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By Carl G. Consalus

The Kemmerer Coal Company's Sorensen Mine is located approximately 7 miles Southwest of the Town of Kemmerer, Lincoln County, Wyoming. The coal it produces is delivered via conveyor directly to Utah Power and Light's Naughton Steam Generating Plant. The Plant went on the line in the spring of 1963 and the Sorensen Mine has been producing coal since February of that year. In this period, approximately 2, 000, 000 tons of coal have been delivered to the Plant. Present Sorensen mining operations are being carried out in the upper seams of the Adaville Formation. The formation contains, in some places, up to 30 coal seams of varying quality and thickness. Thirteen seams are considered major and are given numbers; the rest are considered splits off of the major seams and are so named. The lowest seam stratigraphically is the No. 1, or Elkol seam. So far, it has not been committed to power production but is being held in- reserve. It is the thickest seam with 80-90 feet of coal as its average thickness. The other major seams vary from 10-50 feet thick, with most of the seams averaging 17-26 feet of thickness. Each major seam has been opened at least once' to obtain a true gross sample of the coal's performance in the Plant.

Jan 1, 1967

By Robert J. Ramsey, Robert D. Jeppson

Introduction The Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation will present its contribution to the A. M. Gaudin Flotation Symposium in four parts. The first two segments will discuss briefly the historical development of the Utah Copper Division and describe the ore body. The third segment will review the facilities and operating procedures for the Utah Copper division's newest plant, the Bonneville Concentrator. The fourth segment describes flotation process circuitry, including molybdenite recovery procedures, at the Arthur and Magna concentrators. (The Bonneville concentrator is a crushing and grinding unit and does not have its own flotation plant). I. Historical Development Progress through change has been the key to the successful operation of the Utah Copper Division for more than 70 years. As the original low-grade copper operation, the pressures to remain competitive and profitable have dictated the timing and extent of each change. Much of the change has occurred through technological and economic advancements in the area of ore concentration. The Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation had its origin June 4, 1903, when the Utah Copper Company was organized. The initial mill of 300 tpd (tons per day) capacity was built at Copperton a few miles below the present Bingham Canyon mine site. From 1904 to 1910, the Copperton mill was expanded to a capacity of 1,000 tpd, and all of the known apparatus for gravity concentration were evaluated.

Jan 1, 1976

By Robert J. Ramsey, N. Finkelstein, Robert D. Jeppson

Introduction The Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation will present its contribution to the A. M. Gaudin Flotation Symposium in four parts. The first two segments will discuss briefly the historical development of the Utah Copper Division and describe the ore body. The third segment will review the facilities and operating procedures for the Utah Copper Division's newest plant, the Bonneville Concentrator. The fourth segment describes flotation process circuitry, including molybdenite recovery procedures, at the Arthur and Magna concentrators. (The Bonneville concentrator is a crushing and grinding unit and does not have its own flotation plant). 1. Historical Development Progress through change has been the key to the successful operation of the Utah Copper Division for more than 70 years. As the original low-grade copper operation, the pressures to remain competitive and profitable have dictated the timing and extent of each change. Much of the change has occurred through technological and economic advancements in the area of ore concentration. The Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation had its origin June 4, 1903, when the Utah Copper Company was organized. The initial mill of 300 tpd (tons per day) capacity was built at Copperton a few miles below the present Bingham Canyon mine site. From 1904 to 1910, the Copperton mill was expanded to a capacity of 1,000 tpd, and all of the known apparatus for gravity concentration were evaluated.

Jan 1, 1976

By P .. R. Ammann

A two-stage pyrometallurgical process has been developed for the recovery of copper (and other non-ferrous metals) from copper smelter slags. All types of slags, including highly oxidized, converter-type slags, are cleaned in an electric furnace which employs mechanical mixers to promote magnetite reduction and copper extraction at high rates. In a 10-ton pilot furnace, it has been demonstrated that slags can be cleaned to 0.2-0.3 per cent copper with economically acceptable usage of raw materials and energy; copper is recovered as a high-grade matte. Pilot plant data have been scaled up to a commercial furnace and engineering designs have been made for a furnace to treat 60 tons per hour of slag from a Noranda Reactor and the associated converters. Plans are being formulated for the construction of a prototype slag cleaning furnace.

