Search Documents

By Chingyuan Y. Li, C. Y. Hsieh

Realizing that aluminum will have a great role to play in the coming industrialization of China, Chinese geologists have long been looking about for some aluminum deposits. The possible sources appear to be alunite, the alumina-rich shales, and the bauxite deposits. The locations of deposits are shown in Fig. I. Alunite Our attention was first directed to the alunite deposits along the southeastern coast of China. Table I summarizes the reserves now believed to exist in that region. Other alunite deposits have been found in Kiangpei, Szechuan province; Charming. Liuyang and Hsanshan, Hunnan province Tsingchow and Chowyuan, Shantung province. No reserve figures are available. High-alumina Shale Shale high enough in aluminum to serve as a source of that metal has been found in northeastern China(Tab1e 2). In Manchuria, the Manchuria Light Metals Co., at Antung and Fushun, operating under Japanese control, has been the only active producer of aluminum. It is not known, however, whether the company uses local raw materials or imports ore from elsewhere.* Shantung Bauxite Bauxite was first recognized in China at Paoshan, Shantung province. Although the reserve is reported to be large (estimated at 271 million tons), the high content of insoluble residue (SiO2) and mineral composition (diaspore) are dis-

Jan 1, 1948

By D. Torrey

CONSIDERING the two great interests of to-day, in iron upon the one hand and steel upon the other, and recognizing with measurable distinctness the peculiar fitness of each for special services to which they are applied, the proposition to unite the two metals in combination, to bring into simultaneous use the peculiar advantages which each offers, has great attractions. The limited success which has been attained by trying to bring about such combinations of the two metals through the use of fluxes in welding, has led to the general adoption of the opinion that an effective union of the two metals is impracticable, or to the view that if practicable it would have but limited commercial value. Such opinions are, I think, premature and erroneous, and having gained some knowledge of the character and value of the "Wheeler process" for welding iron and steel without the use of fluxes, I submit the following observations and opinions of the matter for your information, with the hope of eliciting such a discussion of the subject as it may require. The principle of the invention is to bring the two metals simultaneously to a welding heat in one pile, and then to manipulate it.

Jan 1, 1879

By D. R. Winchester

"I wish to thank you and your organizers for inviting me to address you at this point in time when we are all concerned for the future of the mineral industry in Canada.My topic ""Some Initiatives of Government Assistance to Industry Applicable to Mineral Processing"" is purposely limited in scope. To cover the entire range of initiatives in detail would take me all day, and at best, would be a mere recital of program titles, and a one sentence summary of the contents of the program. As you know, OREE or Regional Economic Expansion, is in the process of being amalgamated with elements of the Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce. We will become Regional Industrial Expansion or ORIE. If the name Canada Dry becomes popular, I don't think we will object as we hope to become a good mixer. The entire departmental thrust has been re-evaluated, and is in the process of being re-constituted to better serve the nation, and industry as a whole. Amalgamation of the industrial, trade promotion and marketing support skills of IT&C, with the regional development orientation and decentralization program delivery mechanisms of DREE, will, it is believed, provide better support to industry on a national and regional basis."

Jan 1, 1983

By Forrest T. Moyer

OVERALL data for 1963 on injury experience and the levels of employment, worktime, and operating activity of the mineral industries are shown in the statistical tables of this chapter. The general groupings of the industries are presented in greater detail in Volumes I and II of the Minerals Yearbook. A corresponding chapter in Volume I contains additional breakdowns of the data on metal, nonmetal, sand and gravel, slag, and stone mines and quarries together with separate information on the related processing mills and plants including primary nonferrous smelters. The more specific information on the anthracite and bituminous-coal, petroleum and natural gas, peat, and natural asphalt industries is given in the similar chapter of Volume II. Injury and employment data were collected from coal producers on the mandatory basis required by the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act (30 U.S.C., sec. 455). Producers of all other minerals (fuel and nonfuel) voluntarily reported the requested injury and employment data. The figures for 1963 are preliminary except for anthracite, coke, petroleum and natural gas, native asphalt, and slag which are final. Data for earlier years are final. The figures represent full coverage for all industries except the oil and gas industries for which coverage is not complete, particularly with respect to small companies.

