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The nation of Fiji is located the South Pacific on the æRim of FireÆ some four hours flying time from the eastern sea board of Australia. It is a tourist destination situated on the main route from Australia to the Americas. Fiji is a developing country that has had a fewsetbacks but the country has able, happy people that are very resilient. Most importantly, the country is a safe destination for tourists and businesspeople as the local people are friendly, have good ethics, and most speak English. Fiji is a very willing nation, hungry for knowledge and advancement. The Fiji geological setting on the æRim of FireÆ, that runs from New Zealand across the Pacific through Fiji and on to Papua NewGuinea, has many large deposits of gold and copper. Fiji is an exciting destination for mineral explorers with discoveries of gold, silver, manganese, bauxite, iron and copper. Gold was first discovered in 1921 and the first two mines opened in 1935; one of which was Emperor Gold Mining Company (EGM) the other being Mt Kasi. EGM mines gold on the margin of the Tavua caldera, some 85 km north of the Nadi international airport. EGM has operated continuously for close to 70 years, producing approximately 6.9 million ounces of gold and has an underground reserve of 847 600 ounces with a total mineral resource of 12 335 600 tonnes at 10 g/t (as given in the Emperor Mines Limited Annual report 2003). The mineralisation in Fiji is very exciting and it is common to discover spectacular intersections and outcrops, which are typical for this type of epithermal narrow vein mineralisation, but be aware that the orebodies are variable and not easy to understand.

Jan 1, 2004

By Fred Drury

I spent 38 years in the Industry in a variety of sales, technical and management positions. I started out with Hercules, then was one of the founders of ECONEX, a large regional Distributor, and finally served with Dyno Nobel as a global Vice President, based in Oslo, Norway. When I retired in the fall of 1998, I looked forward to spending a lot less time traveling and a lot more time around home. After 4 years, I’m still traveling and still wondering how to find a few more hours in the day.

Jan 1, 2003

By Rudolf E. Greuer

This report contains a theoretical study on the usefulness of fighting mine fires with inert gases. Four introductory chapters review the role of fires in the mining industry; the conventional fire fighting techniques, the influence of inert gases on the burning of gases and solids, and the well established inert gas fire extinguishing systems for buildings and machinery. A large chapter describes the use which inert gas has found so far for fighting mine fires in major mining countries. More applications have occurred than generally expected and the inert gas method has in the last years become routine in Czechoslovakia and the USSR. This chapter is based on an evaluation of the extensive literature as well as on personal information obtained from leading experts.

Jan 1, 2012

By Riyad N. Ahmad-Bita, Shadia J. Ikhmayies

"SnO2:F/CdS:In structures were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates at a substrate temperature Ts = 450°C. NH4F and HF were both tried as the sources of fluorine in the precursor solution of SnO2:F. A comparison between the properties of structures obtained by using the two doping compounds was performed. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmittance measurements were used to characterize the films. The structures prepared by using HF as a fluorine source were found to have more ordered crystal growth, larger grain size and sharper absorption edge. From the inspection of the first derivative of the absorbance it is expected that more interdiffusion on the SnO2:F/CdS:In interface takes place in the structures made by using HF. These results confirm that these films are better as forecontacts for CdS/CdTe solar cells.IntroductionThin film CdS/CdTe solar cells built in the superstrate geometry rely on transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) to make the front contact The investigation of combined CdS-TCO films has recently been developed owing to the great interest of better understanding the effect of these bilayers on the absorbers [1]. Usually SnO2 is utilized as a front contact for these solar cells. Optimizing the properties of the SnO2/CdS structures is an important step on the way to get high performance CdS/CdTe solar cells.There are different methods to prepare SnOz thin films, such as reactive sputtering [2], evaporation [3], chemical vapour deposition [3, 4], dip coating [5] and spray pyrolysis [6-9]. At the same time CdS thin films can be prepared by different techniques such as chemical bath deposition [10], thermal evaporation [11], screen printing [12] and spray pyrolysis [7, 13]. However, the spray pyrolysis technique is a very low cost and simple technique that enables intentional doping and getting large area and uniform thin films [14]. For these reasons it is choused to prepare SnOz and CdS thin films in this work. To improve the properties of these compound semiconductors, SnOz was doped with fluorine and CdS was doped with indium where such doping is well known for these compounds."