Jan 1, 1976

By Paul Klopstock

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) THE Kennedy mining district is situated about 55 miles in a southerly direction from Winnemucca, and about the same distance south-east from Battle Mountain : two towns situated oil t the main line of the Southern Pacific railroad. History. Prospectors were first attracted to the district by the reported discovery of gold by Chinamen in Cinnabar creek in the early 90's. The prospectors came from the rich placer workings in and about American canyon ; but the new diggings were not found sufficiently rich to justify their being, worked as placer properties, and the prospectors started work in a number of places, looking for the veins which had fed the canyon. In 1893, Charles E. Kennedy, a prospector who had been attracted by the reported discoveries in the vicinity, left Hawthorne and came to the present site of the town of Kennedy. Within a short time he discovered the vein known as the Imperial, and proceeded, with the aid of some friends, to develop it. The vein was readily traced for a distance of about a mile, and about $10,000 worth of high-grade ore was shipped to the Utah smelters. At about the same time the Lawler Brothers, who had been prospecting in the district for some time, located the ?Gold Note group," which showed some extremely rich ore. Within a very short time they extracted from 'the Gold Note vein 150 tons of ore, which was shipped to the Utah smelters, and netted about $105 per ton above all expenses. Their good fortune attracted attention to the camp, and within .a short time a town was laid out, with a population of about 500 people. It was named in honor of Kennedy, who had made the first discovery of pay ore in the district.

Jan 6, 1913

By Verya Nasri, Heather M. Ivory, Kevin Clarke, Eric Cole

Development of the New York City Water Supply System The New York City water supply system serves a population of almost nine million, including residents in neighboring counties. Peak day demands on the system are currently running at about 70 m3/sec (about 1,600 mgd), which is significantly lower than in the 1990s. This trend of reducing demands over the past 25 years, which has been experienced in other major urban centers in the US, is mainly the result of conservation measures and increased cost consciousness on the part of water users. In the long term, demands are expected to once again follow an increasing trend with population growth, so that by the end of the planning horizon of these studies, the year2045, the peak day demand is expected to increase to about 85 m3/sec (2,000 mgd).The system is served largely by surface water sources, regulated by a system of 19reservoirs and three controlled lakes, which are connected to the City by a series of aqueducts, the longest of which is about 87 km (54 miles). The total storage in the sys-tem amounts to about 560 billion gallons, providing a system firm yield of about1300 mgd. The Delaware system provides about 50% of the City’s water, the Catskill about 40%, with the remaining 10% provided by the Croton. The system as a whole, which is shown on Figure 1, has been built up over the past 150 years, and is truly a marvel of engineering. The Catskill and Delaware aqueducts both discharge into Kensico Reservoir, which is a daily balancing reservoir located in Westchester County about 24 km(15 miles) north of the New York City line. The two aqueducts extend south for a further 14 miles to combine again at Hillview Reservoir in the Bronx, which provides hourly balancing storage for New York City system. The Croton aqueduct runs nearby as shown on Figure 2, but does not connect into the two reservoirs. From Hillview Reservoir the water is supplied to the city via three main distribution tunnels, known as City Tunnels 1, 2, and 3. City Tunnel No.1 was developed in the 1920s as part of the Catskill system. City Tunnel No. 2 followed in the 1960s as part of the Delaware system. City Tunnel No. 3 (CT3) is partly under construction and partly in operation, and is being implemented to permit the other distribution tunnels to be taken out of operation for the first time for inspection and maintenance. Presently CT3 is supplied with water from Hillview Reservoir via a large underground valve chamber, the Van

Jan 1, 2007

By Robert J. F. Goodfellow, William A. T. Meakin, Kevin Clarke, Eric Cole

INTRODUCTION New York City Water Supply—Background and History Since the 1840s New York City has been developing the largest, and perhaps, the best urban water supply and distribution system in the world in terms of quality and reliability. One of the engineering marvels of the modern world, the New York City water supply and distribution system serves a population of almost nine million, including residents in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange Counties of New York State. The average daily supplies presently are running at almost 60 m3/sec(about 1,350 million gallons per day). The watershed for the New York City water supply system, under the jurisdiction of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), consists of19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes, and covers an area of approximately5,000 square kilometers (about 2,000 square miles) north of New York City. The watershed total available storage capacity is about two billion cubic meters (560 billion gallons) and is divided into three reservoir systems: the Catskill and Delaware watersheds located West of the Hudson River; and the Croton watershed, located east of the Hudson River, see Figure 1. The first element of the system, the Croton Aqueduct, started operations in 1842.Through several updates and expansions, the present-day Croton system was in place by 1911, providing a potential maximum supply of about 15 m3/s (about 340 mgd). The system includes ten reservoirs and three controlled lakes. In the late 1800s, with the tremendous growth of the City, New York City water engineers began to look for additional sources. Between 1907 and 1929, the City acquired water rights and constructed a new 148 km (92 miles) Catskill aqueduct to convey water from the Ashokan Reservoir to the City. The Catskill system also included the construction of the Kensico and Hillview Reservoirs just north of the City,

