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By R. A. Conkling

DORSET HAGER, Tulsa, Okla. Recently we have, been doing a little work along the same lines Mr. Conkling has outlined iii his paper. I am not prepared to say that Mr. Conkling is not correct but our results do not agree with his. I think it is a question of difference in correlation and interpretation of the well records. Our cross-section of the Cushing pool does not agree with that of Mr. Conkling and we find instead of the beds thickening in the syncline, there is a tendency to thicken on top of the anticline. We took the north dome of the Cushing field, and are now trying to get all the records. It will probably be another month before we have all the data complete but our results at present do o not agree with those of Mr. Conkling at all.

Jan 4, 1917

This address is set deliberately in the broadest possible terms. A review of the place of mining in Australian life today will serve to point up the changes that we can see in the life of people in the industry. Some of the influences on the future welfare of mining people bear also on the progress of this Institute, now approaching its 90th year. As mining becomes more and more dependent on higher technology and therefore, on the higher skills of the people in the industry, the role of The Institute, I suggest, becomes more and more significant.With investment per employee in mining generally continuing to rise, our ability to handle problems of manpower and human relations becomes a matter of greater importance.Questions that flow from these general thoughts form the substance of what I have to say.

Jan 1, 1982

By Jacob Carr, Christopher C. Jobes, Chenming Zhou, LaTasha R. Swanson, Jennica Bellanca, Jingcheng Li

Magnetic proximity detection systems (PDSs) are used with continuous mining machines (CMMs) to protect miners from striking and pinning accidents. Generators are used in a PDS to create magnetic fields covering the space around a CMM. The PDS determines the proximity of a miner relative to the CMM based on the magnetic flux density detected by a miner-wearable component (MWC) and simultaneously alerts the miner and stops the motion of the CMM if the miner is within a proximity that creates a striking hazard. A stable magnetic field is essential to the accuracy of the proximity calculations performed by the PDS. This paper presents the results of a systematic study of the magnetic influence of two types of steel structures found near a CMM— the body of the CMM itself and the wire mesh used for roof and rib control. The results show that the steel of the CMM body can change the magnetic field distribution and also alter electrical parameters of a PDS by changing its generator current. The study also shows that, depending on the distance between the wire mesh and a generator, the magnetic field can also be altered.

By John J. Friel

The addition of dolomite to iron ore pellets improves their high-temperature reduction properties primarily by increasing their reducibility and raising their softening temperature. In this study we prepared dolomite-fluxed pellets from three different concentrates; Hibbing, a magnetic taconite, Knob Lake, an earthy hematite; and Carol Lake, a mixture of specular hematite with magnetite. The composition n of the concentrates is given in Table I. The pellets were subjected to standard physical tests and the following reduction tests: low temperature degradation, swelling, softening, and thermogravimetric analysis. Petrographic examination and electron microprobe analysis allowed us to evaluate the effect of composition and firing on the phase assemblage. Further, we were able to interpret the test results in terms of chemistry and microstructure. This approach enabled us to determine which fluxed composition best suited each of the concentrates.

Jan 1, 1980

By W. W. Agey

As a part of the program of investigation of domestic sources of manganese in the western United States, engineers of the Bureau of Mines examined. and obtained samples of ore from two properties in the vicinity of Barstow, San Bernardino County, Calif. In addition to these, samples from two other properties in the same vicinity were submitted by the owners. As the ores were too low-grade to be acceptable for the direct production of ferromanganese, beneficiation studies were made to determine the amenability of the ores to concentration by ore dressing. The Big Reef manganese claims axe about 140 miles east of Barstow, Calif. The claims were leased by W., E. Thurber of San Gabriel, Calif., from the owner, C. S. VanDoren of Daggett., Calif. Manganese oxides occur as a replacement deposit in heavily brecciated andesite along a fault plane. Four samples were taken by an examining engineer of the Bureau of Mines from the ore zone, which, when composited, were representative of all the exposed ore. Preliminary tests were made on lot B, and final tests wore made on the composite sample. The Trans-Oceanic property is about 20 miles southeast of Barstow, near Newberry, in the. Pisgah mining district, Calif. The sample, submitted by the owners, was taken from a 1,000-ton reject clump from a hand-sorting operation. The ore occurs as a replacement of rhyolite.