Jan 1, 1964

By Bowmaker MD

Zinc and lead sulphide flotation con centrates containing from 0.02 to 0.20% Cd are roasted on an updraught sinter machine at the Cockle Creek Works of Sulphide Corp- oration Pty. Limited to provide sinter for simultaneous smelting of zinc and lead in an Imperial Smelting Furnace (I.S.F.). The major portion (about 85%) of cad- mium in concentrate feed to the Sinter Plant is eliminated with sinter fume and is rec- overed by weak acid leaching in the Cadmium Plant'followed by counter-current decantat- ion, ion exchange concentration, precipitat- ion of cadmium sponge and partial refining to caustic refined cadmium metal. Cadmium not eliminated during sintering is volatilised in the I.S.F. and subsequently recovered as zinc alloy by distillation in the zinc ref- ining columns of the Zinc Refluxer. The partially refined cadmium metal and cadmium- zinc alloy are blended as feed to the cadm- ium refining column where separation and recovery of cadmium is effected. Condensate from the column is further refined under caustic soda flux and cast into anode shapes. Production is 200 t.p.a. at 85% recovery of cadmium in concentrates. Emphasis is placed on changes from the practice described by Baker and Munro (1965) and upon operation

Jan 1, 1972

By Richard Moldenke

In crowding the recent mass of work on the physics of cast-iron into the compass of a short review, I cannot do better than to follow the lines of Mr. W. R. Webster's suggestion, made at the Florida meeting of the Institute, March, 1895.' The classification of the properties of the metal, and the influences to which it is subjected during the various processes it undergoes, is quite complete; and as Mr. Webster gives it again in full in another paper at the present meeting, a simple reference to it now will be sufficient. I. Correspondence Between Chemical Composition, and Melting-Point, Fluidity, Shrinkage, Fracture,Chill, Micro-Structure, and Other Physical Properties. Melting-Point.—The melting-point of cast-iron had long been a subject of controversy among foundrymen. They knew that a hard iron melted faster than a soft one, but this effect was occasionally disputed, and the reasons given were unsatisfactory; but could not be well controverted. It was my good fortune to take the actual melting-temperatures of some 70 pig-irons and castings; the Le Chatelier pyrometer, suitably protected, being introduced into the interior, and the iron melted off in a specially-constructed cupola. The irons had been previously analyzed by taking the borings at the point of the intro-

Jan 1, 1905

By W. H. Adams

During the years when Americans were most active in investigations of the many substances containing nitrogen or ammonia, viz.: 1869 to 1875, my connection with certain chemical industries led me to experiments in the direction of the recovery of wastes from coal-gases. I take from my notes such memoranda as I think will be of interest, in the hope that some benefit may be derived therefrom by engineers at present attempting to utilize the waste products from coke-oven and blast-furnace gases. An examination of the conditions governing the manufacture of gas along the Atlantic seaboard, and an intimate knowledge of the mine-products used by the different large works, naturally led me at first to consider the well-known foreign methods of concentrating the available soluble salts in a modicum of water. The result was sufficiently promising to warrant a full line of experiments. At that time, no attention seemed to have been paid to the values of " gas-liquors." Nearly every gas-works in the United States wasted its wash-water in the sewers. The nitrogen in bituminous coals varies in quantity from 0.75 to 1.50 per cent. of the total weight. In the process of distillation in

