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By G. Howell Clevenger

FORMERLY great divergence of opinion existed in regard to the influence of copper in steel, as affecting its various physical properties. More recently the investigations of Stead,1 Breuil,2 Wigham,3 Burgess and Aston,4 Ball and Wingham,5 Miiller,6 Dillner,7 and others have shown fairly good agreement in the major points. Copper steel has been shown by these investigators to possess special properties which make it valuable for certain uses. The general range of composition of the useful alloys of copper and iron, and of copper, iron, and carbon, has been quite definitely established, for the former by Burgess and Aston,8 and for the latter by Breuil 9 and Stead.10 Stead 11 has removed one difficulty in reconciling certain of the earlier data by calling particular attention to the influence of carbon in copper steels. Another point which caused confusion in the earlier investigations, particularly in regard to " red-shortness," was the presence of sulphur. Failure to note the presence of sulphur often led to attributing " red-shortness " to the presence of small amounts of copper. Turner 12 has called attention to the fact that where copper exists in an iron ore it often occurs as the sulphide, so that the presence of copper in steel made from such ores might also, necessarily, mean the presence of sulphur. It is evident that the effect in this case might be quite different than where pure copper was added.

Jan 10, 1913

By W. A. Forbes

by the combustion of this gas as it reached the air was a familiar sight in the days when open-top furnaces were in vogue. As blast-furnace practice progressed, however, involving the use of hot blast and the development of power from the gas, blast-furnace construction was modified to conserve this gas for heating hot-blast stoves, raising steam under boilers, and various miscellaneous purposes. When the use of blast-furnace gas was extended to the driving of gas engines, the necessity for thoroughly cleaning the gas became apparent., and soon the advantages of also properly cleaning the gas for use in stoves and udder boilers became more fully recognized.

Jan 10, 1913

By H. R. Barnhurst

IT would be a difficult matter to trace from the beginning the very few improvements made in the burning of fuels prior to 1860. Doubtless the crossing of the sticks of wood in building a, wood fire early appealed to our savage ancestry as a means of expediting its effectiveness for their crude culinary purposes. Stones and andirons came later in assisting the admission of air to the under part of the fuel bed, while beacons and cressets utilized metal bars as supports for the same purpose. It is probable that Tubal Cain owed his success to the use of bellows making possible the use of mixed fuel and charge upon a hearth. With the development of working in east iron, grate bars cane in, and they are still with us doing duty in every household and almost every art where heat is a factor. Little was done beyond these crude methods prior to 1860. With the advancement of knowledge came the fuel-gas producer, a. natural child of the retorts employed in supplying illuminating gas. It is only within the last 15 years that the conclusion became general that complicated systems for saving heat would not remedy deficiencies in its primary development, and within that tine there has been great advancement in the means of producing initially fire of high efficiency, so that to clay we are moving rapidly toward loth high development and high absorption, with the resultant of high efficiencies. In studying the subject of the availability of pulverized coal as a fuel, it may occur to ask, why has this not come up earlier? This question would be naturally prompted by recalling the fact that Thomas Crompton's English patents upon his methods were issued to Min nearly 40 years ago. A conclusive answer to this, however, is that Crompton at that time had very crude facilities for raking what was at best a, very imperfect pulverization of the coal, and the expense of preparation was very great. He does not seem to have been aware of the advantage of a thorough drying of the coal in the

Jan 10, 1913

By G. K. Burgess

THE question of the allotropy of iron, in spite of a vast amount of experimental work and perhaps an even greater amount of theorizing, is not yet settled. That there is a definite transformation in iron near 900,° the A3 point, is generally recognized, as well as the fact that the temperature of this transformation is lowered by the addition of carbon and metallic elements. On heating, the transformation Ac3 is always found at a higher temperature than the transformation on cooling, Ar3. Whether the A3 transformation is sharp like the melting point of a pure substance, or extends over a considerable range of temperatures, embracing perhaps as a lower limit the A2 change, appears to be still an open question for pure iron. The nature and identity of the A2 transformation, it would appear from recent publications, has not yet been satisfactorily settled. In the present paper a critical, historical summary is given of the experimental investigations of the location of A2 and A.3 in pure iron, together with brief mention of some of the theoretical aspects of the subject, and an account is given of a series ?of experiments carried out with several samples of very pure iron which were studied by two methods of thermal analysis in the range from 5000 C. to 1,000° C., and which it is believed furnish a contribution of considerable interest as to the location and nature of the A3 and A2 transformations. Great attention has been given to the details of experimental manipulation and to the preparation of the samples, as it was soon found that some of the discrepancies noted in the work of many experimenters may be traced largely to lack of precautions which we have found essential. For example, to anticipate somewhat, it is necessary to provide a suitable practically gas-free furnace, the heating and cooling of which may be regulated to a nicety. To render a minimum the deforming effects on the cooling and heating curves of the poor conduction of the sample, it must be of a form and mass to pass on its heat rapidly and completely to the thermocouple; and finally the sample itself must be freed from gases which, if present, further mask the definiteness of the heating and cooling curves. We, have also varied within wide limits the several factors which may influence the determination of the exact location and shape of the transformation ranges, especially the mass and preparation of sample, rate of heating and cooling, design of furnace; and finally, as nearly as it is experimentally possible, we have worked with a substance approaching pure iron, free from occluded gases and other impurities, and contained within a vacuum.

