurs normally in well developed bipyramidal or tabular crystals of the orthorhombic system, as well as in stalactitic and earthy masses. The mineral has a distinctive yellow color, which may be dark and discolored by impurities; the streak is white; the luster is resinous; and the fracture is conchoidal to uneven. Sulphur is translucent to opaque; has a hardness of 1.5 to 2.5, a specific gravity of 2.05, and an atomic weight of 32.06.16 The molecular weight of the solid is expressed by the symbol SS and that of the liquid and vapor ranges from S2 to S8, depending on the temperature. Sulphur melts at a temperature between 2340 and 248°F, depending on its crystalline state, to a liquid of dark amber color, the boiling point of which is 832°F. The viscosity near the melting point is about that of water and increases to 50,000 times that of water at a temperature of 380°F, subsequently falling rapidly to a low figure at the boiling point. Crystallization changes slowly from rhombic to monoclinic above 205 °F and in cooling the transformation is reversed. The mineral is a very poor conductor of heat and electricity; it is insoluble in water and nearly all acids and is soluble in cold carbon bisulphide and carbon tetrachloride. It ignites in air at a temperature of 478°F, burning with a distinctive blue flame with evolution of sulphur dioxide.47

Jan 1, 1949