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In a gravity separation device, particle shape, size and density all play a role. The combination of these determines where each individual particle reports to in the viscous fluid, where particle crowding (solids to water ratio) also plays a role. To understand the performance of gravity separation devices in the heavy mineral industry, these particle characteristics need to be measured. There are various challenges in analysing particle density and particle size simultaneously for the purpose of quantifying gravity separator performance, not to mention particle shape. These analytical challenges include the high cost of high-density sink-float fractionation, toxicity of high-density sink-float media, inability of sink-float media to fractionate at densities greater than 4.0 g/cm3, and the time-intensive nature of these fractionations. The use of the detailed particle-by-particle output from Qemscan® particle mineral analyses (PMA) as a fast and cost-effective alternative is evaluated. The size and density outputs from the Qemscan® were employed to characterize the performance of a heavy mineral spiral concentrator as an example. Critical analytical requirements are to be addressed before the Qemscan® output data can be utilized. Keywords Gravity separator, performance, heavy minerals, Qemscan® particle mineral analysis

Jan 1, 2011

By K. C. Viveros, R. R. Ambriz, C. García, F. De Villèle, A. Talha, D. Jaramillo

Cold hole expansion on base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy welds was simulated by means of finite element method. Three dimensional compact test models with a previous fatigue crack length with a relation of ??= a/W = 0.3, were used to analyze the hole expansion process. Considering the local mechanical properties for each zone of the welded joint, the optimal expansion degree (1.64 to 2.46 %) was determined. The residual stress field, through thickness, after the expansion process in all welding zones, were correlated with the crack opening displacement obtained by finite element analysis. It was observed, that compressive residual stress fields for a post-expansion, in different crack lengths, provided a crack closure mechanism for base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone. Contrary, the crack remained open when residual stresses are positive. The results are given as tangential stresses versus distance from the edge of the cold expansion and crack opening displacement as a function of applied load.

Jan 1, 2014

By L. B. Clarke

The optimal maintenance and control of the air flow and pressure distribution in a mine network are achieved by the correct positioning of the mine fans and regulators within the mine ventilation circuit. The principal considerations are the location of the main and underground fans or regulators and the attendant control of mine leakage. Air flow control is achieved by either passive or active regulation. Passive regulation adds resistance, usually in the form of a regulating door. Active regulation adds pressure sources in the form of underground booster fans. Ventilation engineers are increasingly turning to analytical tools to assist them in the design and operation of ventilation systems. The application of computer methods, formal optimisation methods and numerical solution methods is outlined

Jul 1, 1996

By Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes

The tensile properties of DGEBA/TETA epoxy matrix composites reinforced with different amounts of curaua fibers were evaluated. Tensile specimens with up to 35% in volume of long, continuous and aligned curaua fibers were room temperature tested in an Instron machine. The fracture was analyzed by SEM. The results showed significant changes in the mechanical properties with the amount of curaua fibers. This was compared to other bend-tested composites with distinct matrices. The fracture analysis revealed a weak fiber/matrix interface, which could be responsible for the comparatively low performance of some properties.

Jan 1, 2010

Used in conjunction with geology and geophysics, geochemistry provides powerful exploration tools of special relevance to Australian environments. New methods are needed that will confront the forthcoming emphasis on locating concealed orebodies. Deep weathering is conducive to techniques using groundwaters or gaseous emanations as sample media. Increasing use is anticipated for isotope measurements and for recognition of country rock characteristics that denote proximity to mineralization. Improvements in the sensitivity, reliability and portability of analytical instruments will underpin the contributions of geochemical methods to future mineral exploration.

