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By Lawson F

Narrowly sized samples of synthetic chalcocite (Cu2S) and covellite (CuS) were leached in oxygenated acidic sulphate-chloride solutions. Chalcocite leaches via a two-stage process, the first stage being much more rapid than the second. The apparent activation energies are 42.7 kJ/mol and 68.2 kJ/mol respectively, indicating that both stages are controlled by surface chemical reactions. The leaching of covellite is also chemically rate limited with an apparent activation energy of 77.0 kJ/mol. The shrinking core model is able to be used to describe the leaching processes of both copper sulphides. Over 97% of copper present in chalcocite dissolved in 0.5 M H2SO4i0.5 M NaCl solution under one atmosphere pressure of oxygen at 85¦C in three hours from particles 36 pm in diameter while only 85% of the contained copper in covellite particles 13 pm in diameter dissolved in the same solution under the same pressure at 90¦C in six hours. About 99% of the sulphide sulphur in chalcocite was oxidised to elemental sulphur while only 90% of sulphide sulphur was converted to elemental sulphur during covellite leaching. The mechanism proposed for the two-stage leaching of chalcocite particles is as follows: in the first stage, cuprous ions rapidly diffuse to the external reaction surface where they lose electrons and go into solution as a complex cupric chloride ion CuCl'. The second leaching stage begins when covellite is formed at the external surface. Copper again goes into solution as the CuCl* ion. The mechanism for leaching synthetic covellite is similar to the second leaching stage for chalcocite except that the leaching rate of synthetic covellite is substantially lower than that of the newly formed 'covellite'. Elemental sulphur formed on the particle surface retards the dissolution processes during both chalcocite and covellite leaching. The presence of chloride ions is necessary if essentially all of the copper from chalcocite is to go into solution. When no chloride ions were present, the leaching rate of both newly formed and synthetic covellite was almost zero. The main role of chloride ions in both chalcocite and covellite leaching appears to be to disrupt the passivation film of sulphur on the particle surface.

Jan 1, 1989

By Xiang-dong XING, Zhen-yang wang, Xing-le LIU, Jian-Liang Zhang

Experiments were carried out by adding CaF2 as catalyst in a Ar atmosphere to study the isothermal reduction kinetics of vanadium titano-magnetite carbon composite pellets under high temperature in the range from1473 to 1673K. By analyzing reduction mechanism, it was found that the rate controlling step was gas diffusion, and the activation energy was 178.39kJ•mol-1 without adding any catalysts. Adding CaF2 of 3% to vanadium titano-magnetite carbon composite pellets can decrease the apparent activation energy of reduction, and the decrease extent was 14.95kJ•mol-1. In addition, temperature is an important factor influencing on reaction rate.

Jan 1, 2015

By C. B. Henderson

The development of slurries of coal and water as a boiler fuel replacing No. 6 fuel oil has been actively pursued at the Atlantic Research Corporation since 1976. Funding for this effort has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Electric Power Research Institute, and by corporate funds. The name ARC-COALTM has been selected for these slurries. Stable coal-water slurries with bone-dry coal loadings between 62% and 77% have been prepared, evaluated rheologically, and successfully burned in an experimental furnace without the assistance of other fuels. The advantages and properties of these slurries, including combustion results, are reviewed. Also discussed is the pilot line used for processing barrel quantities of fuel and a pilot plant capable of processing 600 bbl/day, currently being designed.

Jan 1, 1982

By Ernest E. Fairbanks

[Microscopic methods have proved to be valuable assets in the study of low-grade ores. While the chemical assay u a ally discloses tine total content of valuable metals in such an ore, a thorough knowledge of the nature of the ore should form the from which to prepare an efficient means of recovery. In the treatment of low-grade ores, inefficient recovery, as indicated bay the amount of valuable mineral permitted to go to waste in the tailings, is too frequently the rule rather than the exception, As methods of recovery become more efficient, many low-grade 10 mineral A posits suddenly assume o commercial significance, In much of this material the minerals are so finely disseminated and intermixed that identification even by microscopic methods is a difficult matter. The application of microchemical qualitative analysis with the aid of new device described in this paper, will solve many of the problems of identification encountered in the study of low-grade potential ores. In these ores, especially, the limitations of ordinary microscopic methods are liable to become very great. The microchemical tests obtained by applying a standard set of reagents to a polished knoting whether or not a tarnishing action develops, have considerable value but arc far from being infallible. It is well-known that electrolytic effects are apt to affect seriously the diagnostic value of the tests, end this effect is encountered much more frequently in dealing with finely desseminated minerals. resort to microchemical qualitative analysis, therefore, becomes indispensable.]