Jan 1, 2012

By Balmer Neilly

To one with so little experience in matters pertaining to currency, international finance, and foreign trade, this is surely an ambitions venture on my part. However, this is a subject of prime importance to all seriously minded Canadians and, if we are to obtain any clear understanding of the factors involved, we must study the facts and debate such points as may remain at issue. During the last few years, the world' s better known economists have described the gold standard in all its ramifications and in such detail as to leave many of us even more confused than before. If we, then, are to acquire any real conception of its meaning and use, I think we must reduce it to its fundamentals and start from there. To my way of thinking, gold in ? trade and commerce is the symbol of honesty. When you seek to discharge a debt by tendering paper you hand the recipient an I.O.U. which may or may not be good, for the purchase of goods or services to the extent of its face value. When, however, you discharge a debt by the payment of gold, it constitutes a complete and final discharge. There are no reservations - no ifs and ands - and the transaction is definitely closed to the satisfaction of all concerned. Gold, then, is evidence of accumulated and transferable wealth that is immediately acceptable in practically every part of the world. However, there is not nearly enough gold to meet the demands of world trade, and. many years ago this deficiency gave rise to what we now describe as our banking system.

Jan 1, 1949

By C Moorhead

The classification of Mineral Resource estimates for reporting in accordance with the JORC Code is a statement of the Competent PersonÆs confidence in the estimate and an attempt to convey that confidence to the various users of the resource estimate. In general the classification process is either largely subjective, relying on the Competent PersonÆs experience, or relies on statistical measures derived from the estimation process. These statistical measures may not necessarily relate to the overall confidence in the resource which must also take account of the confidence in the geological inputs to the estimation. Several authors, including Jackson et al (2003) and Dominy, Noppe and Annels (2004), have addressed methods of including consideration of geological data and its reliability into the classification process. Henry and Parker (2005) have discussed a quantitative measure for classification of Measured and Indicated Resources related to mine production parcels. These methods rely on the availability of sufficient information for the application of geostatistics, data evaluation techniques or repeated interpretation of data to provide an indication of confidence. They are suitable for very advanced projects. In 2005, using a modification of the financial audit æcontrol and quality criteriaÆ principles, then widely accepted within Newcrest Mining Limited (Newcrest), the principal author developed a scheme which categorised the classified resources into æcontrolÆ and æqualityÆ (or risk) categories. Control covers all aspects of the data collection, the geological interpretation, the data analysis and the modelling of tonnage and grade; it is also influenced by the documentation of the estimate. The quality criteria are a subjective measure of risk associated with the estimation of the resource and refer to the risk that the tonnage and grade are not realised and the consequences if decisions are made on the basis of these estimates. By evaluating the generally accepted level of risk attributed to these quality ratings by Competent Persons within Newcrest, a graphical representation of the confidence in the resource ounces was prepared for communication of the expected confidence in the resource statement.