Jan 1, 1982

By S. J. Broderick

[Xuge d-mp heap co:lt:.ini9: tilcu?:na3s of tons of cad ~eP~se 2r3 a failiar sight in coal-mininc regior@:. T5ey reprecei~t considergole economic 1083, are very l.u.,si~hC,ly, ?:ld t?ke un m-lch vaL-x3le qace. Cor.sequentl;r thelr remcval i~ geatlyr dezir36, ax2 my ret-sn t?-at c,m be obtained would be er;pecic.llj .a~elconre&apos; t.7 the cod ir.S..r; kry. T?.e vaste rk.t~ri..tl conpl-ises large pieces of slr.t.e, hi~h-2s&apos;. bore c~al., luqs cf cle:., ,ad finer refuse conin,= fro3 the vrtskery, Tilt 1:zshcr:r refilsn contnins sone yood coal. Rig coal and the &apos;better p~lcs of bore ere the zat~rla2.s ~15:;~itiered in this in- vest ig:?.tion. 7% Il~avter frnctions of the w~~sherjr ref;lw aizd tts large 2ieces of slcte ?,".:I rgck contilin 1it:lei ccai-i-bcna.c~o~s caterial ad are vir- tu<dly worthiess nc, rz:. ::atcrin!. for .*=irin,= zct,iv?*teb cCvb~n. 13 the 3irniingh.m district, i13br.12, a-c.ju",P p?rcccn",f the c3sl r?.ir?ed is washed, ,md in tkis c?i.;trict nlz:~c rcfilce ecc;:?:lletcs ~t the r%tg of 1 to 2 million .! tons 2 yew.]

Jan 1, 1941

The first part (lH of this work dealt with the process of recrystallization of single crystals of lead after deformation by creep, as revealed by macroscopical examination. It was shown that when recrystallization commenced, a crystal, termed the primary crystal, started to grow at the edge of the specimen and extended into the body of the specimen along the slip planes. At some stage during the growth of this crystal, other crystals appeared at the boundary of this first crystal and fragments of the parent crystal. From thispoint, recrystallization was accelerated with relatively rapid necking down of the specimen until fracture occurred.All those crystals formed after the primary crystal were given the term secondary crystals. In the present paper is given a detailed account of the orientations of the primary and secondary crystals.EXPERIMENTAL METHODThe size of the test pieces and the manner of loading were given in the previous paper (1). X-ray back reflection photographs were taken of the individual primary and secondary crystals and from them were determined the orientations. The path of the X-ray beam was perpendicular to the surface of the creep specimen.In view of the large number of photographs needed, gold...

Jan 1, 1940

By Moussa Wone

The Washington, DC Water and Sewer Authority (WASA) has implemented facility planning for the Anacostia River Projects portion of a program to bring its Combined Sewer System (CSO) into compliance with federal water quality regulations by 2025. The program includes approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) of deep CSO storage/conveyance and flood relief soft ground tunnels, construction, vortex drop, overflow, maintenance and air release shafts, as well as near surface diversion structures and conveyances. The Project encompasses major technical and non-technical challenges including completion under a federal consent decree schedule, construction within the confines of heavily developed urban areas, difficult ground conditions, major infrastructure crossings, and close coordination with several major public agencies. This paper discusses the planning stage considerations related to the geotechnical investigation program, discusses obstructions that influenced alignment selection, and provides two examples of preliminary estimates of settlement induced ground movement due to the tunnel and shaft construction.

Jan 1, 2008

By D. Laguitton, D. Hodouin, V. K. Gupta, R. Spring

"The CANMET SPOC project aims at inducing progress in process evaluation and optimization by developing user oriented software based on state-of-the-art theory. The present work is the result of a joint effort by CANMET, Noranda Mines and Université Laval to develop two computer packages: one (RTD) to calculate the residence time distribution that best describes the material transport through the mill, the other (FINDBS) to estimate the rate of breakage and distribution function of the population balance model in a ball mill. The RTD package can handle data from various experimental methods (impulse or complex tracer feed, with or without recycling, etc...). The FINDBS package provides options for the functional description oj both model parameters Band S. The full detail of the methods and programs appears in a users guide. The program capabilities and several sample runs are presented.IntroductionSimulation of mineral dressing operations by computer has been largely contained within academic and research circles and has not yet gained a status of routine practice in the ore and coal industries. It is however a matter of time before process simulators are available on every process engineer&apos;s desk to assist process optimization tasks, flowsheet design and professional training. The CANMET SPOC project (Simulated Processing of Ore and Coal) was initiated in 1980 to assist the Canadian industry in integrating computer-based methodology for process evaluation and optimization(1). Software development, documentation and transfer is one of the main priorities of the project which will mature in 1985 by releasing a complete package of manuals and programs covering sampling, material balance computation, unit modelling, flowsheet simulation and optimization . This paper is a condensed description of a typical project element in its 1982-1983 state of development. The required methodology for ball-mill modelling and simulation was consolidated an d merged to other project elements during a joint study under contract financed by CANMET and Noranda Mines Ltd . The first part of the study dealt with documenting experimental methods and software for ball-mill computer simulation. Université Laval GRAAIM (Goupe de Recherche en Automatistion Appliquée à l&apos;Industrie Minérale) acted as sub-contractor for this part of the study(16,17). A second part dealt with applying the model calibration techniques to a large industrial data base and is reported elsewhere(2,18,19)."