Jan 1, 1924

By Dudley Homer

MINAS DE MATAHAMBRE, S.A. is a Cuban mining corporation with mines located in the Matahambre district about 100 miles westerly from Havana in the Province of Pinar del Rio. The port of entry is the subport of Santa Lucia on the north coast of Cuba. The mines are located six miles inland at the town of Minas de Matahambre. Minas de Matahambre and Santa Lucia are connected by a 9-mile automobile road, and a 30,000-ft. Leschen aerial tramway. At the subport of Santa Lucia the company maintains docks, concentrate bins, tugs, lighters, and miscellaneous shipping equipment. The power plant of the company is also located at Santa Lucia. Connection between the power plant and the mine is effected by a 30,000-ft. transmission line. In the town of Minas de Matahambre are located the mines, concentrator, shops, and warehouses. The con-centrates are transported to Santa Lucia by the Leschen aerial tramway. The mines are equipped with three shafts, viz., Nos. 1, 2, and 3. (Fig. 1.) No. 1 Shaft is a three-compartment vertical tim-bered shaft and has reached a depth of 1825 ft. This is the present main hoisting shaft. No. 2 Shaft is a four-compartment vertical shaft lined with steel sets and native hardwood lagging. Certain portions where the ground is heavy have been lined with re-inforced concrete. Practically all production will be hoisted eventually through this shaft. No. 3 Shaft is a three-compartment vertical timbered shaft. It has reached a depth of 1090 ft. Its purpose is for prospecting, ventilation, and handling men and sup-plies through the north section of the mine.

Jan 1, 1933

By Walter E. Heinrichs

The following is a condensed version of an open letter addressed to Bil Gilbert of Sports Illustrated: Your article, "When a Law Fights a Law, Sports Illustrated. April 26, 1971, betrays considerable unfamiliarity with the subjects of ecology, social science, mining law and history. In a magazine as widely circulated as Sports Illustrated, an article of such a slanted nature misleads the general public.