Jan 1, 1887

By W. R. Hibbard

Emerging from discussions of U.S. energy policy: from the Project Independence Blueprint; from President Ford's statements to Congress; and from several independent appraisals of the situation; there is a clear objective to achieve an appropriate balance of supply and demand in the near term future (1) by developing more efficient ways of using energy and (2) by extending domestic sources of energy. More specifically, the strategy for achieving this goal has three parts (1) Conservation of energy through greater efficiencies in automobiles, appliances, lighting, heating, and industrial processes. (2) Increased domestic production of oil and gas through new sources such as the outer continental shelf and new efficiencies such as tertiary recovery. (3) Substitution of coal and uranium for oil and gas in utility power plants and industrial heating. The goal of energy research and development is to help achieve these goals and to help minimize the economic, environmental and social impact of our shift from imported energy to domestic sources. The focus of this paper is the implications of the expanded use of coal, and the research and development which may help achieve the above goals in so far as coal is concerned.

Jan 1, 1975

By J. W. Thomson, H. J. Lloyd, R. J. Taylor

"THE HOLLINGER MINE has been producing gold and by-product silver almost continuously for forty-eight years. The value of current production is $10,000,000 annually from one million tons of ore. Its management •has, particularly over the past decade, increasingly . concerned itself with the problem of profitable operation in a time of steadily rising costs and a fixed price of gold. At one period in the life of the mine, before World War II, production resulted in yearly profit margins that were stable and relatively thick. In winning gold from a series of inconsistent vertical ore lenses, operating management was much better protected than it is today against a general rise in cost or dip in grade of ore. The tissue-like thinness of present-day margins demand more careful handling. A sharp rise in costs, if protracted, could easily rip the tissue to shreds and close down the business. The counter-measure of raising grade and gutting the mine would bring on the end perhaps more rapidly, without having contributed much to the recovery of our national re-sources, nor to community welfare. The alternative is to keep costs under control."

Jan 1, 1960

TWO hundred enthusiastic engineers and coal, op-erators attended a joint meeting of the A. I. M. E., the National Coal Association, and the American So-ciety of Mechanical Engineers in the auditorium of the Alabama Power Co. building at Birmingham, Ala., on Jan. 21. S. W. Farnham, mining engineer of the Goodman Manufacturing Co., Chicago, in his paper on mechanical loading of coal discussed the feasibility of scraper and machine loading. A. R. Anderson of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., in a paper on loading coal with conveyors covered their adaptation for long-wall mining and for loading into cars. Discussion of these papers was hampered because the cheap labor costs prevailing in the district have handicapped gen-eral mechanization of the mines. The Bureau of Mines film, "The Story of a Rock-dusted Mine," showing the New Orient mine, West Frankfort, Ill., was also shown at the meeting. F. H. Crockard, president of the Wood-ward Iron Co., represented the A. I. M. E., S. L. Yerkes, vice-president of the Grider Coal Sales Agency, and J. L. Davidson, secretary of the Alabama Mining Institute, represented the National Coal Association, and Paul Wright represented the American Society of Mechan-ical Engineers.