Jan 1, 1984

In the past decade several significant intrusion-related gold deposits have been discovered in terranes historically exploited for tin-tungsten mineralization (eg Tintina Gold Province, Yukon and Alaska, Tasman Fold Belt, Australia and the Altaid orogenic collage in central Eurasia). This paper presents new data on the geological and geochemical characteristics of these deposits that links them to magmatic-hydrothermal processes and highlights their implications for exploration. New data from several intrusion-related gold provinces suggest that these deposits are found in areas that contain granodiorite to granite, but with a locally significant mafic component, have Rb/Sr ratios ranging between 0.1 and 1.0, and are moderately reduced (Fe2O3/FeO ~ 0.1 to 0.6) ilmenite series, metaluminous, I-types. The intrusions are distinct from porphyry copper intrusions and tin granites, but are more akin to tungsten granites. Hydrothermal fluid types vary with depth of emplacement in intrusion-related gold deposits and new proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) data from syn-ore fluid inclusions in shallow and deep deposits provide fascinating insight into the variation in metal content between the different settings consistent with observed deposit metal associations. Exploration for intrusion-related gold deposits in tintungsten terranes should focus on regions that contain both mafic and felsic intrusion that are moderately reduced, metaluminous, I-type granites rather than terranes with dominantly highly fractionated, strongly reduced, peraluminous S-types. Intrusion-related gold systems occur in variety of deposit styles (in part controlled by host rock, proximity to granite, and depth of emplacement) and exploration geologists need to be aware of the variety of target types in and around the intrusive environment, and be able to recognise whether they are exploring a shallow or deep intrusion-related gold setting.

Jan 1, 2005

Previous published papers by Fraser (1), Hey (2), and Stillwell (3), have given respectively, details of:-1. The practice in the pilot plant operated at Zeehan for the treatment of ores from the Rosebery field.2. The design, based largely on the experience gained at Zeehan, of the concentrator built at Rosebery.3. The nature of the orebodies of the zinc-lead lode at Rosebery.Changes and developments, at the Rosebery concentrator, since operations commenced, are now described with particular reference to recent practice.Three concentrates are produced, viz.: a copper, a lead, and a zinc concentrate. The current flow-sheet is shown in Fig. 1. Typical concentrate assays are...THE OREThe ore treated is derived from the Rosebery and Hercules Mines and is, milled in the ratio of, approximately, two parts of the former to one of the latter. The ores from the two mines may be considered as being similar in general character, although the Rosebery ore contains more pyrite. It is from this mine that any increased tonnage is expected. The ore is a mass of fine-grained, intimately associated sulphides, with practically no coarse...