Jan 1, 1971

By J. R. Cahoon, H. W. Paxton

The possibility of using unidirectionally solidified, two-phase alloys as an approximation to fiber composite materials is investigated. The short-term me.chanical properties and failure modes of unidirectionully solidified A1 (rich)-Cu alloys containing ap -Proximately 0, 17.5, and 27.7 vol pct of 0 phase 'fibers" are determined at temperatures from 25" to 500" and compared with those obtained for conventionul SAP alloys. In a previous publication,' hereafter referred to as I, the possibility of understanding some of the room-temperature mechanical properties of unidirectionally solidified castings was explored. For Al(rich)-Cu and Al(rich)-Mg two-phase alloys over a substantial range of compositions, the yield and ultimate strengths and common ductility measures were very adequately predicted from the principles of fiber strengthening4 and the analysis of ductility outlined by Gurland and Plateau." The results obtained in I suggest the possibility of using unidirectionally solidified, two-phase alloys to simulate fiber composite materials where the inter-dendritic second phase or constituent acts as the reinforcing material. Recent attempts concerning the fabrication of fiber conlposites have concentrated on producing composites with a good bond between fiber and matrix and with very long fibers so that their maximum contribution to the strength of the composite may be realized. However, these objectives are difficult to attain in practice and present fabrication processes are either extremely laborious or costly.13 The slow, unidirectional solidification of eutectics has received considerable attention as a method for producing composite materials. 5,6 This method can fulfill both of the above objectives but it is currently laborious, expensive, and has the additional disadvantage that the volume fraction of reinforcing phase cannot be easily varied. On the other hand, unidirectionally solidified, two-phase alloys, also with a good bond between the phases, are relatively easy to make and the volume fraction of reinforcing "fibers" can be easily varied by changing the average composition of the alloy. The disadvantage of the cast alloys is that the mechanical effectiveness of the "elongated interdendritic reinforcements" (EIR)* may be reduced due to their rela- tively short lengths, the w factor in Eq. [2] of I. However, if the EIR have a high strength their contribution can be considerable. For composite materials containing discontinuous cylindrical fibers of various lengths the ultimate strength is given by1 where it is assumed that the composite fractures when the fibers fail. In Eq. [I], a, is the stress in the matrix just prior to failure of the composite, Vf is the total volume fraction of fiber reinforcing constituent, Vf(l+) is the volume fraction of fibers whose lengths exceed the critical length, I,, which is defined as the shortest length of fiber in which the stress can build up sufficiently to break the fiber. af is the fracture strength of the fiber material, w is a factor accounting for the discontinuity of those fibers whose lengths exceed I,, 1-/d is the average aspect ratio of those fibers whose lengths are shorter than I,, and t is the shear stress in the matrix at the fiber-matrix interface. The factor w is dependent on the length of the fibers and also on whether deformation of the matrix occurs plastically or elastically. However, for a given length of fiber, w is smaller when elastic deformation of the matrix is assumed.' It is of interest to consider the properties of simple unidirectionally solidified, two-phase alloys at elevated temperatures in view of the possibility of using suitable modifications for high temperature service. Knowledge of the creep behavior of these materials is still rudimentary (although under active investigation) and the present paper concerns itself with short time tensile properties of some alloys similar to those investigated in I (i.e., unidirectionally solidified Al(rich)-Cu alloys). Unidirectionally solidified alloys containing 5.6, 17, and 23 wt pct Cu were tested parallel to the direction of solidification at temperatures from 25" to 500°C. In the present investigation, the alloys were homogenized for 2 days at 535°C giving a matrix of homogeneous a phase (5.2 wt pct Cu) and an interdendritic constituent (EIR) which was completely Q phase (53 wt pct Cu). EXPERIMENTAL Alloys of nominal composition 5.6, 17, and 23 wt pct Cu (containing approximately 0, 17.5, and 27.7 vol pct 8 phase, respectively, after homogenization at 535°C) were prepared by melting 1200 g of A1 (99.99 pct) in a high purity graphite crucible and adding the appropriate amount of freshly cleaned copper chips (99.9 pct). The molten alloy (at 700°C) was poured into a preheated graphite mold (also at 700°C) and the ingot unidirectionally solidified by impinging water on the steel baseplate of the mold. The alloy was degassed immediately

Jan 1, 1970

By D. Duff, R. A. Cameron, R. E. S. Whitehead

"Although CO2 content indicates the quantity of carbonate in altered basaltic rocks, it does not measure the intensity of carbonate alteration. CO/CaO molar ratios, which correlate with the relative proportions of individual carbonate species, measure the intensity of carbonatization. The Timmins gold area is characterized by pervasive carbonatization, with large parts of the area having CO2/Ca0 ratios greater than 1, representing C02 supersaturation relative to CaO. The mean CO/CaO in the Timmins area is0.67, compared to 0.13 in two unmineralized control areas. Regional arsenic abundance in the gold-bearing area averages 4 ppm, compared to about 0.35 ppm for the non-mineralized areas. The average K20 and Rb abundances are similar in both mineralized and non-mineralized areas (about 0.30% K20 and 7 ppm Rb). Although there appears to have been no wholesale addition of K20 or Rb to the mineralized area from external sources, these alkalies have been redistributed internally, resulting in patterns of local enrichments and depletions which are characteristic of the mineralized region.Local target anomalies associated with known mineralization consist of CO2/Ca0 > 1.5, As > 10 ppm and K2O > 0. 75%. Not all three values are required to be above these thresholds in order to identify local targets. Combinations such as C02/ Ca0 > 1.5 and As < 10 ppm, CO/CaO 1-1.5 and K20 > 0. 75 or K20 > 0. 75 and As > 10 ppm are equally indicative of proximity to gold occurrences. Gold-bearing veins and associated anomalies occur throughout the entire volcanic succession and are not restricted to any particular stratigraphic horizons. The levels and patterns of alteration and occurrences of gold appear to be structurally controlled."