Jan 1, 2009

By Martin Weinstein

A technique is described for preparing finegrained lead telluride by ultrasonic agitation of a solidifying melt. Material prepared by this technique is dense and chemically homogeneous. N-type PbTe, containing 0.03 mole pct PbIz, has been made and its thermoelecCric Properties have been measured as a function of temperature. For comparison, the properties of similarly doped PbTe made by cold pressing and sintering, and by extrusion, have also been measured. The ultrasonically prepared material compares favorably with the others in its thermoelectric-efficiency factor. Comparison of compressive-flow curves for the three kinds of PbTe show that the ulhasonically prepared material has much superior ductility. The cleavage strength of the ultrasonic material is related to the grain size, D, by the Petch relation:Extrapolation to infinite grain diameter yields a fracture strength of 5000 psi for single-crystal PbTe. WHEN metals and semiconductors solidify in a mold they normally assume one of three cast structures illustrated in Fig. 1.' Solidification in a casting starts at the mold walls where a large number of fine crystals of random orientation can be nucleated to form the chill zone. Because of the anisot-ropy of the growth rate, those crystals whose direction of maximum linear growth is parallel to that of the heat flow grow faster and crowd out the crystals of less favorable orientation. A second zone, having a preferred orientation, called the columnar zone, thus forms adjacent to the chill zone. The speed of growth of the columnar grains will depend, in the case of limited undercooling of the melt, on the rate at which heat can be abstracted. The columnar zone can extend to the center of the casting, Fig. l(a), but it is frequently followed, in solid-solution alloys, by another zone of equiaxed randomly oriented grains in the central portion of the casting, Fig. l(b). The equiaxed structure in Fig. l(c) represents the completely grain-refined case where the equiaxed grain size is small. The third type of structure is the most desirable because it imparts a somewhat higher strength for all except high-temperature applications, it reduces segregation of the doping constituent, and it reduces the possibility of hot tearing (the separation of grains due to the melting of a low-melting point constituent in the grain boundaries). In order to obtain fine-grained castings, the nu-cleation frequency must be increased and grain growth must be restricted. Various techniques have been employed for obtaining this end, namely: rapid cooling, vibration, and inoculation of the melt. The success of these techniques depends upon the characteristics of the metal species and on factors controlled by heat transfer through the crucible walls. Recent studies2" have shown that the application of ultrasonic energy to the solidifying ingot is an extremely powerful tool in the improvement of the crystalline structure of metallic castings. Both the mechanical properties and homogeneity of the ingots are improved. Ultrasonic oscillations may affect the crystallization process by 1) permitting subcritical nuclei to agglomerate and thus form nuclei of sufficient size to cause crystallization, 2) changing the state of surface adsorption of various catalysts found in the liquid melt, 3) breaking pieces of solid from the solidified surface near the supercooled region thereby increasing the number of possible nuclei, 4) causing temperature fluctuations to occur in certain parts of the melt thereby increasing the supercooling at specific points in the liquid, and 5) decreasing the critical nucleus size by increasing the pressure at specific points in the melt.' Various investigators have concluded that the effectiveness of the ultrasonic oscillations results from cavitation which disrupts the growing solid-liquid interface The present paper describes the application of ultrasonic oscillations to the crystallization of the semiconductor N-type PbTe. The purpose of this study is to prepare crystalline

Jan 1, 1964

By A. Hultgren, G. Phragmén

Page Outline of Progress of Knowledge and Theories about Gas Evolution in Steel Ingots. and Its Influence on Crystallization and Segregation................ 134 Object of Present Investigation........................................... 148 Theoretical Discussion of Process of Solidification........................... 149 Gas Given Off from Rimming Steel during Solidification................... 149 Equilibrium Diagram of the Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys................... 151 Solidification of Pure Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys.......................... 157 Solidification when Carbon Monoxide Is Given Off at Constant Pressure... 157 Solidification when Gas Evolution Is Suppressed....................... 158 Schematic Application on Solidification of Rimming-steel Ingots.......... 159 Influence of Manganese, Sulphur and Phosphorus......................... 160 Experimental work..................................................... 162 Liquid Steel and the Mold Gas......................................... 162 Ingots Investigated and Methods Used.................................. 165 Ingot structure....................................................... 174 Structure of Rim Zone.............................................. 174 Structure of Core................................................... 181 Structures Obtained under Special Conditions of Freezing................ 182 Distribution of Metalloids............................................. 187 Other Observations Made............................................. 192 General Discussion of Solidification Process................................. 195 Condition of Liquid Steel before Casting................................. 195 Rimming Period...................................................... 202 Composition of Rim Zone............................................. 225 Freezing after Top Is Closed........................................... 228 Slag Inclusions and Ingot Scum........................................ 234 Reaction between Gas in Blowholes and Surrounding Solid Steel during Cooling 235 Summary.............................................................. 237 Appendix—Preparation and Etching of Ingot Sections....................... 238 References............................................................. 239 In 1934, Jernkontoret (The Swedish Ironmasters' Association) appointed a committee for the study of the structure of rimming-steel ingots and the various phenomena associated with their solidification. The members of the committee, including those who have joined it later, have been: I. Bohm, B. D. Enlund, B. Kalling, M. Tigerschiöld, S. Wohlfahrt and the authors. The present paper‡ is a somewhat

