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By Harry Perry, Mary S. Esfandiary

This is a revision of a directory of coal research organizations throughout the world that was first published in 1961 as Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8008. Because of the wide acceptance of the first edition , a revision which would supply up- to - date information on coal research and which would facilitate communication among organizations of similar interest seemed important . This compilation includes the names and activities of organizations of various types -government , university , private , and industry . The areas of investigation that each organization is engaged in are indicated in broad terms : Analysis and constitution , mining and geology , preparation , briquetting , combustion , high- and low-temperature carbonization , gasification , conversion to solid and liquid fuels , and health and safety . Publications issued by and describing the work of each organization are cited ; almost all of the organizations also publish results of their investigations in the technical press . Selected technical and trade publications that publish information on the science and technology of coal and are not published directly by any of the organizations listed are cited in the pages following the list of organizations in each country . Information that would improve coverage and accuracy of the next revision of the publication will be welcomed by the Bureau of Mines .

Jan 1, 1966

By Maggi Loubser

"In a technologically advanced era, where process control is accurately maintained within the smallest error margins, and accuracy and precision are continuously improved, sampling is still left to the lowest paid employee in the company without training him or her properly to understand the relevance and importance of the task. In this paper the objectives of sampling in a process control environment is discussed and an attempt is made to link it to the theory of sampling. Some of the practical problems associated with implementing theoretical sampling principles in an industrial environment will be elucidated and some examples given on how compromises are made. Different methods of sampling will be discussed with real life examples from different manufacturing industries."

Jan 1, 2014

By Liane L. M. Kadnuck

This report summarizes the results of a hydrologic research study conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) in cooperation with Energy West Mining Co. at the Deer Creek and Cottonwood Mines, near Orangeville, UT. The USBM evaluated hydrologic and overburden failure data to assess the response of local ground water to underground coal mining in single-and multiple-seam conditions. Fourteen springs located over the two mines were investigated in the study along with overburden failure response caused by longwall panel extraction. Spring discharge was compared to climatic variation and time of undermining to quantify response to undermining. Spring discharge had been reduced owing to below-normal precipitation during the period evaluated. The response of springs to mining in the vicinity was influenced in part by the thick overburden present at the study site the presence of hydrophilic clays and mudstones in the overburden stratigraphy, and elevation of the springs above mine level, which buffered the effects of undermining.

Jan 1, 1994

ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE INSTITUTE (MR. J. G. SYMONS) IN PRESENTING THE AWARD TO ELLIOTT SYLVESTER TIMOTHY O'DRISCOLLTim O'Driscoll comes from a mixture of Irish and Scottish stock. His family on the paternal side settled on land in Western Australia in the middle of the last century. His family on the maternal side were part of the W.A. goldfields scenc, including places such as Kanowna, and the Great Fingal mine, near Cue, where his grandfather lies buried.The combination of land and mining environments may perhaps have contributed to an innate interest in geology shared by Tim and his two brothers, all of whom became geologists.Tim showed an early liking for mathematical and geometric subjects, and in his B.Sc. studies at the University of Western Australia he took a major in mathematics along with geology in 1940.His first job was on the Kalgoorlie Golden Mile, and then at Norseman. After serving as a flying boat navigator in the north and south Pacific theatres in World War II he returned to Kalgoorlie and thence to Broken Hill.

Jan 1, 1977

By Gerald P. Kelton

Over the past quarter of a century, the success of the hydrocyclone as a classifier in closed circuit grinding installations has permitted the introduction of the cyclone into virtually all fields of wet industrial processing. Research and experience gained in these applications have established the optimum cyclone sizes and designs necessary to provide the required performance. Although cyclones are used in widely diverse liquid-solid applications, their use for ultrafine separation clearly demonstrates the importance of a familiarity with previous case studies. Krebs Engineers is firmly dedicated to serving the process industry and has acquired the unsurpassed knowledge and experience to handle all types of separations and classification problems. Cyclones have been used for a number of applications to make what might be considered fine separations. A typical example is in an iron ore grinding circuit where a 381 mm diameter cyclone will classify an overflow product to 85% -44 micron. There is no question that this is a fine separation, but still finer separations are possible, and these are known as ultrafine separations.

Jan 1, 1983

By K. R. Nichol

The author points out that corrosion works 24 hours a day, every day. It is an economic reality that the cost of corrosion is inevitable and that its cost should be incurred in the least expensive way. An economic evaluation technique to properly assess its relative impact is the Discounted Cash Flow Method. Various remedial and corrosion control measures are available and these, when coupled with a planned corrosion control program, help reduce the cost of corrosion.