Jan 10, 1913

ALBERT SAUVEUR, Chairman. A. A. STEVENSON, Vice-Chairman. HERBERT M. BOYLSTON, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. John Birkinbine, William Kelly, J. S. Unger, William H. Blauvelt, Charles Kirchhoff, Felix A. Vogel, James Gayley, Richard Moldenke, Leonard Waldo, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph ANT. Richards, William R. Walker, Henry M. Howe, C. F. W. Rys, William R. Webster, Robert W. Hunt, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Frederick W. Wood. J. E. Johnson, Jr., For the meeting of the Institute which is to be held in New York City, Oct. 16 and 17, 1913, the following program has been arranged: October 16, 1913, 10 A. M W. A. Forbes, Blast Furnace Gas Cleaning. W. H. Blauvelt, The Slagging Producer. Prof. F. Peter (Leoben, Austria), The Generation of Steam by Waste Heat from Furnaces. G. C. Stone, The Generation of Steam by Waste Heat from Regenerative Furnaces. W. R. Shinier, Over-Oxidation of Steel.

Jan 10, 1913

PUGET SOUND LOCAL SECTION. Executive Committee. CHESTER F. LEE, Chair roan. C. R. CLAGHORN, Vice-Chairman. JOSEPH DANIELS, Secretary-Treasurer, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. W. C. BUTLER. AL K. RODGERS. On the evening of Tuesday, Sept. 2, an informal dinner was held at the University Club, Seattle, Wash., at which the Secretary of the Institute was present, and a valuable and interesting conference took place concerning the recent activities of the Institute and the relations of the Institute management to the Local Sections. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL SECTION. Executive Committee. THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Chairman SEELEY W. MUDD Vice-Chairman. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Cal. C. COLCOCK JONES. FRANK ROBBINS. Maintains headquarters at 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Members of the Institute are invited to visit these headquarters whenever they are in the city. A reception was held at the headquarters of the Section on Wednesday, Sept. 10, at 8 p.m., to meet the Secretary of the Institute and discuss Institute activities and affairs. Light refreshments were served, and about 20 members of the Section attended.

Jan 10, 1913

By George Stone

THE stack gases from regenerative furnaces are very seldom utilized for the production of steam. If the temperature of the gases is not higher than 300° C. (572° F.) there is no economy in their use for this purpose, as the amount of available heat is very small and the temperature is so little above that of the steam that the interchange is too slow. With higher temperatures of the waste gases, however, good results can be obtained. At the plant of the New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pa.) at Palmerton there are a number of return tubular boilers, each 6 ft. in diameter and 20 ft. long, with 96 3.5-in. tubes, which are heated by the waste gases from the spelter furnaces. These furnaces have continuous regenerators heating the air only and the stack gases reach the boilers at a temperature of about 450°. The gas producers for one of these furnaces require 14 tons of anthracite (a mixture of Nos. 2 and 3 buckwheat), and the waste heat from the furnace gives a little more than 42 h.p. in steam. The boilers are not well adapted for the purpose, as they are much too large for the amount of heat going to them and the area of the tubes is not sufficient to take the gas from two furnaces without causing an objectionable amount of back pressure. The plant was built without any idea of using waste-heat boilers, and it was impossible to place the latter as close to the furnaces as they should be. Furnace and boiler are connected by an underground brick flue in which the temperature of the gas drops about 100°, losing 40 per cent. of its available heat. If the .boilers were close to the furnaces the horse power of each would be 70 instead of 42. Even under these unfavorable conditions the boilers have been very advantageous, as one boiler easily supplies the steam necessary for two batteries of producers. With such low gas temperatures the heating surface of the boilers is, of course, not as efficient and the flue areas need to be considerably larger than for coal firing.