Jan 1, 1939

By G. Phragmén, A. Hultgren

Page Outline of Progress of Knowledge and Theories about Gas Evolution in Steel Ingots. and Its Influence on Crystallization and Segregation................ 134 Object of Present Investigation........................................... 148 Theoretical Discussion of Process of Solidification........................... 149 Gas Given Off from Rimming Steel during Solidification................... 149 Equilibrium Diagram of the Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys................... 151 Solidification of Pure Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys.......................... 157 Solidification when Carbon Monoxide Is Given Off at Constant Pressure... 157 Solidification when Gas Evolution Is Suppressed....................... 158 Schematic Application on Solidification of Rimming-steel Ingots.......... 159 Influence of Manganese, Sulphur and Phosphorus......................... 160 Experimental work..................................................... 162 Liquid Steel and the Mold Gas......................................... 162 Ingots Investigated and Methods Used.................................. 165 Ingot structure....................................................... 174 Structure of Rim Zone.............................................. 174 Structure of Core................................................... 181 Structures Obtained under Special Conditions of Freezing................ 182 Distribution of Metalloids............................................. 187 Other Observations Made............................................. 192 General Discussion of Solidification Process................................. 195 Condition of Liquid Steel before Casting................................. 195 Rimming Period...................................................... 202 Composition of Rim Zone............................................. 225 Freezing after Top Is Closed........................................... 228 Slag Inclusions and Ingot Scum........................................ 234 Reaction between Gas in Blowholes and Surrounding Solid Steel during Cooling 235 Summary.............................................................. 237 Appendix—Preparation and Etching of Ingot Sections....................... 238 References............................................................. 239 In 1934, Jernkontoret (The Swedish Ironmasters' Association) appointed a committee for the study of the structure of rimming-steel ingots and the various phenomena associated with their solidification. The members of the committee, including those who have joined it later, have been: I. Bohm, B. D. Enlund, B. Kalling, M. Tigerschiöld, S. Wohlfahrt and the authors. The present paper‡ is a somewhat

Jan 1, 1939

This report is the 23d in a series summarizing research and technologic work by the Federal Bureau of Mines on coal and related investigations; it is the fifth report to be issued on a calendar-year basis.2/ Publications by Bureau personnel in 1958 are cited;3/ in addition work in progress during the year is briefly described. To conserve our reserves of coal the Bureau of Mines conducts a program concerned with the development of fundamental information on coal characteristics and behavior, and the improvement of technology related to its production and utilization. The ability to anticipate and meet future demands for coal depends on a number of factors: (1) Knowledge of reserves from a stand- point of both quantity and quality; (2) the development of improved mining methods, health and safety measures, and preparation techniques that will insure its most efficient exploitation; and (3) knowledge of the controlling factors in efficient use of coal in combustion, carbonization, gasification, direct and indirect hydrogenation, and other new processes. The Bureau is concerned with each of these areas.4/,5/

Jan 1, 1960

By Alfredo Solano R

El presente trabajo señala la geología y estructura del yacimiento minero de Antamina, ubicado en el departamento de Ancash. Para ello, se describe su historia, su geología compuesta por rocas sedimentarias, ígneas, metamórficas; la mineralización, su exploración geofísica, técnicas de exploración y el cálculo de reservas encontradas.