Jan 1, 1952

By Saul Escalara

Data on sulfonate adsorption by silicate minerals are very scarce in the literatures. Perhaps the only comprehensive paper written on the topic was done by Fuerstenau and Bhappu (1); this work dealt exclusively with quartz but included many important suggestions as to the form and nature of the hydroxy-sulfonate species of some cations formed during the conditioning step and their effect on the flotation response of quartz. Another paper by the same authors (2) contains additional data on the role of hydrolysis in sulfonate flotation of beryl. As postulated by Fuerstenau and Bhappu, a solid form of cationic sulfonate functions as the collecting species to produce flotation of quartz and beryl. According to the authors, the solid compound is a hydroxy-sulfonate of a given cation, where the hydrogen of the hydroxyl part provides a means for bonding of the species to the mineral surface; thus, the presence of hydroxyl in the neutral precipitated compound is of primary importance to produce flotation. Although the preceding examples illustrate the effect of a sulfonate collector in silicate systems other than plagioclases, they are important as examples of processes of hydroxy-sulfonate complex formation. Since the plagioclase minerals con¬tain Ca(II) and Al(III) cations, which are very reactive in sulfonate media (1), the formation of hydroxy-sulfonate compounds with these cations released from the solid phase may well prove to be the cause for their flotation.

Jan 1, 1973

By Ann G. Kim

The Bureau of Mines investigated factors that influence the formation of methane and other hydrocarbon gases in coal, which is an integral part of the coalification process. Coalification begins with a biogenetic stage in which plant debris decomposes and peat is formed; methane and CO2 are the predominant gases produced during this stage. During the diagenetic stage of coalification hydrogen and the hydrocarbon gases methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butene, iso- and normal butane, and pentane are formed by dissociation of the organic material. Methane may also be produced by a secondary reaction of hydrogen with unsaturates or by the reduction of CO2. The gas contained in coalbeds is a mixture of methane, C2 through C5 alkanes, CO2, 02, N2, H2, and H2; its heating value is equivalent to that of natural gas. The gas content of coal depends on many variables, but an empirical relationship between adsorptive capacity, rank, and depth has been observed.

Jan 1, 1978

By Charles L. Allie

In June, 1980, Reserve Mining Company completed a 370 million dollar construction project which included process modifications required to reduce the silica content from nine to five percent by weight and increase the iron con- tent of Reserve's pellets from 62.5 to 65.8 percent by weight (dry basis); process modifications and additions required to implement "best available technology" water quality controls; and installation of "best available technology" air emission controls. The new process began operation on June 24, 1980 and is being optimized to meet design objectives. Dry cobbing, fine screening and flotation additions to the concentrating process have reduced the silica content of Reserve's pellet from nine percent to five percent by weight. The process reclaims and reuses all process waters, stores all tailings in a zero discharge tailings basin and meets all air emission standards.

Jan 1, 1980

By Kenneth A. Brunk

"This address discusses how ""Mineral Processing Technology"" can play a major role in the life and profitability of a mining company. Examples of past and present technological breakthroughs and their impacts will be examined. Also, the future of processing technology will be emphasized.IntroductionThis talk will center on the role of technology as an important component of a business plan for mining companies. I'll attempt to explain how I see technology development as an underpinning of a successful mining company. We will examine an example of a technology that has resulted in a re-birth of segments of the industry, examine a technology life cycle and discuss technology as it relates to ore reserve replacement. Also, we will touch on technology in today's mining company and propose some food for thought for those designers of corporate organizations."

Jan 1, 1997

By John T. Cumberlidge

The Groveland deposit, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, consists of an E -W trending overturned syncline of Middle Precambrian Vulcan iron formation. At Groveland, the Vulcan formation can be divided into four units or facies. The total succession may be more than 550 feet thick, and consists of a basal unit composed of a lean chemical quartzite with traces of magnetite; a non-banded, partly clastic unit characterized by the preponderance of hematite over magnetite; a transition unit of well-banded magnetite-bearing iron formation interbedded with non-banded oolitic hematite; and a well-banded magnetite-quartz silicate unit at the top of the exposed sequence. The present magnetite-hematite ratios of different units within the orebody are considered to be a primary (post-diagenetic) feature of the original sediment. Subsequent regional metamorphism has increased the grain size of the original iron oxide minerals, but did not appreciably alter the oxidation state of the original sediment.

