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By S. M. Spottiswoode

Crush pillars are widely used in mine workings on the Merensky Reef in the Bushveld Complex to prevent panel collapses. Crush pillars are expected to fail as or soon after they emerge from the face and failure should occur non-violently. Unfortunately, violent failure occurs frequently and is said to be the main cause of seismicity associated with mining of the Merensky Reef. Recent work by Napier, Malan, and du Plessis has shown that limitequilibrium quasi-static models are able to simulate pillar failure using three states of strength of rock in pillars, namely intact, residual after failure, and decayed strength after later time-dependent (viscous) weakening. We have previously introduced an additional state of strength to account for the dynamic failure that results in seismic events, and found that this approach could be used to generate synthetic seismic catalogues similar to observed seismicity for deep-level gold mines, where seismicity takes place mostly on advancing faces. The less brittle seam material of the Merensky Reef, compared to the brittle quartzites and lavas of the Witwatersrand reefs, results in little or no face bursting and is modelled with an assumed plastic strain of some 0.005 over an effective stope width of 2 m before failure. When this plastic yield is surpassed, we allow the reef to fail ?seismically?. We show that synthetic seismic catalogues modelled in this way have some of the features of observed seismicity. Analysis is greatly facilitated using our custom-built software that reads the mine?s survey data into a database and presents results in an interactive graphical form.

Jan 1, 2014

1. Scope of project In South Australia, the Western Mining Corporation operates the underground copper and uranium mine Olympic Dam. The deposits concerned are enormous (approx. 570 million tons) and have been mined since 1988. At the end of 1996, Western Mining decided to increase the capacity of Olympic Dam from 85,000 t.p.a. to 200,000 t.p.a. Planning At this point, SIEMAG-GHH Mining Division was asked to carry out a study including the planning of the entire shaft hoisting operations and calculation of the investment and operating costs involved. With the assistance of Australian partners, the study was completed within a single month. The principal points of the study were as follows: ? Planning of the hoisting machinery for 1,375 tons per hour from the surge bin below ground to the discharge bunker above ground. ? Optimisation of the hoisting operation with regard to maximum availability and safety. ? Optimisation of the time schedule to minimise the financing costs of the investment. ? Statement of the investment and operating costs. ? Comparison of the technical data, design and availability of the planned machinery with reference plants. Construction of the plant Following acceptance of the study, the decision was taken within a few weeks to implement it. SIEMAG Transplan GmbH received the order to execute the entire shaft hoisting machinery on the basis of the study submitted. The decisive factors in placing the order were: ? Convincing study, adherence to schedule ? Reference to comparable plants elsewhere ? Reference with regard to availability.

May 1, 2003

By T. A. Grammatikopoulos, B. Vasily, A. H. Clark

"The St. Lawrence deposit is a large wollastonite skarn (ca. 9 Mt @ 41.3% wollastonite) adjoining the gabbroic-to-syenitic Leo Lake pluton in the granulite facies Frontenac Terrane of the Grenvillian Central Metasedimentary Belt. It occurs within a horseshoeshaped horizon of quartzite, open to the east. The skarn extends over 1.2 km2, and comprises wollastonite-dominant, wollastonite-clinopyroxene, and diverse quartz-feldspar-sulphide (-titanite) layers, interbanded with, and strongly folded within, the quartzite. As in the world-class wollastonite deposits of the Willsboro district, New York, no carbonate protolith is preserved, and calcite is a negligible constituent of the mineralized zones. Wollastonite development is nonetheless ascribed to metasomatism of a metacarbonate unit by magmatogene, silica-rich, CO2-poor (XCO2 < 0.05) fluids, at P = 350 MPa and ca. 560°C, or, alternatively, 550 MPa and ca. 630°C.Several high-grade zones, averaging >40% but locally exceeding 80%, of translucent, white, tabular wollastonite grains, with lengths of 0.2 cm to 5 cm, have been delimited by drilling. Preliminary beneficiation studies yield high aspect-ratio and high-purity (low Fe and Mn) concentrates.St. Lawrence compares favourably to other known prospects and operating wollastonite deposits: having good chemical and physical properties, low iron content, and high aspect ratios (>20:1). In addition, the deposit has a favourable size and location, and will benefit from a low Canadian dollar. Canada currently has no wollastonite production."