Jan 2, 1927

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1936

By W. L. Mamme, G. Y. Chin

The problem of selection of the active slip systems for a crystal undergoing an arbitrary strain was analyzed by Taylor and by Bishop and Hill in terms of a minimum (internal) and a maximum (external) work criterion, respectively. These two criteria have now been generalized to include crystallographic slip on several sets of slip systems, twinning mixed with slip, and slip by (noncrystallographic) pencil glide. The generalized treatment also takes into account the possibility of a Bauschinger effect and of unequal hardening among the shear systems, which were considered in the Bishop and Hill work. Optimization techniques of linear and nonlinear programming are shown to be applicable for the numerical calculation of the minimum or maximum work. In the case of crystallographic shear, the constraint functions are linear and hence the optimal work is obtained as the saddle value of the lagrangian function Wi(y) e minimum and W,(u) + (a) for the maximum, where Wi is the (internal) work, We is the (external) work, Y is the crystallographic shear strain, u is the applied stress, and and are constraints. It is shown that the Lagrangians are functionally the same and the saddle value of one problem is identical to the saddle value of the other, proving that the two analyses are completely equivalent. In the case of pencil glide, although the constraint functions are nonlinear and neither convex nor concave, the equivalence of the optimal values to the saddle value of the Lagrangian (which is again identical for both problems) is still valid. WHEN a crystal deforms plastically by crystallographic shear, five independent shears are generally required to accommodate five independent strain components specifying the deformation. Assuming slip as the only shear mechanism, Taylor1 in 1938 analyzed the deformation in terms of a minimum work criterion. He hypothesized that of all combinations of five slip systems which are capable of accommodating the deformation, the active combination is that one for which the internal work C is a minimum, where 1 TI is the critical resolved shear stress for slip on the 1-th slip system and is the corresponding simple shear. By further assuming equal 72 for all equivalent slip systems and no Bauschinger effect, Taylor re- duced the minimum work problem to one of minimum and applied the analysis to the case of axisym- Metric flow by {111}(110) slip in fcc crystals. However, he did not consider the question of whether the resolved shear stress has in fact attained the critical value for slip on the newly found active systems without exceeding it on the inactive systems. In 1951 Bishop and ill' put forth the maximum work analysis in which slip is again assumed as the only deformation mechanism. In this analysis, the work o1 done in a given strain ij by a stress ujj not violating the yield condition is maximized. In addition, the analysis takes into account the possibility that the critical resolved shear stress for slip may not be equal among the slip systems and that the slip behavior may exhibit the Bauschinger effect. As with Taylor, a single set of slip systems—{111)(110) — was analyzed numerically. It thus appears that the Bishop and Hill treatment is on a more sound physical basis than the Taylor treatment. However, Bishop and Hill showed that where there is equal hardening among all slip systems and when there is no Bauschinger effect, Eq. [11 ] of Ref. 2, as assumed by Taylor, the results of their maximum work analysis are the same as those of Taylor's minimum work analysis. Hence at least under those conditions there is an implication that the Taylor analysis does lead to a critical resolved shear stress for slip on the predicted active systems without violating the yield condition on the inactive systems. Recently, the Taylor analysis was applied for numerical solutions of the axisymmetric flow problem, for slip on {110}(111), {112}(111). {123)(111) systems as well as a mixture of all three sets of svstems."1 Computational techniques based on the optimization theories of linear and nonlinear programming4 were employed in these solutions. The same techniques were employed in the solutions of an axisymmetric flow problem of deformation by slip on (111) (110) systems and twinning on (111)(112) systems5 which had been considered theoretically from a modified Taylor approach. The utilization of these techniques has led to the realization that the solutions of Taylor's minimum work problem imply the solutions of Bishop and Hill's maximum work problem. The two problems turn out to be dual problems in the well known sense of mathematical programming. It is thus the purpose of this paper to first generalize the minimum and maximum work analyses to include crystallographic slip on several sets of slip systems, twinning mixed with slip, and slip by (non-crystallographic) pencil glide, as well as the possibility of a Bauschinger effect and of unequal hardening

Jan 1, 1970

By John T. Watson, Jim Bailey

Increasing public awareness is probably the single most important challenge faced by any blasting contractor today. This increased awareness usually results in an outcry for tighter regulations and restrictions on those in the blasting industry. Those affected do not often understand the dynamics of blasting and are simply fearful of the unknown. This reaction very often results in more regulations and restrictions which frequently fail to address the real problems.

Jan 1, 1990

By Kirk Yeager

During the last several years the FBI has been involved with a detailed study of explosives designed to replicate formulations utilized world-wide by terrorists. In addition, numerous formulations , based on literature and internet sources were examined. During the early stages of this work, a good many of the energetic mixtures studied were based on simple ammonium nitrate fertilizer. While the use of ammonium nitrate in commercial explosives is well studied and documented, the characteristics of the mixtures produced by criminals and terrorists have been less well researched. To aid law-enforcement in understanding the properties of these poorly understood formulations, a “cradle to grave” examination of their characteristics was conducted.