Jan 1, 1973

By Arden D. Fugate

The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted extensive studies on solid-state defluorination (laboratory scale) and tests on molten defluorination (intermediate scale) of siliceous fluorspars. The studies were made to develop a pyrohydrolytic process for liberating fluorine from offgrade fluorspars. Test results showed that more than 90 percent of the fluorine can be evolved by solid-state defluorination at 1,300° C., and more than 97 percent can be liberated by molten-state defluorination at 1,420° C. Solid-state defluorination conditions were established by conducting tests on mixtures of ceramic-grade fluorspars and high-purity silica flour. Pelletized mixtures were defluorinated under varying conditions of time, temperature, and relative concentrations of silica, calcium fluoride, and water. The effects of adding various amounts and combinations of aluminum oxide and iron oxide on defluorination were also studied. Investigations of solid-state defluorination indicates that the following two reactions are involved: 2CaF2 + 3SiO2 = 2CaSiO3 + SiF4, and CaF2 + Sio2 + H20 = CaSiO3 + 2HF, The second reaction is dominant, although significant defluorination can be achieved by the first reaction.

Jan 1, 1961

E. Hill, South Norwalk, Conn. (communication to the Secretary*) :—The phenomenon described by Dr. Ledoux, involving an apparently abnormal high temperature in the air-cylinders of compressors, has not been, so far as I know, discussed in technical literature. The common formula for the adiabatic compression of dry air does not account for heat suficient to flash ordinarily decent cylinder-oils, nor do the text-books include in their theoretical statements any quantitative consideration of the effect of leaks in the ideal machines which they contemplate. This lack I have endeavored to supply by preparing, in the form of a circular, for the use of the customers and correspondents of the Norwalk Iron-Works, a brief mathematical

Jan 1, 1904

By C. A. Silva

The kinetics of chlorination of titanium-bearing raw materials has been investigated. For comparison purposes pellets of controlled macro-porosity, made of analytical grade TiO2 and anatase concentrate (Brazil) , have been exposed to different combinations of gas composition - CO, CO2, C12 -, gas flowrate and temperature. A thermogravimetric technique and an adapted grain model have been used in order to assess the influence of the several experimental parameters upon the chlorination behavior.

Jan 1, 1997

By R. R. Brown

The solubility and the activity of aluminum chloride hexahydrate, A1C13?6H2O, in aqueous solutions were determined as a part of the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, research to improve mineral processing technology for recovering alumina from low-grade domestic resources. The solubility of A1C13 in pure water was found to be 31.09 and 31.77 wt-pct at 25° and 85° C, respectively, and decreased drastically to 10 and 0.1 wt-pct when the respective amounts of 20.3 and 37 wt-pct hydrochloric acid (HCI) were added in solution. The equilibrium constant for the solubility of hexahydrate, activities, and activity coefficients of A1C13 and H2O were calculated and compared with the results from the available methods of estimation. The results were shown to be useful in leaching nonbauxitic ores for extraction of alumina by changing the solubilities of component salts upon addition of HC1. Simultaneous solubilities of A1C13, FeC13, KC1, and NaC1 in solutions of HC1-H2O were also determined and their effects on the purity of A1C13?6H20 crystallized from mixed salt solutions are briefly discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

By John F. Gartner

"Traditionally, the geologists of Canada have been occupied with the tasks of finding new mineral bodies, locating gas and oil fields or hunting for economic deposits of industrial minerals. A very minor percentage of graduate geologists have applied their skills to solution of the ""urban blight"" or employing their understanding of ""Nature"" for the optimum use of land by mankind. However, things are changing quickly. The role of the geologist in the planning process is being established. It is an exciting time! Geologists are now being consulted on a wide range of urban planning problems. These vary, tor example, from assessment of the geological environment for the new communities of Erin Mills and Meadowvale, which will have total populations in excess of 100,000 people (truly a satellite city), to a complete geological/ geohydrological assessment of the new sanitary landfill for the city of Guelph.Use of geologic techniques and methods for urban studies must be enhanced with certain skills not taught, in the past, to the geologist. These include airphoto interpretation, soil mechanics, geohydrology, municipal engineering and highway engineering to mention a few. The geologist has the unique training to assess the natural environment and to discover, warn and explain the implications of man's attempt to command his environment."