Jan 10, 1913

By Ralph Wilcox

THE diamond drilling of certain characters of unstable rock forma-tion, as, for example, the copper-bearing schists of the Miami district in Arizona, is rendered most difficult by what is known as " caving" of the sides of the drill holes. As this caving is very greatly increased by the action of flowing water, it occurred to me, after experiencing a great deal of difficulty with caving in diamond-drill holes which I was drilling for the Miami Copper Co., that if I could substitute air for water, much of the caving-with resultant difficulties, such as decreased speed of sinking and increased consumption. of diamonds-would be overcome. After some experimenting, I found that it was perfectly practicable to substitute air for the water; forcing the air down the hollow rotating rods in the same manner as is done with water, the air passing out around the bit, which is thus cooled, and ascending on the outside of the rods to the collar of the hole, carrying the borings in just as satisfactory a manner as had been done by the water, but without the accompanying destruction or caving of the sides of the drill holes such as had been so generally experienced with the water. When water was encountered in the drilling this water was forced up to the collar just as it would have been had water been used in the .drilling, but with the correspondingly decreased flow there was relatively less washing or caving of the sides of the drill holes. The only change necessary in the arrangement of the drill is that a cross instead of a tee is used at the collar of the hole. A tightly woven jute bag is attached to one arm of the cross, for collecting and filtering the sample; and when drilling in dry ground a jet of water is attached to the opposite arm of the cross, to collect the dust and wash down the sample into the bag. The rods rotate through a stuffing box attached to the upper opening of the cross. The distention of the jute bag by the issuing air indicates the operating conditions as sufficiently as did the flow of water when using water in the drill hole.

Jan 10, 1913

S. F. EMMONS RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP. The movement was started by a number of the friends and admirers of the late S. F. Emmons, Economic Geologist of the United States Geological Survey, to perpetuate his name through a fellowship to be known as the ?S. F. Emmons Research Fellowship," and they have succeeded in raising some $13,000 for the purpose of carrying on research work in economic geology. The Committee in charge of this Memorial Fund has succeeded in obtaining the co-operation of Professors Kemp, of Columbia, Irving, of Yale, and Lindgren, of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the administration of this fellowship. These three gentlemen are respectively geologists of the institutions mentioned and are exceptionally qualified to determine in what direction the fund can be best administered. It is hoped that additional contributions will be forthcoming from many who have heard of this movement. Subscriptions are invited and may be sent to any one of these gentlemen, or to Benjamin B. Lawrence, Treasurer, No. 60 Wall Street, New York City.

Jan 10, 1913

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons. ) Position of laboratory assistant in metallurgy, pyrometry, and physical testing is vacant. Salary $80 to $100 to start. Knowledge of metallography desirable. Opening for a mine superintendent familiar with stoking methods on narrow gold quartz veins; also for a. superintendent of a 50-ton fine-grind-in, cyanide mill. College man under 40 preferred. Position in sales department is open for a mining engineer, with experience in mine ventilation and possessing some knowledge of fan design; one competent to lay out ventilating systems to meet various conditions.

Jan 10, 1913

R. B. BRINSMADE, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico (communication to the Secretary*) :-As I have previously considered the general equations for mine-valuation,1 I will here discuss only that part of Mr. Finlay's paper criticized by E. E. White, along with some of the general principles of mining taxation, under the following six topics: 1. Rate of interest earned by sinking-fund. 2. Rate of interest earned by investment. 3. Place of royalty item in valuation. 4. Place of taxation item in valuation. 5. Calculation of future ore-prices. 6. Valuation of undeveloped mining land. 1. Rate of Interest Earned by Sinking-Fund.-Mr. Denny's quoted opinion of a 3 per cent. rate is evidently based on English conditions before the Boer war. The great destruction of liquid capital by the great wars and catastrophes since 1897, along with the flood of gold and consequent rise in the average index of commodity prices, has undoubtedly increased the rate of interest at least one-half per cent. In the United States sound savings banks now allow 4 per cent. on deposits, while safe bonds are quoted at prices which yield even 5 per cent.. 2. Rate of interest Earned by Investment.-Gold-mines with uncertain and scanty ore reserves, the objects of Mr. Denny's quoted remarks, are quite different from iron,. copper, or coal mines with definite mineral reserves blocked out ahead by drilling or driving. While 10 per cent is often all inadequate yield from gold-mines, the latter class of mines are often, as safe as city real estate and resemble it as an investment in more ways than one.