Nov 20, 1978

By Albert Ladd Colby

PAGE I. Introduction,...........577 11. PRocess of Manufacture. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications, . ......... 580 III. Chemical Properties. I. Chemical Composition: (a) American Specifications ; (b) Foreign Specifications. 2. Chemical Analysis: (a) American Specifications ; (b) Foreign Specifications ; (c) Number of Analyses Required ; (d) Sample for Analysis ; (e) Check-Analyses Impracticable ; (f) Rejection Solely on Variation in Com-' position,............581 IV. Physical Properties. 1. Drop-Test and Drop-Testing Hachine: (a) American Specifications ; (b) Foreign Specifications ; (c) Limits in Deflection. 2. Tensile Test: (a) American Specifications; (b) Foreign Specifications ; (c) Test-Pieces are not Representative ; (d) Specified Tensile Strength is Affected by the Section ; (e) BpeciBed Tensile Strength is Often Inconsistent with Specified Chemistry ; (f) Specified Tensile Strength is Often Inconsistent with Specified Elongation ; (g) Amount of Tensile Testing Required is Excessive ; (11) Conclusions. 3. Dead-Weight Test: (a) American Specifications; (b) Foreign Specifications; (c) Number of Tests Specified. 4. Bending-Test: ((1) American Specifications ; (b) Foreign Specifications,..........589 V. Section. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications: (a) Templets ; (b) Sample Piece of Rail; (c) Allowable Variation from Templet,...........601 VI. Weight. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications,. . 603 VII. Length. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications, . . 604 VIII. Drilling. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications, . 604 IX. Finish. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications, . . 50.5 X. Branding. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications : (a) Data to be Rolled in Raised Letters on Web of Rail ; (b) Marking of the Blow-Number on Each Rail; (c) Additional Marking and Painting of Rails,........605 XI. Inspection. 1. American Specifications. 2. Foreign Specifications: (a) Prior Notice of Rolling; (b) Free Access to the Works ; (c) Cost of Inspection, Analyses and Tests to be Borne by the Manufacturer ; (d) Rails after Inspection by Manufacturer to be Sorted into Lots Prior to Inspection by the Engineer ; (e) Disposition of Rejected

Jan 1, 1907

By H. Kenworthy

Sulfide-ore concentrates containing cobalt, nickel, copper, lead, and iron from the operations of the National Lead Co. at. Fredericktown, Mo., were treated successfully on a laboratory scale to recover more than 90 percent of the cobalt, nickel, and copper. A cobalt -nickel-bearing, lead-copper matte., produced by the St. Joseph Lead Co. at Herculaneum, Mo., was treated to produce a lead-zinc fume, a copper sulfide concentrate, and a cobalt nickel-iron product, netting a recovery of over 75 percent of the cobalt and about 90 percent of the nickel and copper. National Lead Co. bulk concentrates were chlorinated with gaseous chlorine to form anhydrous metal chlorides and sulfur chlorides, sulfur chlorides were recovered by distillation, a high percentage of the ferric chloride was converted to ferric oxide, and the chlorinated residual metals were extracted with water. Metal ions were removed from leach liquors by pH-controlled fractional precipitation as hydroxides. Cobalt solutions "were prepared from cobaltic hydroxide, and procedures were developed to remove contaminating metal ions. Purified cobalt solutions were employed as electrolytes for deposition of high-purity cobalt.

Jan 1, 1953

By C. Haycocks

The problems caused by interaction in multi-horizon mining are world wide and are not limited to the coal industry. These problems will continue to increase as mining of new seams multiplies and replaces production from mined out horizons. Interaction problems are particularly evident in the Appalachian coal fields which contain many mineable, contiguously placed coal seams. Selection of the mining sequence of these seams, historically and currently, is based primarily on considerations of seam ownership, availability, and economics. Experience has shown, however, that mining any seam can seriously affect subsequent operations in coal seams both above and below the one being mined. This interaction effect is often detrimental to the recovery cost and safety of mining the subsequent seams. Designing to avoid or minimize interaction effects represents a major challenge to the modern coal mining industry and therefore is the focus of this research. In an effort to evaluate past interaction effects and provide guidelines for future mine design, interactive ground control problems were categorized into four areas. These are pillar load transfer, massive interseam shearing, subsidence and pressure arching effects. To facilitate research, each of these areas was studied separately although in reality these subdivisions are arbitrary and have considerable overlap.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. W. Miller