Jan 1, 2003

By W. H. Bassett, C. H. Davis

In the commercial annealing of cartridge brass there are four points regarding which definite data are essential. They have to do with the correct interpretation of grain count in its relation to annealing temperature and, incidentally, to Brinell hardness. These points are: 1. The comparison of the grain sizes of two cartridge-brass mixtures: 69 copper, 31 zinc, 0.376-in. (9.5-mm.) gage; and 68 copper, 32 zinc, 0.130-in. (3.3-mm.) gage 2. The comparison of the grain sizes of annealed metal that had previously been reduced by rolling varying amounts; for instance, 20.0, 36.6, 50.9, and 59.1 per cent. 3. The determination of standards for grain sizes on annealed brass of the composition 68 per cent. copper, 32 per cent. zinc and 69 copper, 31 zinc. 4. The comparison of grain size with Brinell hardness on identical samples of annealed metal. In their comprehensive and thorough investigation of the recrystal-lization of cold-worked alpha brass on annealing,l Mathewson and Phillips have discussed the relations between temperature of anneal, degree of deformation, and structural alteration in alpha brass. They have also shown certain comparisons between the ordinary physical properties and the grain size of annealed brass. The purpose of the present investigation is mainly concerned with the grain size of cartridge brass, its relation to Brinell hardness, and the publication of sufficient data to enable those engaged in the inspection of such material to have a correct foundation upon which to work. The first alloy was taken from regular mill stock that had been rolled from 0.580 in. to 0.376 in. (14.7 mm. to 9.5 mm.) gage, a reduction of 35.1 per cent. This bar (No. 1) had the following composition: Copper, 69.20 per cent.; zinc, 30.76 per cent.; lead, 0.02 per cent.; iron, 0.02 per cent. The second alloy was also taken from mill stock of 0.325 in. (8.25 mm.) gage and was rolled as shown in Table 1, in order to get four bars reduced two, four, six, and eight B. & 5. numbers respectively. This second alloy

Jan 1, 1919

By D. S. Pye, J. P. Gallus

Successful hydraulic pressure treatment of oil and gas wells that have long producing intervals, multiple pay zones, fluid thief zones, or natural or induced fractures has long been a serious problem plaguing the petroleum industry. High fluid-injection rates, straddle packers, ball sealers, and either liquid or solid additives to the treating fluids are being used to cope with this difficult and costly problem.l-6 The use of ball sealers and straddle packers is limited, in practice, to wells that have been completed with perforated cemented casings or liners. Well stimulation with ball sealers and straddle packers is usually successful as long as the cement remains competent. The other techniques of diverting are used with all types of completions. However, there are two significant disadvantages of the high rate method: excessive horsepower requirements, and the need of large treating-fluid volume. Consequently, most well stimulation techniques that involve diverting depend upon ball sealers or granular materials. Liquid diverting agents, and some of the solid ones in use today, frequently will cause formation damage. On the other hand, the most popular particulate diverting agents often are so soluble in the treating fluid that they become largely ineffective; their particle size is severely reduced as they dissolve while being transported through thousands of feet of pipe to the formation face down hole. In our attempts to deal with the shortcomings of these diverting agents, we experimented with a large variety of potentially suitable deformable materials the solubility of which could be controlled. Following are the criteria for the diverting agent sought: 1. The material must be effective in reducing fluid loss to thief zones, including existing fractures and very high permeability layers in the formation to be pressure treated. 2. The material must have enough strength to bridge under the treating pressure. 3. The material must be insoluble or slowly soluble in the treating fluids so that the particles retain sufficient size to be effective after they reach the formation face. 4. The material must be completely soluble in the produced oil or condensate liquid so that it can be removed readily; it must not cause formation damage. A number of products consisting of various polymers blended with waxes and other solid hydrocarbons were examined. All these materials satisfied the criteria for a diverting agent and also exhibited some degree of plastic deformability. On the basis of initial tests of strength and hardness, several blends of wax and polymer were selected for extensive testing in the laboratory and the field. These compounds have congealing temperatures ranging from 140 to 190F; they are insoluble in water and soluble in oil. They conformed, therefore, to the criteria specified for a theoretically superior diverting agent. Laboratory and field tests were conducted using these wax-polymer materials to demonstrate that the use of a deformable diverting agent can significantly improve fluid diverting performance. Data in this