Jan 1, 1964

By Rollin A. Slater

The bulk materials handling industry has served silently for years as the skeleton structure and often the central system of nerves and nourishment for the body of basic production industries. During the past two decades, this body has undergone substantial growth and mutation to meet the surging demands of our national economy for more and better products. The steel industry has been prominent in this phenomena and plants of the sixties are as unlike the second war vintage as our current crop of basketball players differ from their fathers. Steel has kept pace with spiralling demand by innovation which has resulted in new processes and improved designs which generally yield greater production from fewer units. The supporting industry of materials handling has likewise improved its techniques and currently has a new stronger generation of equipment to perform its necessary supporting function. It has been my fortunate experience to have been instrumental in the creative stages of several new steel mills which are currently in conceptual design or actual construction. Drawing upon exerpts from this experience, this paper will describe a basic approach to the selection and application of modern bulk materials handling systems to an entirely new steel plant. Specific details of past work are not available for publication, therefore, the plant described herein is a composite of ideas and will be the new plant of the Hypothetical Steel Corporation which will be located on the lower shores of the Great Lakes.

Jan 1, 1967

By Byron W. Cheever

At the meeting of the Institute held in St. Louis, in October, 1886 (Transactions, xv., 448), I presented a paper upon the above subject. From the well-known action of certain solvents on phosphide and phosphate of iron, the conclusion was then reached, founded on analyses, that phosphide and phosphate of iron must be present in all iron. But this conclusion was based upon the reactions obtained in the analyses of iron phosphide and phosphate, in which the phosphorus existed in conditions different from those found in commercial iron. In the former, the phosphorus is concentrated ; in the latter, diffused. This fact left a reasonable ground for doubting the existence of phosphoric acid in commercial irons. Some direct method was therefore sought which would prove its presence. After investigating the subject for some time, I came to

Jan 1, 1888

By F. X. Meagher

Vertical slot raise driving from bottom up has always been a hazardous, inefficient, high cost operation. The introduction of the Simba 5 drill rig has enabled this type of raise to be drilled accurately from the top down and to be blasted in stages from the bottom up. Safety, high efficiency and low cost were the main criteria in opting for this method. Drop raises with the Simba 5 at Geco have been successfully drilled and blasted up to 115 feet, and this is close to the maximum length of raise that can be drilled and blasted efficiently with Simba 5. A look into the future would indicate a rig capable of drilling up to 200 foot raises with the same accuracy of Simba 5 to 115 feet.

Jan 1, 1974

By Pierre de P. E. M. Ricketts

HAVING had occasion while in Europe during the past summer to visit some of the foreign mints and assay offices connected with the same, I thought a brief description of the general process of coining employed, and such items connected with assaying as were new, might prove interesting to the Institute. The principal foreign mints are: the Royal Mint, London; and the mints in Paris, Brussels, Utrecht, Berlin, Vienna, Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Madrid, Milan, Rome, and Constantinople. My time only permitted my visiting a few of the principal and largest given in the list, and for a description of the remainder I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. James M. Napier, who in company with the deputy master, and chemist of the Royal Mint, made a complete inspection of all the European Mints in 1870.

Jan 1, 1876

Minutes of the Annual General Meeting Held at Harmony Country Club on Wednesday, 2nd August, 1978, at 7.30 p.m. Mr A. N. Shand (Chairman of the O.F.S. and Klerksdorp Branch) was in the Chair. Also present were:.... Induction of Chairman Mr A. N. Shand introduced Mr H. M. W. Eschenburg by briefly outlining his past career and achievements, and, in calling upon him to take the Chair, wished him a very successful year of office..... Address by the President of the S.A.I.M.M. The Chairman introduced Mr Von Wielligh by outlining his career and achievements. After completing his education, he joined J.C.I. in 1936 as a sampler, and from that time served the company in many capacities, culminating with his appointment to the Board in 1974.....

Jan 1, 1979

By F. B. Eiseman

IT is desired -to determine the effect of the extent of bank repairs on the final slag volume in acid electric steel-melting practice. It is understood that the repairs stud- TABLE I-Summary of Effect of Bank Repairs on Slag Volume [ ] ied here are necessary and the amount of sand added is that needed to maintain hearth and banks in a satisfactory condition. In this way the effect of repair materials on the amount of slag tapped would be found with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Ten heats were made for this study with careful attention to a uniform charge. The steel was the usual grade B and melting was carried out in a 3 1/2-ton top-charge Lectromelt furnace. Melting practice in all cases was the same-complete oxidation, with recarbonization by means of low-silicon pig iron.