Jan 1, 1982

By David Montgomery

The feasibility of building a calibrator for the DuPont D-100 audio dosimeter is discussed. The desired specifications are used as guidelines but the possibility of their relaxation is also considered. Commercially available equipment is surveyed and found to not satisfy the guidelines. Several alternate concepts are investigated, and recommendations for further work are presented.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. Temporal

An introduction to the conference material in this issue is given together with the issue contents list, closing remarks by its chairman Dr. J. Temporal, the list of contributors and their companies, and the information that the 26th Sir Julius Wernher memorial lecture had had to be presented by the lecturer's wife, M. Biggart, in his absence due to site problems on the Storebaelt project

Jun 16, 1905

By L Neindorf

The development and application of paste fill, cement slurry aggregate fill and shotcrete bulkheads at Mount Isa Mines is described. The progressive changes in filling style in the Mount Isa copper mines from a dry fill based cemented rock fill to tailings based paste fill and slurry fills is explained. The development of shotcrete arched bulkheads and engineered drainage system is described. Details on how Mount Isa Mines has achieved approximately 30 per cent cost reduction in backfill operations through innovations are given. The development of a rocky paste fill is explained.

Jan 1, 2005

By V. Kecojevic

The objective of this research was to establish the relationship between production, consumption and energy cost in the surface mining of bituminous coal. Specific energy sources such as diesel, gasoline, electricity, explosives and bituminous coal were considered in this study. Gain in net energy, proportion of the cost of energy consumption and total energy cost relative to total revenue of extracted coal were determined, and a new energy efficiency index and a new energy-cost ratio were established. A case study on an operating surface coal mine was carried out to demonstrate the application of the newly developed method. The results of this study can be used by the mine operators in establishing strategies for the optimization of energy production and consumption, and for reducing the cost of bituminous coal extraction.

Jan 1, 2014

By W. P. Saunders, W. R. Hibbard, G. H. Eichelman

Interest in the various products of the austenite eutectoid transformation in iron-carbon alloys, particularly as produced by the isothermal sub-critical techniques introduced by Davenport and Bain,&apos; has resulted in the application of similar heat treatments to other eutectoid transformations. Studies o f the beta copper-aluminum alloy eutectoid transformation revealed microstructures very similar to those found in iron-carbon alloys. Investigations5t6 of the kappa phase in the copper-silicon alloy system have established the eutectoid type transformation of this phase into terminal alpha and intermediate gamma phases. This transformation has been reported5 as forming a eutectoid type structure in a very sluggish manner by a long time isothermal treatment. The purpose of the present investigation is to study the products of the kappa eutectoid transformation as affected by transformation temperatures by means of microscopic and hardness methods. Preparation of Alloys The copper-silicon alloy equilibrium diagram is shown in Fig 1. The kappa field converges to a minimum silicon solubility at the eutectoid composition and all other completely kappa alloys are hypereutec-toid. Thus, kappa decomposition involves first the proeutectoid precipitation of gamma, followed by the eutectoid transformation of a lower silicon content kappa (5.2 pct) Smith6 has indicated that alloys containing between 5.4 and 5.7 pct silicon could be hot rolled, but that the latter composition was desirable in order to permit a wider kappa temperature range. The alloy was prepared by adding Baker&apos;s commercially pure silicon to an ingot of copper-silicon alloy containing 2.34 pct silicon remaining from the investigation of Brick, Martin and Angier.&apos; Following the casting techniques of Krynitsky, Saunders and Stern,s the ingot was melted under a heavy layer of dried charcoal in a clay-graphite crucible in a gas-fired pot furnace. Small lumps of silicon were held under thc melt surface with a graphite rod. After the silicon had dissolved, the alloy was chill-cast and then remelted without a cover, stirred thoroughly, skimmed and poured into a preheated cast iron mold. The cast microstructure is shown in Fig 2. The casting, 10 X 4 X K in., was annealed at 750°C for 21 hr and furnace cooled, About }{& in. was milled from all surfaces. The plate was cut in half longitudinally and the bottom half analyzed by A.S.T.M. and The composition by weight was as follows: copper 94.24 pct, silicon 5.56 pct, iron 0.11 pct.