Depletion of coals most suitable for metallurgical fuel has made necessary a general survey of coking coal reserves in the United States. These investigations were begunn 1948 at the joint request of the Munitions Board, Department of Defense, and a number of coal companies. This report, which is one in a series, by counties, describes the preparation characteristics of the coals of Harlan County, Ky. From these data it is possible to determine: (a) Which coals, either as mined or after beneficiation by conventional preparation, are chemically suitable under present standards for producing metallurgical coke, (b) Which coals require special and more intensive treatment in preparation than is now practiced; and (c) Which coals cannot be considered to be potential sources of metallurgical fuel regardless of preparation.

Jan 1, 1955

T. L. Joseph (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.)—Mr. Killian is to be commended for his inquiry as to why a decrease of 15.3 pct in coke consumption was accompanied by a decrease of only 1.9 pct in the CO/CO, ratio of the top gas. Although I encouraged him in his efforts to find a more significant and meaningful carbon-gas ratio, the method, calculations, and conclusions originated entirely with the author. Whether we agree entirely with the assumptions underlying his corrected ratio, I think we can all agree that a better ratio is needed, and that he deserves credit for recognizing the need and for doing something about it. To be most useful, the CO/CO, ratio for the top gas should reflect the way in which the carbon is gasified in the furnace, particularly the degree of oxidation and the extent of heat release. The effect of CO, from the decomposition of the limestone and the effect of the reaction of CO and water vapor in the upper part of the furnace on the quality of top gas should be isolated from the effect of more basic reactions such as ore reduction and solution loss. The reduction of sufficient iron oxide to produce a ton of pig iron and the accompanying changes in the proportions of the carbon gases can be expressed on a mol basis as follows: 16.5FeA + 16.5CO - 33FeO + 16.5CO, [1] 33FeO + 33.0CO = 33Fe + 33CO. [2] The CO, from eq 1 normally escapes from the furnace because it does not react with coke at the temperature of its release. However, as much as 50 pct of the CO, from eq 2 may react with coke because it is released at temperatures above 1000°C: 16.5CO. + 16.5CO2 = 33CO [3] Thus we see that the gasification of 16.5 mols or about 200 lb of C in solution loss will regenerate as much CO as is required for the last stage of reduction. The pronounced effect of reaction 3 on the final proportions of CO and CO, in the gas stream is obvious. It also follows that reaction 3 materially alters the heat release but it cannot be entirely eliminated in Lake ore practice. A previous study indicates that 100 lb of solution loss may be necessary to maintain the reducing power of the gas. A reduction of 100 lb from the normal level of 200 lb would mean that over 1,-000,000 additional Btu are released in the process. The 100 lb of additional carbon which will be burned at the tuyeres will release 437,000 Btu and the absorption of 583,000 Btu by eq 3 would be prevented. One of the chief objectives of sized ore burdens and more uniform distribution of the gas stream is to minimize solution loss by completing reduction higher in the furnace and in turn to release the maximum amount of heat from the carbon charged. It was odd, indeed, to find that the use of sized ore and sinter in the careful tests reported by Dobscha had changed the CO/CO2 ratio very little. The author has stressed the close correlation between his corrected CO/CO, ratio and production. A correlation of fuel consumption and the CO/CO, might be more logical. Fuel consumption on the prepared ore burden decreased 15.3 pct whereas the corrected CO/CO2 ratio decreased 19.0 pct. Although this agreement between the reduction in fuel and the reduction in corrected CO/CO2 ratio is not as close as the correlation with tonnage, it indicates the corrected ratio is superior to the normal ratio which decreased less than 4 pct. Some adjustment should be made for the reaction: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 —700Btu [41 because there is evidence to indicate that about one half of the hydrogen is formed in the upper 21 ft of