Jan 1, 1970

By Vinay Kumar Agrawal, Rama Nath Praharaj

IMFA Group is the largest producer of Charge chrome not only in India but also in Asia. This Group has plants situated at Therubali and at Choudwar. They also have a Thermal power plant at Choudwar which not only caters to the power requirement of Choudwar plant but also supplies power to Therubali. The plants are fed for Chromite ore through the captive mines namely Nuasahi Chromite mines (40.47 Ha) , Bangur Chromite mines(37.34Ha), Sukinda chromite mines (116.76 Ha), Mahagiri Chromite Mine(73.777 Ha) and Chingudipal Chromite mines (26.62 Ha). Nuasahi Chromite Mine, which is situated in Keonjhar district, is an underground mine and is based upon best technological advancements in the industry. The underground mining operation is certified under ISO-9002, ISO-14001and OHSAS 18001. This not only shows the concern for the quality, environment but also for the health of the employees. The Nuashahi is the first chromite mine to backfill the opencast excavations created during the last 50 years and carry out the production from underground area below the opencast workings. This paper deals with the state of art technology of sub-level open stopping in thin ore bodies. The under-ground mine openings was started in the year 1997. In next four years the production of chromite from underground was started.(2001). At present the mine is in a good shape with several running stopes. Today it is producing around 10,000 Mt per month of chromite. The development of the mine is carried out with an average of 200 mtr per month of tunneling. The mine is having a mechanical ventilator having a capacity of24000 M3 per hour at 50mm water gauge, thus feeding sufficient air for the persons working in underground. The mine is being dewatered through a most modern positive suction sump, having a capacity of 500 cum and operated with 120 HP pumps. After commissioning of this sump in the year 2003, the mine has taken a quantum jump in production with remarkable saving in power consumption.

Jan 1, 2007

By H. Warren Newcomen

Assessments of the stability performance of open pit highwalls have traditionally been based on consideration of surface movement rates. Although generally accepted in industry, this approach presents challenges for establishing appropriate threshold values to allow for safe mining operations and does not address the issue of total strain. Surface movement monitoring data from a limited number of open pit mining operations in North and South America has been evaluated in terms of highwall strain, rock mass quality and inferred mechanism of instability. Threshold strain levels for key stages of highwall stability proposed from previous work have been reviewed and are generally endorsed based on evaluation of additional data. An empirical highwall strain criteria for the assessment of highwall stability performance is postulated based on the observed trends in highwall strain data from the case histories presented.

May 1, 2004

By J. M. McKinley

Mineral exploration programmes around the world use data from remote sensing, geophysics, and direct sampling. On a regional scale, the combination of airborne geophysics and ground-based geochemical sampling can aid geological mapping and mineral exploration. Since airborne geophysical and traditional soil-sampling data are generated at different spatial resolutions, they are not immediately comparable due to their different sampling density. Several geostatistical techniques, including indicator cokriging and collocated cokriging, can be used to integrate different types of data into a geostatistical model. However, with increasing numbers of variables the inference of the crosscovariance model required for cokriging can be demanding in terms of effort and computational time. In this paper a Gaussian-based Bayesian updating approach is applied to integrate airborne radiometric data and ground-sampled geochemical soil data to maximize information generated from the soil survey, enabling more accurate geological interpretation for the exploration and development of natural resources. The Bayesian updating technique decomposes the collocated estimate into two models: prior and likelihood models. The prior model is built from primary information and the likelihood model is built from secondary information. The prior model is then updated with the likelihood model to build the final model. The approach allows multiple secondary variables to be simultaneously integrated into the mapping of the primary variable. The Bayesian updating approach is demonstrated using a case study from Northern Ireland. The geostatistical technique was used to improve the resolution of soil geochemistry, at a density of one sample per 2 km2, by integrating more closely measured airborne geophysical data from the GSNI Tellus Survey, measured over a footprint of 65 x 200 m. The directly measured geochemistry data were considered as primary data and the airborne radiometric data were used as secondary data. The approach produced more detailed updated maps and in particular enhanced information on the mapped distributions of zinc, copper, and lead. The enhanced delineation of an elongated northwest/southeast trending zone in the updated maps strengthened the potential for discovering stratabound base metal deposits..