Jan 1, 1972

By G. Asai

The purpose of this Bureau of Mines investigation was to determine the properties of arc-melted iron-chromium alloys ranging in chromium content from 12 to 50 wt.-pct. Alloys were prepared by consumable-electrode arc melting of electrodes composed of high-purity chromium and high-purity iron. Alloys were fabricated to rod and sheet, and the following data were obtained: Electrical resistivity, hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength at room temperature; and creep-rupture life at 650° C. (1,200° F.). As the chromium content of the annealed alloys varied from 12 to 50 pct., the properties varied as follows: The electrical resistivity increased proportionally from 41 to 53 microhm-cm,; the Rockwell hardness varied from A 38 to A 58; the tensile strength ranged from 52,000 to 96,000 p.s.i.; the impact strength of V-notched charpy specimens varied from 140 to 405 ft.-lb., and the 100-hour creep rupture life at 1,200° F. varied from 5,000 to 16,000 p.s.i.

Jan 1, 1962

By Terrence M. Carroll, Chu E. Ho, Dimitrios Niarchos

"Construction of the new extension to Terminal 4 at John F Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York involved the application of tapered piles for foundation support. Initial design based on past load testing experience had indicated that a pile depth of 65 feet was necessary to achieve a capacity of 394 tons. However, piles with a single length of 62 feet were ordered and installed, which led to marginal performance of the piles. This paper presents the technical considerations for mitigating the situation based on a systematic review of three preliminary pile load tests and dynamic capacity measurements on the shorter piles. Consideration was given to the long term gain in capacity of tapered piles due to set up in the Glacial Sand. The observational approach to the evaluation of piling performance adopted on this project resulted in salvaging many piles which failed to comply with the specified driving criteria. It was acknowledged that a more prudent course of action was for the Contractor to have ordered more appropriate pile lengths that allowed for potential variation in soil conditions across the site. The 4.6% saving in pile material did not warrant the effort that was required to mitigate the 39% of installed piles that did not meet the specified driving criterion.INTRODUCTIONAn expansion project at John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York involved the Phase 2 extension of Concourse B at Terminal 4. The site consists of 4 to 5 feet of pavement over about 10 feet of hydraulically placed sandy fill. Below this is a layer of marsh deposit, comprising of soft organic clay and peat, up to about 11 feet thick. Beneath the marsh deposits is a deep layer of glacial sand which extends to well over 100 feet below ground. Figure 1 shows the typical subsurface profile at the site. The new structures were supported on 223 steel tapered piles. The piles consisted of a straight steel pipe 18 inches in diameter and 0.375 inches thick, with a 25 feet long tapered bottom section (diameter varying from 18 inches down to 8 inches at the pile toe). The piles were first driven to the founding depth and subsequently in-filled with concrete. The concrete strength (fc) specified was 4,500 psi and the yield strength of the steel piles (fy) was 50 ksi. Initial pile design, based on earlier experience with static pile load testing for Phase 1 development at the same terminal, indicated that a pile length of 65 feet was necessary. However, piles with a single length of 62 feet were ordered and installed by the Contractor, leading to marginal performance of the piles. This paper presents the technical considerations for the adoption of alternative pile driving criteria, based on a systematic review of the preliminary static load test results for the present site and PDA measurements obtained during pile installation, in order to accommodate the capacity of the shorter piles."

Jan 1, 2017

By E. Swartzman

This paper presents a general re-view of the various methods of briquetting coals, with and without the aid of a binder, with special reference to the production of a suitable briquette from Nova Scotia 'fines' for re-blending with industrial coal. From the economic and technical viewpoints, either small stoker-sized briquettes made with about 4 per cent asphalt in standard low-pressure double-roll presses, or briquettes made without binder in high-pressure double-roll presses, appear to be the most reasonable solution at present.