Jan 1, 2001

By Brian Hart, Stamen S. Dimov

"The naturally occurring carbonaceous material (CM) in gold bearing ores often exhibits strong-preg-robbing properties. It can adversely affect the process of gold recovery during the cyanidation due to its ability to adsorb, or preg-rob gold from the cyanide leach solution.Treatments of carbonaceous ores with chemical surfactants as blinding agents to limit preg-robbing have shown promising results but at the same time have demonstrated that, if not properly used, could have a strong detrimental effect on the gold recovery process. High dosages of surfactants used as passivating agents for carbonaceous matter could lead to unwanted partial passivation of the activated carbon added during the CIL process and severely impact the gold recovery. Optimal dosage for various surfactants would strongly depend on the ore mineralogy and the parameters of the pulp (temperature, pH, surface area and maturity of the carbonaceous material, etc).This paper describes an experimental study on the effectiveness of various commercially available blinding agents used to minimize the preg-robbing capacity of naturally occurring carbonaceous matter. The scope of the study was to: i) establish the optimum addition of blanking agent (surfactant) to minimize the preg-robbing capacity of the CM in the ore, and ii) establish maximum threshold amounts of blanking agents to be used before it negatively impacts the preg-robbing capacity of the activated carbon used in the CIL process. The study procedure involves standardized doping tests to evaluate the maximum preg-robbing capacity of treated CM, coupled with surface analysis with ToF-SIMS to monitor the presence and the degree of loading of these chemical surfactants on both the naturally occurring CM and the added activated carbon.INTRODUCTIONNaturally occurring carbonaceous material (CM) in gold bearing ores often exhibits strong-preg-robbing properties. Thus, it can adversely affect the process of gold recovery during cyanidation due to its ability to adsorb, or preg-rob gold from the cyanide leach solution. The preg-robbing properties of this naturally occurring carbonaceous matter can vary widely between ores, and within a single ore body (Dunne et al.,2013;Helm et al.,2009;Miller et al.,2005). The degree of preg-robbing related to the CM within an ore is defined by several parameters: total organic carbon (TOC) content, surface area, maturity (i.e., crystallinity) of the CM and the presence of various functional groups on the surface of the CM. Preg-robbing gold ores continue to be a significant challenge because of the lack of a single or universal solutions."

Jan 1, 2016

By John S. Brown

IN 1925 the writer undertook a detailed statistical study of all producing areas in the Joplin district as a basis for evaluating programs and measuring objectives. For this purpose, the published figures in the yearly volumes of Mineral Resources were used, supplemented for earlier years by publications of the Missouri Geological Survey and other local and less official sources. When all else failed, the available data were projected backward to hazard a reasonable guess as to the unrecorded early output of important areas. Fortunately, the proportion of such prehistory production is not a large factor in any of the totals. These results were used during the next few years to measure the relative importance of various producing areas and to predict the peak period of development of the all-important Picher field. For the purpose of this review, the charts have been completed to the end of 1950. During World War 11, the U. S. Bureau of Mines became interested in a similar study and issued comprehensive statistical tabulations of data up to 1945 ( Info. Circular 7383), which have been checked against the figures used herein. This tabulation, however, does not include all the earlier data used by the writer nor does it offer any estimates of the wholly unrecorded era in the beginnings of the earlier camps.