Jan 1, 2014

By L. F. Elkins

In 1946 Littlefield, Gray and Godbold published a thorough geologic description of the West Edmond Hunton Lime reservoir, located in Central Oklahoma, and discussion of its early performance.l They stressed implications of the nature of the reservoir rock on performance to be expected with production both by natural means and by pressure maintenance with gas injection. The essence of their analysis was that presence of an extensive interconnected system of fractures and solution channels constituting about 10 percent of the total reservoir void space in otherwise very low permeability reservoir rock would result in severe channeling of naturally encroaching water or injected gas through the fractures with little or no benefit to ultimate recovery of oil. Considerations were in progress to unitize the reservoir for pressure maintenance by gas injection. Some other engineers involved in the project had considerably different opinions at the time regarding continuity of fractures and regarding effects of such fractures on performance. The field was unitized Oct. 1, 1947. Subsequently, pilot gas injection tests were conducted in four areas of the field; large scale waterflooding was conducted in two parts of the field in the Bois d&apos;Arc or Upper Hunton; and pilot waterflooding was conducted in the Chimney Hill or Lower Hunton. Full scale water-flooding is now in progress in the Chimney Hill section where it is oil productive. The primary purpose of this paper is to divine some of the secrets of this reservoir through analysis of all aspects of its performance, with the hope that it will be of help to engineers and operators in developing and operating other low permeability fractured reservoirs. In part, this considers variance of actual performance from some widely used conventional reservoir engineering assumptions. For brevity, other aspects of unit operation and its benefits to the owners are not discussed. Oil and Gas in Place For unit participation, net pay in the Bois #Arc defined by the gross SP anomaly on electric logs totalled 2,100,000 acre-ft in the 30,000-acre reservoir. Development of West Edmond predated modem logging techniques that now would be used to determine "net" or "productive" pay. In Fig. 1 this log pick is compared with detailed core analysis and core descripfion by Littlefield et a1.l for one well identified as A on the index map in Fig. 2. Not all of the gross Bois #Arc section had oil staining, but all cores with measureable intergranular permeability were stained. (The committee selection of the Bois d&apos;Arc SP interval also includes the Frisco section as identified from cores by Littlefield.) The Bois d&apos;Arc is oil productive throughout the entire 600-ft monoclinal accumulation from the eastern upstructure erosional pinchout to the west-side oil-water contact. (See Littlefield et al.l and McGee and Jenkins for geologic detail.)

Jan 1, 1970

By Dhar B. B, Gupta R. C

Grinding of iron ore is an essential step to utilise ore fines for pelletisation needed for DRI units. While preparing iron ore pellets for DRI production, the iron ore needs extensive grinding which is highly energy consuming step causing the process to become non-viable in some cases. In the present paper an attempt has been made to evaluate grinding performance of thermally treated ore compared to normal ore grinding. Such thermal pre-treatment has been found to reduce the energy requirement with lower consumption rate of grinding media. It has been observed that by applying thermal shock the ore is rendered weak with improved grindability. The stresses generated due to thermal treatment may extend existing micro-cracks in the ore and in some cases it may even nucleate fresh cracks. Experimental studies carried out on thermally treated hematitite ore reveals that the heating to 400¦C followed by water quenching can cause a reduction of 45 per cent in grinding energy. The paper gives the details of the experiment and the Results.

Jan 1, 1999

By Rogerson R, Queen L

The petrology and age of mid Cretaceous to Palaeogene marine volcanics may provide important clues to the palaeogeography of the period, particularly for tectonic elements and events outboard of the Papuan Basin. This initial survey of known marine volcanics of this age reveals a paucity of reliable data on isotopic ages, geochemistry and syngenetic mineralisation on virtually all units. Existing data allows a tentative subdivision of known marine volcanics into either MORB-like early Palaeogene rifts/ marginal basins, early Palaeogene ensimatic arc rocks overlying ?Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene fore-arc/marginal basin crust, late Palaeogene ensimatic arc rocks, and mid to Late Cretaceous ensialic rift rocks. Due to lack of data, some units are difficult to classify into these categories.

Jan 1, 1991

By G McMillan, P Mulvey

"Geochemical characterisation is done based upon the geology and metallurgical batch testing prior to commencement of the operation of the plant.&nbsp; Tailings repository design is based upon geochemical assessment of the waste material, as well as the geomechanical issues associated with storing the waste. The resultant conceptual and detailed design is incorporated into the environmental impact statement (EIS), upon which mine approval is based. The entire environmental monitoring and harm mitigation program, which is usually a condition of the Mine Lease approval, is based upon the applicability of the original characterisation.Tacit to this process is that there is no change in the geochemistry of the tailings, i.e. no change in the implications for acid &amp; metalliferous or saline/neutral mine drainage (AMD/SNMD) generation. But any changes in milling and processing can have a substantive impact on the geochemical behaviour of the tailings metallurgy, and potentially render an operation non-compliant within the conditions of the mine license.Environmental and statutory approval implications for continuous improvements of metallurgy need to be understood because unintended consequences could cost more than the benefits of the improvement, and in some cases cost more than all the profit made from the mine.&nbsp; Examples uncovered during audit and consultant practice will be presented together with a process to ensure implications for adverse environmental harm and license conditions are fully considered.*This paper is only available for individual download. It is not included in the conference proceedings*CITATION:Mulvey, P, 2013. Continuous improvement - how changes in metallurgy can have a substantive impact on environmental impact and closure - lessons learnt from environmental auditing, presented to MetPlant 2013 Conference (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 15, 2013