Jan 1, 1959

By Phil A. Keele

"IntroductionGeneralThe Genesee Coal Mine is a joint venture of Fording Coal Limited and the city of Edmonton. The mine supplies thermal coal to the Genesee Generating Station operated by Edmonton Power and is located approximately 75 km southwest of Edmonton (Fig. I).Under the terms of the joint venture agreement, Fording Coal Limited has designed and developed the Genesee Coal Mine. Fording also operates the mine which has a minimum economic life of thirty-five years. Mine development started in the spring of 1987 with the construction of the dragline erection pad and mine service complex. Major development of mining areas was carried out in 1988 with the construction of haul roads, powerlines, topsoil recovery, etc. Mining officially commenced on December 14,1988.The mine produces 1.6 million tonnes of coal per year and employs 65 people. MiningGround conditions have turned out to be very poor, as expected with the majority of the overburden in the first few years a soft lacustrine clay with minor amounts of fine-grained glacial till. To compound matters, what was expected to be a relatively uniform coal subcrop turned out to be a very irregular erosional contact.The coal mined at Genesee is a sub-bituminous Class B thermal coal with approximately 16070 ash, 21% moisture, 8300 Btu/lb and 0.27% sulphur on an as-mined basis.The primary piece of mining equipment used at the Genesee Coal Mine is a M8200 walking dragline. It has an effective operating radius of 100.6 m, a 50.5 m3 bucket, and weighs approximately 3860 tonnes yielding a ground pressure of III KN/m2•Figure 2 illustrates schematically the single pass mining sequence presently employed at the Genesee Coal Mine. The M8200 is used to lift all coal out of the cut, the coal being placed in stockpiles on the prepared pad .This method maximizes coal recovery under the conditions where spoil failures due to poor material would otherwise put men and equipment at risk. The coal is subsequently loaded by the coal shovel operating on the same bench as the M8200 dragline and delivered to the plant as required.All mined areas, as required under Alberta Legislation, are to be returned to an agricultural land capability equal to or better than that which existed prior to mining. Reclamation activities, as a result, are an important and integral part of the mining process. A complete list of the primary mining equipment deployed at the Genesee Operations appears in Table I."

Jan 1, 1994

By Arthur Zentner

THE PAST YEAR saw important developments in all the main branches of zinc metallurgy, which can only be douched on briefly here. Vertical Retort Smelting-The New Jersey Zinc Co. reports their operations to be about as last year when the number of vertical retorts at the Palmerton plant was increased from 16 to 28. The first unit of eight vertical retorts at Oker, Germany, to treat the Rammelsburg complex ore was completed early in the year. A second unit has been under construction and is probably ready to start operations about this time. Each unit is rated for 10,000 metric tons of zinc per year. A plant of 40,000 metric tons annual capacity is the goal. A reflux plant was also built to make high-grade zinc. The plant program is being -carried forward with government finan¬cial assistance, as was the case with the electrolytic zinc plant at Magdeburg. Government subsidies cover mining and 'smelting, and allow for depreciation and reasonable return on invested capital, according to U. S. Bureau of Mines reports.

Jan 1, 1938

By Charles Camsell

MORE than one-third of all Canada is embraced in the federal domain known as the Northwest Territories. Its most northern point, Cape Columbia, on Ellesmere Island, is only 500 mi. from the Pole. It includes parts of the main physiographic divisions of the North American continent. In the West there is a strip of 30.000 sq. mi. lying in the Cordilleran region, where peaks in the Mackenzie Mountains rise as high as 8500 ft. East of this strip and extending roughly to a line through Great Bear and Great Slave lakes to the Arctic coast is a section of the interior plains. This section, known as the Mackenzie Lowlands, contains the great artery, the most striking feature of the Northwest Territories-the Mackenzie and Slave river waterway impressive in its width, almost two miles in places, and in it's navigability for 1357 miles without obstruction to the sea. Adjoining the Mackenzie Lowlands on the East is the greater portion of the mainland of the Territories, which, as well as a large share of the island area, is in the Canadian Shield.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. F. Stewart

Slope design in an open pit mine includes the determination of a number of parameters, including bench height, bench face angle and berm width. By way of a case history of two highwall slopes (160m and 220m high) excavated in dipping strata in an operating coal mine, this paper illustrates the influence that bench face angle can have on the stability of an entire slope. The two highwall slopes, the lower of which experienced significant instability, were excavated in essentially the same lithologic and structural environment, with the main differences between the slopes being the angle at which the bench faces were excavated and the excavating methods that were employed. In addition to describing the instability that occurred on one of the pit walls, relevant aspects of the engineering geology, slope design and excavation procedures are described.