Jan 1, 1949

By J. L. Lytton

The flow-stress recovery of high-purity aluminurn following a 10 pct tensile prestrain was studied in terms of a fractional flow-stress recovery parameter fr. The flow-stress recovery behavior was related to the dislocation arrangements using transmissiort electron rnicvoscopy. During recovery at 120° and 160°C, nearly stable strength levels were attained, the strength level for 120°C recovery being greater than that for 160°C. This stabilization of flow stress was related to the formation of meta-stable dislocation networks bounding nearly perfect cells. Both network formation and the annealing of dislocation loops were found to be recovery mechanisms, and the stronger metastable strength level joy 120°C recovery was related to a smaller average cell size. Analysis of the networks was consistent with the reaction of sets of dislocations with a/2 (110) Burgers vector to give product Burgers DURING isothermal annealing of cold-worked metals, a degree of softening occurs without re-crystallization, and the processes responsible for this change are termed recovery processes. During recovery annealing, the dislocations generated during cold work become rearranged into low-energy configurations, and as much as 50 pct of the stored energy is released."&apos; The relationship between this rearrangement of dislocations and mechanical behavior is of considerable importance, since the dislocation substructures formed during recovery provide a significant degree of low-temperature strength3j4 and can favorably alter the course of primary creep at high temperatures.4 The purpose of the present study was to relate the flow-stress recovery behavior of high-purity aluminum to the substructural modifications that occur. Electron transmission microscopy was therefore employed for direct observation of dislocation substructures at various stages of recovery following 10 pct prestrain. Several investigators5-&apos; have proposed that dislocations can become rearranged or lost during the preparation of thin foils. It was found early in the present study that the dislocation structures in the thicker regions of the foils changed in a systematic way during the course of recovery. Therefore, it is unlikely that substantial losses or rearrangements occurred during thinning. This point will be discussed in more detail later. The results of various investigators indicate that recovery processes in fcc metals can result in release of 50 pct or more of the total energy stored in the as-prestrained metal, this percentage decreasing with increasing prestrain.&apos; Alloying elements or impurities tend to increase this percentage. The release of stored energy of fcc metals during recovery appears to occur by 1) annealing of point defects if the deformation occurred at sufficiently low temperaturesg and 2) rearrangement of dislocations into low-energy Configurations.1,2In bcc metals, the annealing of dislocation loops has also been observed during recovery after prestrain,10-12 and it has been proposed that this is a recovery mechanism for unidirectionally strained fcc metals.&apos; The density of dislocations in bcc metals has not been observed to decrease appreciably during recovery,10 although the formation of regular dislocation networks has been observed. has shown that the formation of such networks can result in elimination of long-range stresses and can lead to significant release of stored energy without dislocation annihilation. It might thus be expected that network formation is a significant recovery mechanism in fcc metals, although extensive network formation has apparently not been reported in controlled recovery experiments. The formation of sub-boundaries in aluminum has been observed by various investigators13&apos;17 during recovery studies of aluminum, but the structure of these boundaries was not resolved. In this regard, it is significant to note that Bailey and Hirsch,&apos; using transmission electron microscopy, detected no network or sub-boundary formation during recovery of 99.99 pct Ag. Furthermore, Clarebrough et al.2 found no such rearrangements during recovery of copper. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The high-purity aluminum used in this investigation was obtained in the form of 0.125-in.-thick sheet. Spectrographic analysis revealed that the sheet was 99.995 pct A1 with the following weight-percent impurities: 0.001 Cu, 0.002 Fe, 0.001 Si, and 0.0004 Mg. The as-received sheet was in the heavily cold-rolled condition. The as-received sheet was cold-rolled at room temperature to 0.040-in.-thick sheet in the longitudinal direction, which was the original rolling

Jan 1, 1965

At Waiuta near Reefton there is a remarkable vein of quartz &lt;1 m thick which, apart from small offsets on late-stage faults, is a sheet like body essentially continuous down-dip and along-strike for&gt; 1 km. The vein strikes NNE and dips steeply west (032/78¦W). From 1906-1951 the Blackwater mine produced 740,404 ounces of gold from the vein, called the æBirthday ReefÆ, which was one third of the total production from Reefton Goldfield and the fourth largest gold mine in New Zealand. Within the mine the vein is disrupted into a series of northeast-plunging shoots by late-stage faults. Similar faults, but with larger displacements, were thought in the past to truncate the vein at the northern and southern ends of the mine. The implication of this fault dissection model is that offset remnants of the vein await discovery. This study investigated the geometry of the vein and its relationship to host-rock structures and late-stage faults. A new model considers folding and lithological variation in the host-rocks to be fundamental in controlling the scale and geometry of veining, but does not rule out the possibility of some late-stage fault dissection. The Birthday Reef truncates 200-400 m wavelength folds in Greenland Group host-rocks at c.10¦ angle, that results in variation in the structural properties of host-rocks along strike every ~1350-2500 m. The spacing of fold hinges in the wall-rock veins is equivalent to the strike length of historic mining, implying that the Birthday Reef is probably hosted in a single limb of a fold. Similar relationships between mineralisation and host-rock folds appear to be present elsewhere in the Reefton Goldfield (e.g. Capleston and Murray Creek group of mines). Exploration targets are located one fold wavelength (c.1350-2500 m) further along strike from the Blackwater mine and relatively barren rock is expected in between the mine and target areas. Refining the location of folds and different host rock lithologies, using geophysical data and quality geological mapping, is the key to reducing exploration risks and discovering further resources.