By Sohta Takatsu, Hachiroh Mizubata, Shigeki Kudoh, Kazuya Takekuni, Yoshinori Yamada

A special type of shotcrete is used to improve the performance of open-type TBM in difficult situations. The Hakamagoshi and Johana tunnels are expressway evacuation tunnels of 3.2 km and 5.1 km in length, respectively (total 9.1 km) that were excavated by one open-type TBM. The geological conditions at the sites were estimated to be good before excavation. However, 95% of the rock turned out to be two ranking orders worse than the estimated classes. Therefore, we used a special shotcrete for bad rock conditions, and succeeded in excavating the tunnel at an average rate of 270 m/month.

Jan 1, 2001

By Gunderson C. T

The use of carbide tipped integral drill steels and detachable bits is discussed in relation to the means of drilling or cutting employed. It is stressed that only by correct use can the full value of these tools be realised.Factors affecting carbide quality, the design of shanking steels and the requirements and techniques of brazing in inserts are considered.It is essential that the brazed jointing between carbide and steel be strong but ductile. The methods used for the manufacture of carbide tipped tools are briefly outlined.INTRODUCTIONIn recent years the application of tungsten carbide to various mining tools in the mining industry, has developed to the stage where it is now regarded as an essential item in the production of coal and metal ores. In fact it is claimed that certain mining operations would not be possible if it were not for the benefits obtainable from the characteristic properties of tungsten carbide. The advantages of this hardmetal have, to some extent, influenced manufacturers to revise design specifiations of some machines, while againsome machines have actually been designed with tungsten carbide as their basic medium for operation.In general the applications fall into the following three categories:(a) Drilling hard rock by percussive means.(b) Drilling soft rock and coal by rotary means.(c) Coal cuttingThis paper is concerned with tungsten carbide tools associated with these three activities in Australia, the effectiveness of their application and significant points in their design and manufacture.

Jan 1, 1958

CONTENTSIntroductionGeneral GeologyCoral Reef-Volcanic Set&apos;iesRock TypesMicaceous Sandstone and MudstoneLimestoneVolcanic RocksChertsDepositionDiatremesEarth MovementsRelation of Ore Bodies to StructureINTRODUCTIONThe author encountered the problems discussed in this paper in 1947 while surveying the mining centres of Mungana and Redcap for Broken Hill South Ltd. After his resignation from that company he made a semi-regional survey to investigate the regional problems raised by the preliminary study. Broken Hill South Ltd. continued its studies on the known ore bodies while the author&apos;s investigation was going on, and he is indebted to the staff of this company for assistance during his field work.The area mapped is part of a larger area mapped in reconnaissance by the Aerial, Geological and Geophysical Survey of Northern Australia by a party headed by Dr. H. I. Jensen...

Jan 1, 1952

By Armstrong M

The Coal Mining Engineering Branch of the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Mineral Resources, in its continuing effort to improve coal recovery from underground coal mining operations, has undertaken a study of the mechanics of sub-surface deformation caused by caving of the extracted area behind retreating longwall faces. The strata movement was monitored by a multi-wire borehole instrumentation system consisting of mechanical anchors installed at different horizons in a borehole extending from the surface to the coal seam. The mechanical anchors were connected to the suspended weights on the surface by stainless steel multi-strand wires. The movement of these weights was monitored as the longwall face approached and retreated past the borehole. The anchors started subsiding as soon as the face retreated past the borehole and continued to subside until the subsidence levelled off when the face retreated 900 m past the borehole. The zone of major caving and bed separation extended to roughly 10 to 13 times the extracted seam thickness and high tensile strains developed inthis zone. The bulking factor of broken strata was less than 1.14 which indicated that the roof layers collapsed in big blocks. The goaf compaction was almost complete when the face retreat was 200 m. Low tensile strains prevailed in the strata overlying the zone of caving and bed separation.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. Searra, M. Aboagye