Jan 1, 1949

By C. S. Barrett, O. R. Trautz

Previous investigations have shown that lithium is body-centered cubic from near its melting point to the temperature of liquid air.1,2,3 Nevertheless there was an incentive to search again for a transformation at low temperatures: C. Zener4.5 has remarked that the low value of the elastic modulus (C11 — Cl2)/z of body-centered cubic metals and alloys implies a rapid increase in free energy with decreasing temperature, which would favor the occurrence of a transformation; also the shear movement to which this modulus applies is one that can transform a body-centered cubic structure into a slightly distorted face-centered cubic structure. It was confirmed that lithium does not transform spontaneously at liquid nitrogen temperature, but it was found that a transformation can be induced at this temperature by cold working the metal,6 and at slightly lower temperatures a different transformation occurs spontaneously. Transformations were also found in solid solutions of magnesium in lithium. The Nature of the Transformations Before presenting a detailed treatment of the technique used and the specific data obtained, it would be well to give a brief survey of the general characteristics of the transformations. A new crystal structure begins to form spontaneously in a specimen when it is cooled below a critical temperature. In lithium the structure appears to be close-packed hexagonal; in theLi-Mg alloys most of the diffraction lines (but not all) are near those for hexagonal lithium. The transformation proceeds as the temperature is lowered and soon stops if the temperature is held constant or raised. The course of the transformation on cooling is indicated by the curve at the lower left of Fig -I. This curve is drawn in stepped fashion because the transformation goes by discrete steps with audible clicks. Because of the similarity to the decomposition of austenite into martensite in steels, it seems appropriate to designate the beginning of the spontaneous transformation on cooling as the Ms point. On heating to room temperature after the low temperature treatment only the usual BCC structure is found. On heating, the low temperature modification begins to disappear at a temperature which will be designated as Ac. The transformation on heating is halted when the rise in temperature is halted. The temperature must be raised 40 to 50°C above Ac before the reversion is complete—an interval which is sensitive to the rate of heating and to the time of holding at temperatures above Ac. This behavior on heating thus has similarities also to the formation of martensite in the cooling of steels.

Jan 1, 1949

By Mahdi Shevrini, Hamed Haghi

"In this research, the operation of screen classifying in silica processing circuits was investigated and modified by replacement of available trommel screens with teetered bed separator (TBS). In addition the effect of the mentioned replacement and addition of attrition scrubber on quality of final product, impurities removal, recovery and production rate were inspected. Considering screen efficiency problems to achieve certain particle size distribution, hydraulic classifying system was selected instead of trommel screens. Application of suggested plan improved quality and particle size distribution of produced silica significantly. Optimization of size classification in process circuit resulted in increase in production rate up to 21% (from 67% to 81%), silica recovery (from 68.35% up to 83.11%) and relative enhancement in removal of impurities such as Fe2O3 and TiO2. After optimization and stabilization of grinding and size classification section, industrial attrition scrubbing tests were carried out and the best solid percent and retention time were determined i.e. 70% and 6 minutes, respectively. Using sodium carbonate during attrition scrubbing, has major effect on removal of surface coating and staining especially sharp increase in clay removal; therefore 2 kg/t of sodium carbonate can be optimistic point of industrial procedure for this silica processing plant. It should be mentioned that application of attrition scrubbing which is followed by screw classifier for de-sliming were useful for better cumulating of particles in the range of appropriate liberation degree (+106-300µm) and efficient removal of metallic (iron and titanium oxides) and non-metallic (clays and feldspars) impurities."

Jan 1, 2014

By Arthur Smith

THE Verde mining district is in Yavapai County, in north-central Arizona. Jerome, the principal town, has a population of 6000 and the two important mines of the district-the United Verde and the United Verde Extension-lie almost within its limits. Perched high on the southwest side of the Verde valley, at elevations of 4800 and 5500 ft. (1463 and 1676 m.) respectively, both mines have long tunnels from their lower levels through which the ore is hauled to the smelters. Clarkdale, the smelter town for the United Verde mines, lies in the Verde valley 4.1 miles (6.5 km.) distant in an air line from Jerome and at an elevation of 3560 ft. The two towns are connected by the standard-gage railroad of the Verde Tunnel and Smelter R. R., a subsidiary of the United Verde Copper Co. This road is 11 miles long and has a compensated grade of 4 per cent. At Clarkdale it connects with the Verde valley branch of the Santa Fe railroad. Clemenceau, the smelter town for the United Verde Extension mine, lies 3.5 miles (5.8 km.) in a southeasterly direction from Clarkdale, at an elevation of 3420 ft. It is connected to the Verde Valley branch of the Santa Fe railroad at Clarkdale by the Arizona Extension R. R., . a subsidiary of the United Verde Extension Mining Co. The portal of the haulage tunnel, at an elevation of 3757.5 ft., is also connected with the smelter town by 4 miles of standard-gage track belonging to? the same company. In the vicinity of Jerome, the great southern escarpment of the Arizona plateau forms the northeast side of the Verde valley. The general level of this escarpment, or "rim" as it is called, is about 4000 ft. above the Verde River. A corresponding elevation is reached only by the highest peaks of the Black Hills, which bound the valley to the southwest. Two lava-capped mesas, known as "Mingus" and "Wood chute mountains," form the culmination of the Black Hills. That part of the Old Black Hills mining district which lies between their crests and the Verde River is now known as the Jerome, or Verde, mining district. If the . smelter towns are not included, a strip about 7 miles long by 3 miles (11 by 5 km.) wide, embraces practically all of the properties belonging to the Jerome district. This strip lies parallel to and along the side of the Verde valley from First View, 2 miles northwest from Jerome, to the vicinity of Allen Springs, at the south end of Mingus mountain and all within the boundaries of the Prescott national forest reserve.