Jan 1, 1998

By S. P. Kinney

The Department of the Interior has recently investigated the atmospheric conditions in tunnels of the Union Pacific Railroad in Utah and Wyoming , by observations made from the cabs of freight locomotives . This work was conducted by the Bureau of Mines at the request of , and in cooperation with , the Union Pacific Railroad Co .. and was brought about by several accidents to members of engine crews while passing through tunnels , from pollution of the tunnel air by exhaust gases from freight locomotives . The object was to determine the cause of gassing accidents , by examining into composition of the air in locomotive cabs while passing through railroad turmels ; to learn the effect of these conditions on the engine crew; and to provide a means of protection for the men so exposed . Gas samples and temperature readings taken in the cabs of locomotives were used in studying the atmospheric conditions to which the locomotive crews were exposed . The symptoms and the physiologica effects produced in men exposed to the atmospheres encountered were studied . The pulse rates and body temperatures were taken , and the determinations of the carbon monoxide content of the blood were made . Various methods for the prevention of gassing and for the protection of men therefrom were considered and tested , among which were the use of mechanical devices for deflecting the smoke away from the engine cab, and the use of various types of gas masks and breathing apparatus . While this investigation is a part of the safety work of the Bureau of Mines in connection with hazards from atmospheres containing carbon monoxide ( CO ) , the results are of particular value to railroads operating steam locomotives through tunnels , and are also valuable to other industries where atmospheres having poisonous gases or of a high temperature and humidity may be present . The results may be summarized as follows :

Jun 1, 1923

By Lewis E. Dr. Young

MINING engineers in the United States understand that mining conditions in the British coalfields are much more difficult than in most of the mines now being operated in the United States. We realize also that in the near future we must face some of these same difficult problems. Early Mechanization The progress made in mechanical loading in the United States is the result of a long struggle in many coalfields to mine with power tools safely and to increase output per man-shift. Attempts to use power to loosen coal and to transport broken coal in the U. S. may be said to date from the Stanly Header, or Entry-Driver brought from England in 1888. The principle of this boring machine was used in the McKinlay Entry-Driver, almost continuously used in the U. S. since 1920. Since 1888 experimental loaders, scrapers, and conveyors were installed with more or less success. Beginning in 1918, considerable progress was made with mobile loaders, and in 1920 the first wage agreement for the operation of mechanical loaders was made in Indiana. In 1923 the Pocahontas Fuel Co. loaded nearly 1 million tons of coal using 23 Coloders. Labor Policy The United Mine Workers of America have never officially opposed the Mechanization movement. On December 10, 1945, in a statement before the House of Representatives Labor Committee, John L. Lewis said, regarding the policy of the United Mine Workers of America: "We have welcomed progress; we have welcomed machines. We have told our people that they had to accept that condition; that it was the process of progress, and that they would have to take their chances." Recent Development In 1951 about 71 pct of the tonnage mined underground was mechanically loaded. Over 4000 shuttle cars are in service and it is estimated that much more than half of the tonnage loaded underground is produced by trackless mining. In 1947 roof-bolting was introduced extensively and it is estimated that more than 2 ½ million bolts are now being used per month in about 600 mines. The use of roof bolts has permitted the more effective and safer use of loaders and shuttle-cars. Continuous Mining The McKinlay Entry-Driver could have been used for continuous mining, but for many years it was used only .for entry driving. In 1946 the Silver machine was developed in Colorado, and in 1947 this was acquired by the Joy Mfg. Co. and called the Joy Continuous Miner. Other types of combination mining-loading machines which eliminate drilling and blasting operations are the Marietta Miner, the Colmol, the Lee-Norse Miner, the Junior Miner, the Goodman and the Konnerth machines. There are several other types in the process of development. Probably by January 1953 there will be about 250 continuous miners in operation in the U. S. Payment of Mine Labor One of the most important problems in mechanizing was the establishing of rates of pay that would be attractive to the best men. Prior to the installation of mobile loaders the hand loaders and cutters have been paid by the ton. It was felt that a system of a day's pay should be established and that piece and tonnage rates should be abolished completely. Without exception, all coal loaded in mines equipped with mobile loaders is prepared and loaded by men paid an hourly rate. Trends in Mining Research There are two diverse approaches in coal production research; to try to design a mining machine to fit current methods, or to adapt mining practice to take advantage of proven machines. A great deal of credit must go to the mine operators who have been enterprising and dynamic enough to use available equipment intensively and to discard it as soon as an improved or new machine is available. Effect of Changing Markets Formerly there was an important demand for lump and prepared coal in the larger sizes for domestic use. The use of bituminous coal for house heating has decreased so that not more than 19 pct of the annual tonnage goes to retail trade, only 12 pct is used by the railroads, and much of the retail and most of the railroad coal is in stoker size. As a result of this decline in the market for coarse coal most of the large mining operations have crushers installed in the tipples or preparation plants. Mass production at the face requires increased preparation facilities. Another important trend is in connection with complete seam mining with mechanical loading. In many mines where the immediate roof is apt to fall with the coal no effort is made to separate roof material from coal prior to

Jan 1, 1952