"For new mining projects or for medium- to long-term areas of existing mines, drilling data is invariably on a relatively large grid. Direct estimates for selective mining units (SMUs), and also for much larger block units, will then be smoothed due to the information effects and the high error variance.The difficulty is that ultimately, during mining, selection will be done on the basis of SMUs on the final close-spaced data grid (grade control), which will then be available, i.e. the actual selection will be more efficient, with fewer misclassifications. However, this ultimate mining position is unknown at the project feasibility stage and therefore has to be estimated. This estimation is required because any cash flow calculations made on the basis of the smoothed estimates will obviously misrepresent the overall economic value of the project, i.e. the average grade of blocks above cut-off will be underestimated and the tonnage overestimated for cut-off grades below the average grade of the orebody. Similarly, unsmoothed estimates will be conditionally biased and will give even worse results, particularly in local areas of short- and medium-term planning or mining.This paper presents a case study of indirect post-processing and proportional modelling of recoverable resources designed for mediumand long-term mine planning at the Gold Fields’ Tarkwa Mine in Ghana. The case study compares long-term indirect recoverable mineral resource estimates based on typical widely spaced feasibility data to the corresponding production grade control model as well as the mine production. The paper also proposes certain critical regression slope and kriging efficiency control limits to avoid inefficient medium- to longterm recoverable estimates, and highlights the danger of accepting block estimates that have a slope of regression less than 0.5."

Jan 1, 2015

By Holla L, Tyminski A

Stowing has been successfully used in many countries as a means of controlling surface subsidence, minimi ing incidences of spontaneous combustion, maintaining gate road stability and maximising coal recovery.Australian experience in stowing is limited but in the future increased extraction of thicker and/or multiple seams by longwall operations and resolution of conflict of alternative land u&apos;ses may necessitate the use of stowing in coal mining. At present there is little incentive for mining companies to introduce and operate a stowing system because costs have to be borne by the individual companies and benefits spill over to society and the State. Cost sharing by the industry and State incentives may overcome the problem of cost disincentive.

Jan 1, 1987

By Christoph Broeckmann, Andrew Gardula

"The adoption of high-pressure grinding throughout the cement industry has yielded enormous savings in energy and wear material costs. There are also a number of installations, which are applied in iron ore and kimberlite processing operations. High pressure grinding offers the same potential for energy and media savings, as well as opportunities for improved, downstream metallurgical performance, in hard rock mineral processing. This paper focuses on developments in machine design and wear surface engineering for high-pressure grinding of the hard rock ores in the mineral processing industry.INTRODUCTIONIn the early eighties 3.4 % of the world electric energy was consumed for crushing and grinding operations of minerals and 0.6 % in the ore dressing industry. During that time using a laboratory press Prof. Schönert found that interparticle comminution at high pressure requires remarkably less energy as conventional grinding technologies. In grinding of cement clinker he expected energy savings between 33 and 50 % compared to ball mills [1]. Piston presses are limited in throughput. Thus, the principle of interparticle comminution was adapted by the use of high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) to a continuous plant process. Figure 1 shows the main components of a roller press: The roller nip of width s is formed between the floating roller (1) and the fixed roller (2). The diameter of the rolls will be denoted with D, the width with B. The total press force F can be adjusted using a hydraulic system with two or four pistons (3). In order to compare machines with different roll geometries the specific pressing force p is introduced:"

Jan 1, 2005

By S M. Zhang, Y X. Han, J Liu, Y J. Li

"Compared with conventional roasting and magnetic separation processes, higher reduction temperatures and stronger reducing atmospheres are used in reduction technologies to reduce iron oxides to metallic iron, which is often liberated during reduction and amenable to magnetic separation. Reduction and magnetic separation of an Australian refractory iron ore was therefore studied as a function of reduction temperature, time and coal addition. It was found that during reduction, the particle size of the reduced iron increased with reduction temperature and time. Subsequent magnetic separation tests were further conducted on the reduction products. A reduced iron powder with a Fe grade of 85.67 per cent was obtained at a Fe recovery of 87.82 per cent under optimum reduction conditions where a metallisation rate of 85.82 per cent was achieved. The mechanism involved in reduction is discussed based on XRD and SEM examinations.CITATION:Han, Y X, Liu, J, Li, Y J and Zhang, S M, 2013. Upgrading an Australian iron ore by reduction and efficient magnetic separation, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013, pp 397-402 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Aug 12, 2013