Jan 10, 1913

Meeting, Aug. 20, 1913, B te, Montana, at 12.45 p.m.-On, the written request of 27 members of oft Institute residing in Montana, the Montana Local Section was established, and the following Committee was appointed by the President of the Institute to complete the organization : E. P. Mathewson, Chair pan; Frank M. Smith, Vice-Chairman; D. C. Bard, Secre-tary, Montana State School of Mines, Butte, Mont., Oscar Rohn, James L. Bruce. The President reported the appointment of a Committee on Mining Law, the names of whose officers and members are given on page xxxv of this Bulletin, and these appointments were approved. It was voted: That the Committee on dining Law be requested to establish a Sub-Committee on Censorship, a majority of whom shall be lawyers; and, further, that no paper on mining law be recommended for publication to the Committee on Papers and Publications, unless it is previously approved by the Sub-Committee on Censorship of the Committee on Mining Law. The President reported progress in the matter of co-operation between the Institute and the United States Bureau of Mines, through Committees of the Institute. The President reviewed the history of plans for a union or affiliation with the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, and the following minute was then adopted : " The Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engineers has carefully considered for several months the question of union or affiliation with the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America ; and, while at an earlier time and under other circumstances, such. a union might have been accomplished, yet under present circumstances the Directors of the Institute deem such union inexpedient. "While thanking the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America for its consideration of the matter, we believe that further discussion of the subject will serve no useful end, and we conclude it best that the Society and the Institute continue their useful functions and friendly relations side by side, as heretofore."

Jan 10, 1913

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 9 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. during July and August. The Library contains about 55,000 volumes, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furbish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general information as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape. The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made available to other members. Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assurance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

Jan 10, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. . Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman1 JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS.4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 10, 1913

By Charles Jones

IN the winter of 1902, while occupying the position of mining and examining engineer for the Mountain Copper Co., Ltd., of Keswick, Cal., I had occasion to discuss with the General Manager, among other things, the question of the enormous waste of sulphur in smelting cupriferous, pyrite ore, and to cast about for means to utilize this waste or to render the fumes innocuous to vegetation. The decreasing rate of production of California farms, the consequent need of fertilizers, and the opportunity thus offered to utilize large quantities of sulphuric acid in the manufacture of superphosphates naturally brought the subject to the practical and commercial side of phosphates. I was informed that the company had made efforts to find phosphates in the West, without success. I advised as a start placing inquiries for phosphate deposits on the Pacific coast in the current mining ,journals. This was done, with the result that in January, 1903, from an advertisement in the Mining and Scientific Press we got track of a deposit in Rich county, Utah, through T.J . Wilson, of the Southern Pacific railroad in San Francisco. As soon as snow in the mountains would permit, in May, 1903, I undertook an examination of the property, with the result of recognizing the importance of the find, in spite of its lack of facilities for transportation at a commercial figure. On June 15, 1903, I concluded my report by saying, "This may be one of the world's deposits of phosphates." On Nov. 17, 1903, I concluded my report for the season in the following words : " I have now no hesitation in saying that I believe the Carboniferous formation so largely developed in the Wasatch mountains of Utah and the mountains of the Great Basin will prove to be one of the greatest storehouses of phosphoric acid in the world."

Jan 10, 1913

By George Smith

IN the utilization of natural resources owner, operator, and consumer should share the attendant benefits. Development needs to be planned under terms recognizing fully the interests of all concerned, for any undue advantage given to any one of these participants is apt to involve even greater and disproportionate injury to one or both of the others. For this reason it is well to preface any consideration of needed reforms in legislation affecting the disposition of public land with a survey of certain fundamental principles that determine the general conditions of all land transfers preliminary to development, utilization, and production. The disposition of any undeveloped natural resource, whether timber, oil, coal, or water power, as a transaction to which hand owner and prospective developer are parties, must be based in theory upon a division of expected returns. Whatever the terms of such disposition, neither party can reasonably ask for anything other than an equitable division of the returns. Under this analysis three and only three questions need to be discussed ; namely, what are those profits, how is this division to be accomplished, and what is the equitable basis of division ? The answer to the third question should probably be found by applying to the problem the principles of theoretical sociology, and' the question need not be mentioned further at this time, inasmuch as it does not involve the practical considerations to be kept in mind in connection with the other questions, which are concerned with only the measure of returns and their division. That is to say, whether the land owner's equity is to be stated as 95 per cent. or as 5 per cent. of the profits attending the development of the particular resource, no change would be necessary in the method to be adopted of arriving at the closest approximation of the prospective total profit.