Jan 9, 1951

By David B. Morris, Paul I. Eimon

Computer-assisted data storage and retrieval in the geosciences is coming of age. A growing awareness of the need of the geological and mining community for effective access to existing data has triggered studies and development programs on many levels; governments, professional societies, industrial concerns, and the academic world are all active in this field. Developments in the past decade in computer hardware and software lend hope to the geoscientist searching for a means of expediting the flow of data. The new concern of the earth sciences coming together with the blossoming child of technology, computing, has led to serious study of the geoscience information problem. Active system development is under way in several areas. The papers presented at this Symposium effectively sample the spectrum of present day activity in machine-based geologic data storage and retrieval. These papers show the reader where the action is in this field today. Both long-range studies and plans and operational systems are discussed. Several studies and research efforts have been undertaken on a national or international scale. Robinson discusses the activity of the international geological community in these Proceedings. He speaks from a position of authority as Chairman of the International Union of Geological Sciences' Committee on Storage, Automatic Processing and Retrieval of Geological Data. A study of a "coordinated information program for geological scientists in the United States" documented by Smith, et al.1 proposes a "long-range information program ... responsive to the entire geosciences community . . . (to) draw on the best of large-scale information systems technology." The European geologic community is embarked on project Geosemantica 70, started at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Paris. Dixon discusses some results of this work in a following paper. The Canadian study of geological data storage and retrieval on a national scale is reported in a volume edited by Brisbin and Ediger.2 The Canadian report presents detailed recommendations for recording and coding geologic data for automatic process-

Jan 1, 1969

By J. A. Ryder

Compressed air is a relatively inefficient yet very convenient vehicle for transmitting mechanical energy. It is inefficient when compared to, say, hydraulic or electric energy systems since compressor and pneumatic machine efficiencies are quite low (in the range 20-65%) and reticulation losses can be quite high unless adequate pipe diameters are used to minimize friction drops. It is convenient in that capital and maintenance costs of pipes and machines are exceptionally low, the equipment is flexible and lightweight, the technological level is simple, the form of the energy supply is intrinsic- ally safe, and as an additional minor but psychologically important benefit, it provides a ready source of cooling and air supply for emergency use in deep hot mines. It is for these reasons that compressed air is a premier source of energy for many forms of underground equipment, in particular hand or rig-mounted rockdrills, some forms of rock- handling equipment, and a host of minor applications including agitators, small-lift pumps and temporary f am installations. In a typical S. African deep-level gold or platinum mine, compressed air generation accounts for 15% of the total mine electrical energy bill - more than is used for hoisting. In these mines it is not uncommon for over 100 km of underground compressed air piping to be installed, primarily to supply handheld rockdrills.

Jan 1, 1979

By N. Chacón

El objetivo del presente trabajo es señalar la exploración sistemática por depósitos minerales, particularmente el "pórfido de cobre", en la Subprovincia cuprífera de la vertiente Pacífica. Para el desarrollo de dicha labor, el servicio de geología y minería desarrolló un programa de investigación auxiliado con observaciones de áreas de alteración en el sector Sur de la faja de Cobre, entre el valle de Pisco y el valle de Cháparra. Como consecuencia de estos estudios, se detectó 10 áreas anómalas, cuyos rangos varían a fuertemente anómalos, permitiendo definir la existencia de posibles depósitos o áreas mineralizadas.

Nov 20, 1972

By Malcolm V. Lowry

At Balmat in northern New York State, the St. Joseph Lead Co.'s 2100-tpd zinc mining and milling operation is utilizing a unique thickener in conjunction with conventional crushing, grinding and flotation methods. From 1930 through 1962, zinc concentrates went directly from flotation to the filtering, drying and loading facilities, all of which had to operate 24 hr per day. Wide fluctuations in tonnage also had to be accommodated due to variations in the grade of ore. Many problems were thus encountered in filtering and drying, but the cost of installing a conventional, large diameter thickener could never be justified. In 1963, after thorough investigation, an unconventional thickener that is unusual in several respects was installed at Balmat. The tank depth is 16 ft instead of the normal 8 ft. The rakes are raised and lowered by having the main drive gear located on a movable platform. Automatic controls are programmed to raise the drive platform and rakes during one shift of storage. During the next two shifts of withdrawal, the controls are programmed to lower the drive platform and rakes.

Jan 5, 1966