Jan 1, 2000

Mining is a fundamental activity on which modern society and the world&apos;s economy are entirely dependent. Mining investors, large and small, invest on an international scale, frequently being active in several countries. &nbsp; Prior to committing investment to new countries, the prudent investor will consider the risk involved by analysing a number of physical, financial, administrative and political parameters that impact on the potential financial returns it is seeking. This paper considers these risk factors in relationship to New Zealand and six competitor countries. The conclusion is that for reasons largely within the control of our politicians, New Zealand is a high risk country for mining investors.

Jan 1, 1993

By R. W. Mei, R. A. Strombom, D. J. Moore

"Heat-shrinkable cable accessories are solving problems in the mining industry. This paper describes a range of products used by the industry, including low-voltage splices, high-voltage splices to 8.7 k V, cable repair sleeves, mining cable terminations used on system voltages up to 25 kV and motor connection kits up to 8 k V. Technical procedures and designs are illustrated.IntroductionThe development of high-performance heat-shrinkable materials slightly over 20 years ago proved to be one of the major technological breakthroughs in power cable accessories. Heat-shrinkable products were introduced initially for use as low-volt age cable accessories in the aircraft and electronics industry. A program of continuous development and product introduction now enables the manufacturer to offer a broad range of products for mining, industrial and utility electrical systems.With the advent of atomic energy, an important discovery was made-exposure of some plastic materials to high-energy electrons can cause the permanent crosslinking, or intermolecular joining, of adjacent molecules. Once the material has been crosslinked, it will not melt or flow at any temperature.The unique properties of heat-shrinkable products also result from the exposure of special thermoplastic formulations to high-energy electrons. Because of crosslinking, these products have perfect elastic memory. The heat-shrinkable products are supplied in expanded condition. When heated, they will shrink and tightly cover the object over which they have been placed. &apos;The functional and operating demands of mine cable accessories exceeded the classic electronic applications of heat shrinkable materials. These demands required a very sophisticated program to develop materials and adhesive systems that could endure the operational environment associated with the mining industry,Ease of assembly, low installed cost and operational reliability are among the main reasons for the acceptance of heat-shrinkable mine cable accessories in electrically powered mines. For over a decade, these systems have been demonstrating proven performance."

Jan 1, 1980

By V. F. Swanson

As part of the Bureau of Mines titanium resources examination program, samples of altered rock (saprolite) and unaltered rock from the Roseland anorthosite near Roseland, Nelson County, Va., were tested for amenability to beneficiation by flotation. A flotation technique was developed to produce bulk concentrates of ilmenite, rutile, sphene, and leucoxene. It was necessary to first float apatite using oleic acid as the collector, in an alkaline pulp with dextrine as a titanium mineral depressant. The titanium minerals could then be floated from the apatite tailing, using fluosilicic acid to depress the remaining apatite, morin to depress ferromagnesian minerals (when present), and oleic acid as the collector. A bulk titanium mineral concentrate, analyzing 66.0 percent Ti02 and 0.08 percent P205, was obtained from a sample of the unaltered rock which contained 5.45 percent TiO2 and 2.81 percent P205. Overall recovery in the concentrate was 47.1 percent of the total TiO2 in the ore. About 55 to 65 percent of the saprolite sample was clay and was removed by attrition scrubbing and decantation. The apatite prefloat procedure was applied to the saprolite sands; subsequent titanium mine: 1 flotation recovered 72.2 percent of the Ti02 in a bulk concentrate containing 65.1 percent TiO2 and 0.20 percent P205.