Jan 1, 1953

By S. Dessureault

Computer Integrated Mining (CIMG) is a process of using computer networks to transform islands of enabling technologies into a highly interconnected mining system. CIMG involves the integration of advanced technologies at various levels in the mine business to achieve higher flexibility, better quality of processes and control, and improved profitability. Justifying the benefits of CIMG are difficult as many of the advantages are derived from improved flexibility, quality, and control. Justification is based on the evaluation of the benefits to be gained, compared to the required capital investment. Management tools used in mining are currently inadequate in assessing the value of advanced technology whose benefits are primarily qualitative. A key aspect of successful implementation is management acceptance, which has to be won through the capability to justify the technology's financial costs and the true value of all of its benefits. The manufacturing industry faced similar justification difficulties when adopting advanced technology in factories. A significant amount of funding and research was invested into developing management strategies and approaches to justification. Many of the problems that faced the transformation of the manufacturing industry in the late eighties and early nineties are now facing mining. The solutions derived for manufacturing may help mining in its transition to an increased reliance on integration technology. Reviewing the industrial history of computer integrated manufacturing identifies several tools and strategic frameworks that can be adapted for mining. Keywords: Computer integrated mining, justification techniques, CIM, information technology.

Jan 1, 2003

By D. C. Durgin

Located near Ely, Nevada, the Robinson Mining District has produced gold since 1868 from the Ruth? porphyry copper system. Gold occurs in at least seven different deposit types, including porphyry copper ore, silica-pyrite replacements along favorable horizons, fault controlled silica bodies, intrusive breccias, stockworks in bornfels and in retrograde skarns. In all of these the primary controls localizing gold ore are structural .preparation and permeable hosts. Indicator elements associated with gold are Ag, As, Te, and to a lesser extent Sb and Tl. Pb, Zn and F are peripheral to gold or with it depending upon position within the system. The district has produced 87,000 kg (2.8 million ounces) of gold thus far. An additional 19,300 kg (620,000 ounces) of reserves are established, and well over 31,100 kg (1,000,000 ounces) of reserves are anticipated. I

Jan 1, 1989

By R. V. Ramani

One area of study in the Coal Mine Injury Analysis project was to illustrate and enhance the ability of mine safety management personnel to apply analytical techniques to injury experience data and to justify requests for funds for safety enhancement actions on a cost/benefit and other quantitative basis. Four volumes of this final project report detail (1) the objectives and scope of the mine safety management research, (2) the results of literature review, and case studies, and (3) models developed for mine safety management. The four volumes are titled as Volume III: Mine Safety Management, Volume IV: Analytical Techniques for Mine Safety Management; Volume V: Mine Safety Management Case Studies and Volume IX: Training Cost Model. This volume deals with the development of a microcomputer based training cost model (TCM) which can be used to analyze training cost implications of various types of training. The model has been developed using Aston Tate's dBASE III plus language. The computer program and a test run of the model are presented in this report.

Jan 1, 1993

By Gustav Wafe

"INTRODUCTION The discovery in 1901 of ""gusher"" oil production at Spindletop, Tex., Tex., a salt-dome structure, led to exploratory drilling on other known domes and known domes and in areas contiguous to salt domes in the Gulf Coast region of Texas and Louisiana. Early drilling on the flanks of the domal structures disclosed incompetent 3/ shales, which flowed into the hole when attempts were made to drill through them. Often these shales seized the drill pipes and presented with equipment then in use, an insuperable barrier to deeper drilling. The obstructing incompetent shales came to be called ""heaving"" shales by drillers who attempted to drill through them. Formations of this type have hampered the penetration of the drill bit in many area in the Gulf Coast region to such an extent that the drilling of wells through heaving shale has become a major problem."

Mar 1, 1942