Jan 10, 1913

Discussion of the paper of L. C. Graton and Joseph Murdoch, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 77, May, 1913, pp. 741 to 797. THOMAS T. READ, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *) :-At the meetings of English technical societies it not infrequently happens that, during the discussion of a paper, someone will arise to say that although he highly appreciated the material presented, nevertheless he believed it would have been better if some other phase of the question had been more highly emphasized. Assuming that this form of discussion is permissible in the Institute, I should like to reiterate the point made by Prof. A. J. Moses that conclusive proof of the identity of the minerals in question is an essential feature of the study of ores in this way. This is also expressed by Paul Krusch in his recent valuable paper 1 on the sulphide ores (in which he arrives at conclusions diametrically opposed to those of Mr. Graton), as follows : ?The diagnostic properties of the various ore minerals are known to but a limited circle of investigators." Many earlier investigators began the study of ores beneath the microscope by reflected light, but discontinued their work, in most cases, because they were unwilling to undertake the great amount of preliminary work necessary to securely establish a basis for their inferences. It is evident that Messrs. Graton and Murdoch realize that the promised later paper on diagnostic characters will be the more important of the two, but the point should be emphasized to forestall a flood of literature from other investigators who may gain the impression that the brief survey of polished specimens is a wade mecum to incontrovertible conclusions as to any given ore deposit.

Jan 10, 1913

By Paul Billingsley

Introduction. THE Georgetown mining district is located in Deerlodge county, Mont., about 20 miles west of Anaconda. It lies along the divide between the headwaters of Warm Springs creek, draining eastward, and Flint creek, flowing west and north through the Philipsburg valley. The actual divide is formed by Cable mountain, a narrow ridge running north and south, terminating to the south in low hills overlooking Georgetown lake, and to the north in a high, rugged plateau that falls off to the west to the wide valley of Flint creek. Oil the eastern, or Warm Springs, slope of Cable mountain is the Cable mine, with the Hidden Lake mine a few miles north. On the western slope is the Southern Cross group, with smaller mines, the Twilight, Cincinnati, Red Lion, and Big Bill, at intervals to the northward. The Georgetown mines lie in the hills south of Cable mountain; the Philipsburg mines, of which the Granite Mountain, Bimetallic, Hope, and Trout are the chief, form a separate group to the north, overlooking Flint Creek valley and Philipsburg. (See Fig. 1.1) The region ranges in elevation from 5,000 to 9,000 ft. It is, with the exception of the lower valleys, well timbered with small fir and pine, although Cable mountain and the higher summits to the northward rise slightly above timber line. The main valleys have the smooth contours of glaciation, and their mouths are frequently choked with morainal deposits.

Jan 9, 1913

STANDING COMMITTEES. Executive. CHARLES F. RAND, Chairman. JAMES F. KEMP, JOSEPH W. RICHARDS, ALBERT R. LEDOUX, BENJAMIN B. THAYER. Membership. BENJAMIN B. THAYER, Chairman. WALTER R. INGALLS, JOHN H. JANEWAY, JR., JOHN D. IRVING, HERMAN A. PROSSER. Finance. EDWARD L. YOUNG, Chairman. KARL EILERS, JAMES GAYLEY. Library. JAMES F. KEMP, Chairman. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND,3 E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,2 ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS,4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON.

Jan 9, 1913

Committee of Arrangement E. P. MATHEWSON, Chairman. FRANK M. SMITH, Vice- Chairman D. C. BARD, Secretary, Montana State School of Mines, Butte, Mont. OSCAR ROHN, JAMES L. BRUCE. On Aug. 20, 1913, the following 30 members of the Institute residing in Montana made written application to the Board of Directors of the Institute for authority to establish a local section of the Institute to be called the Montana Section, with headquarters at Butte, and having such territory as may, later be determined on. This petition was granted by the Board at its meeting in Butte, Mont., Aug. 20, 1913. The committee named at the head of this paragraph was appointed to' arrange for permanent organization of this section.

Jan 9, 1913