Jan 1, 1962

By M. Schafer

The 6-m- (20-ft-) diameter cast-in-place tunnel lining for Phase 3 of the Mill Creek Tunnel (MCT3) has been completed. This article summarizes aspects of liner design and ad-dresses the construction approach in placing the liner in areas of tunnel that experienced crown overbreak. Tunnel lining production rates, installation procedures and form buoyancies experienced during concrete placement will also be presented. The Mill Creek Phase 3 tunnel (MCT-3) is expected to be completed this year. It is one of the largest tunneling projects undertaken by the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD) to date. The tunnel horizon is situated within the Devonian Chagrin Shale rock formation at an average depth of 85 m (280 ft). The tunnel was excavated using a two-pass method. A full face, fully shielded, Robbins 7.2-m- (23.8-ft-) diameter tunnel boring machine (TBM) was used to excavate approximately 4,500 m (15,000 ft) of tunnel and facilitate installation of initial supports (first pass). The final lining (second pass) consists of 305-mm- (12-in.-) thick cast-in-place reinforced concrete and integral low flow channel. Seven shafts were constructed on the project. The excavation of the tunnel commenced at Shaft 14 and proceeded down grade to Shaft 9, the terminus shaft. Because of the presence of overbreak in the tunnel crown, measures were required to support the form and counteract the effects of buoyancy during concrete placement.

Jan 1, 2008

Rio Tinto has embarked on a journey to use automation to improve the performance of its surface mines. The driver for automation is to improve the accuracy and consistency of mining processes and less to do with cost savings through labour reduction. A key task in most surface mines is blasthole drilling. The degree to how well this is done cascades through the downstream mining process. It impacts scheduling, excavation, slope stability, material handling, beneficiation and final product blending. Improved blasthole drilling was identified as an objective that has a significant business case in most of Rio Tinto&apos;s surface mines. This paper describes Rio Tinto&apos;s drill enhancement project that has developed a robust system for automating most of the functions on a Terex SKSS16 drill rig. Automated drilling is currently being used in production at the West Angelas iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. A description of the essential elements of the drill automation system is given together with an overview of how automated drilling is performed remotely from the mine office. A review of some of the benefits of the enhanced drill system is given together with the future plans to extend the functionality of the automated drill and the expected benefits.

May 1, 2010

By T. A. Klinefelter

KYANITE and the related minerals sillimanite, andalusite, dumortierite, and topaz are natural aluminum silicates that can be used in production of mullite (3A1203?2Si02), a superduty refractory material. Kyanite and sillimanite are the dominant ones because of their greater abundance. The only other kyanite-group mineral presently used for mullite production is andalusite. Mullite is not an absolutely essential material as other refractories can be used in the same heat range. However, it is a highly satisfactory one. It is the only compound of silica and alumina that is stable at high temperatures. It has low thermal expansion and is very resistant to corrosive melts and to thermal shock. For these reasons mullite refractories have a much longer life than standard fire-clay refractories under the same conditions. Worldwide, excluding U.S.S.R., the refractories industry consumes about 150-000 short tons annually of kyanite group minerals and synthetic mullite.

Jan 1, 1961

By E. H. Myrhaug, K. Aasly, T. Malvik

Six different types of quartz and quartzites used as raw materials by ferroalloy plants have been investigated with respect to their thermo mechanical properties. In order to investigate the effect of the thermal shock caused by the rapid heating of quartz when it enters the furnace, the following techniques have been used for both in situ investigations and investigations of pre-heated quartz: -Heating stage microscopy for in situ observation of heating effects. -Shock heating of quartz in an induction furnace An optical microscope-mounted heating stage was used for in situ observations of the microscopic effects of heating up to 1300 ºC. The effects of heating were observed at different temperature intervals in different samples. The main temperature intervals were below 573 ºC and above 1000 ºC. The cause of the observed effects is interpreted as fluid inclusion decrepitation for T<573 °C and structural implications (micro cracks, grain boundaries and remaining fluid inclusions) at T>1200 °C. Shock heating of the samples was carried out in an induction furnace to 1300 ºC for ten minutes. The effects of the heating were studied with different techniques such as direct observation during and directly after heating, optical microscopy and XRD. Combined transmitted and fluorescence light microscopy shows that the heated quartz show an opening of the grain boundaries and evenly distributed micro cracks that were not present in the unheated reference samples. In some of the heated samples, weak generation of cristobalite was detected by XRD.

Jan 1, 2007