Jan 1, 1947

OCHRE is a semimineral composed by Nature of earth and a tincture of yellow caused by a fumosity of lead ore. By itself it is a material without any [38] metal, although when it is used in smelting it helps to melt the harsh and sour ores of metals. I do not know that it has any other use, except to painters. Bole is also a red viscous earth which has a very astringent and drying nature. It has no very apparent smell or taste, and I think that the cause of its redness lies in the fumosities of iron ore, for it is a companion to this and is found in its mines. It is an efficacious medicine against any poison and in this capacity has an action like terra sigillata* or perhaps better. In

Jan 1, 1942

By R. W. Raymond

GEHEIMER BERGRATH Prof. Dr. HIERONYMUS THEODOR RICHTER, ex-Director of the Freiberg Mining Academy and Honorary Member of this Institute (to give him the full title, which nobody ever thought of using in his genial and unceremonious presence, and the whole of which I have omitted at the head of this notice, as adding nothing to the virtue and value of the man I knew), died on Sunday, September 25,1898. He was born in 1825 at Dresden, and in 1843, after some practical training in pharmacy, entered the Freiberg Mining Academy, where he devoted himself chiefly to metallurgy and metallurgical chemistry, under the guidance of the celebrated Plattner, whose masterly instruction in those arts, and also, especially, in assaying and the use of the blow-pipe, has been classic authority to the present day. In 1853, Richter was ap-

Jan 1, 1899

By Charles P. Lazzara, Alex C. Smith, Mark W. Ryan

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a study to evaluate the effect of ventilation on the performance of automatic sprinkler systems in extinguishing wood crib fires. Experiments were conducted at airflows of 0, 0.76, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.1 m/s. Two experiments were conducted at each airflow, using 74° C fast response pendent sprinklers in one experiment and 74° C fast response horizontal sidewall sprinklers in the other experiment. In the experiments at airflows of 0 and 0.76 m/s, sprinklers were located directly above the fire and 2.4 m upstream and downstream of the fire. The sprinkler directly above the fire was the only sprinkler to operate with no discernible difference in the suppression capability of the pendent and horizontal sidewall sprinklers. In the experiments at airflows of 1.5 and 2.5 m/s, sprinklers were located directly above the fire and 2.4 and 4.8 m downstream of the fire. The sprinkler located 2.4 m downstream was the only sprinkler to operate with the horizontal sidewall sprinkler being more effective in extinguishing the wood crib fire. The average response times of the sprinklers at airflows of 0.76, 1.5, and 2.5 m/s were 3-1/2 times the average response time of the sprinklers at 0 m/s. The results of this study will help enhance the safety of the nation's miners.

Jan 1, 1993

By C. P. Blair

In discussing so-called "volume rates" for the movement of coal, I start from one basic premise: That it is the job of the railroads to devise rates which will move the traffic, while at the same time assuring a fair return on their investment. No matter how reasonable and nondiscriminatory freight rates may be, if they fail to attract and hold traffic to the rails, they are utterly useless - both to the carriers and the shipping public. And it will be my purpose here to show that under certain circumstances the use of volume rates by the railroads enables them. to hold traffic which would otherwise be lost, and to avoid needless dissipation of revenues, Properly employed, volume rates should benefit both the coal industry and the railroads, I do not, however, advocate the discarding of the carload as the basic rate-making unit. Far from it. Sound operating reasons dictate the making of rates based on car- loads, and the tradition of carload rates has a firm foundation in railroad operating costs, many of which vary directly with cars handled. In short, the carload was, Is and, in my opinion, will continue to be the basis for most rail rates on coal, as well as on other commodities. But change is an inevitable result of progress, and we should not be so bound by tradition that we are unwilling to try novel methods of ate making, should the circumstances require, The modern rate maker must, now and then, run the risk of being called an iconoclast if he is to keep up with the times. As T will point out, volume rates were for many years rejected by both the Interstate Commerce Commission and the railroads, But now both the Commission and the carriers have come to recognize that under proper circumstances and conditions volume rates are a powerful and effective tool.

Jan 1, 1959