Jan 3, 1924

By Kenneth R. Hancock

The importance of "Mineral Pigments" can best be shown by noting that the world production is estimated to be in excess of 47 billion kilograms (52 million st). This quantity if pack- aged in the common 22.6 Kg (50 Lb.) bag and placed end to end would circle the world over 500 times. This world production figure is based on a broad concept that pigments, extenders, and fillers have essentially similar functions. In this paper mineral pigments are products produced synthetically or from selected minerals and through pulverization have characteristics of pigments.

Jan 1, 1985

By A. Metzer

When paraffinic gases (ethane, propane, butane) are used as the gas phase in flotation systems, the initial rate of flotation and recovery are generally increased as compared with air. The mechanism of the effect of paraffinic gases in flotation was studied and it was shown that they co-adsorb with the collector ions on the mineral-aqueous solution interface. The effect of this co-adsorption was interpreted in terms of apparent increase of the effective chain length of the collector by the co-adsorbed gas. Adsorption densities, contact angles and flotation behaviour were studied on the following systems: a) Quartz - dodecyl ammonium chloride - ethane and propane b) Calcite - sodium oleate - propane and butane. The positive effect of the co-adsorbed gases is a maximum at low collector concentrations or where critical conditions for flotation with air prevail.

Jan 1, 1974

By Kjell Lidin, Christer Nordström

INTRODUCTION LKAB produces iron ore in several mines in northern Sweden, and has been doing so for nearly 100 years. Total production to date is 600 million tonnes of finished products of various kinds (pellets, lump ore, fines). Close to 400 million tonnes have been produced by sublevel caving. This method has been the company&apos;s standard method for more than 20 years. A review of the development of equipment over the past 15 years and an outlook up to about 1990 leads to the following general re- flections concerning probable trends. Trends for all equipment are increasing precision and stricter environmental requirements will necessitate cabs, remote control etc to an increasing extent. Conventional sublevel caving can be broken down into the following unit operations: 1. Planning incl prospecting drilling. 2. Horizontal drilling. 3. Fan drilling. 4. Charging and blasting. 5. Loading and haulage at sublevels. 6. Ore drawing in chutes. 7. Rock reinforcement. 8. Production service. This lecture will deal in brief with each of these unit operations and the trends we are experiencing for them. A number of slides illustrating equipment

Jan 1, 1981

The continuous casting of zinc alloys has been of fundamental importance for many years in the production of a number of products, including sheet for architectural applications, battery cans for dry cells and wire for metallising. The intrinsic benefits of continuous casting, including efficiency and high tonnage capability, uniformity of metallurgical structure and properties, and absence of voids and other defects, have contributed to the success of these products. Less well known, but of growing importance, is the more recent application of continuous casting technology to the production of zinc alloy bar stock products, including bearing stock, machining bar stock, forging stock and cathodic protection anodes. A wide range of zinc alloys are now continuously cast in a variety of cross sectional shapes and sizes to suit the diverse characteristics of these products. Of particular significance are the introduction of hollow zinc-aluminum bearing stock, and the availability of zinc alloy machining bar stock for hydraulic applications and for producing prototypes of zinc alloy pressure die castings. In addition to the traditional benefits, continuous casting provides special properties which are important in the application of these bar stock products. The list of successful applications of continuously cast zinc alloy bar stock is growing rapidly, and the market potential for resultant new zinc applications appears to be significant.

Jan 1, 1993