Jan 1, 2005

Gold mineralisation at the Kerimenge-Lemenge prospects is a classical example of myltiple, overprinting events, associated with intrusive-related hydrothermal systems. Repeated emplacement of high level dacitic porphyry bodies (Edie Porphyry; 2.4 - 3.8 Ma) was accompanied by a phreatomagmatic eruption which formed a diatreme-maar complex. Later hydrothermal fluids utilised permeable fault zones and diatreme contacts. Mineralisation took place during two main events. Stage I consists of early quartz - illite/sericite - carbonate phase with associated pyrite-arsenopyrite mineralisation. This phase is zoned from quartz - sericite-pyrite/arsenopyrite in the south at depth, to dominantly manganocarbonate - illitic clay - arsenopyrite- pyrite_s significant base metals in the north and at shallow levels. The majority of known gold (18.1 Mt @ 2.0 g/t Au) at Kerimenge is associated with Stage I activity. The gold occurs primary within the lattice of the sulphides and is metallurgically refractory. Fluid inclusion studies indicate early boiling and progressive cooling and dilution of hydrothermal fluids during the evolution of the Stage I event. Near paleosurface condensation of gases, which evolved off the boiling system at depth, produced abundant low pH bicarbonate fluids. During the waning phases of Stage I activity, these bicarbonate condensate fluids descended down permeable structures and formed banded manganocarbonate veins. High grade non-refractory gold mineralisation during Stage II event is restricted to favourable structures at relatively shallow levels and in the northern regions of the prospect area. Gold in this event exhibits a distinctive Au - Ag - Te -Cu geochemical signature, and is associated with hessite - tennantite - chalcopyrite mineralisation within quartz veining. Alteration and fluid inclusion studies indicate that this style of mineralisation is a result of the quenching of pulses of hot, late magmatic mineralised fluids by the cold condensate waters.

Jan 1, 1997

Research cruises dedicated to seafloor hydrothermal activity along the Kermadec arc first began with the Sonne-135 expedition in 1998. This was followed by the worldÆs first systematic survey for venting along an arc during the 1999 NZAPLUME I expedition. Since then, cruises dedicated to mapping plumes along the Kermadec arc include NZAPLUME II (2002), NZAPLUME III (2004) and ROVARK (2007). In addition, the manned submersible cruises SWEEP Vents (2004) and NZASRoF (2005) utilised the Shinaki 6500 and Pisces V, respectively, to sample in detail select hydrothermalsystems for mineralised samples, rocks and vent fluids. The ROVARK (2007) cruise was the first to deploy an autonomous underwater vehicle (ABE) along the arc which surveyed Brothers volcano at a far greater resolution than had been done previously by ships on the sea surface. While these expeditions have largely been led by GNS Science, together with its collaborators from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), significant contributions have been made by other groups from various nations, exemplifying the global interest in seafloor hydrothermal activity associated with intraoceanic arcs. This is an ASTRACT only. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.

Jan 1, 2008

By Cornel E. J. de Ronde

Volcanic arcs, including both island arc and intra-oceanic arc systems, combined extend for ~22,000 km around the Earth, with the majority (~20,000 km) occurring in the Pacific basin. These arcs are host to over 700 volcanoes of which ~200 are submarine and as such represent great potential for hosting massive sulfide deposits formed at seafloor hydrothermal vent sites. The Kermadec arc extends for ~1,200 km northeastwards from the North Island of New Zealand and forms the southern part of the ~2,500-km-long Tonga-Kermadec intra-oceanic arc system. At least 94 volcanoes are known to exist along this system with 74, or about 80%, being submarine. At least 33 volcanoes occur along the Kermadec part of the arc with all but one (Raoul Island) being submarine. The first sulphides recovered from the entire Tonga-Kermadec arc were in 1996 from the Brothers and Rumble II West volcanoes of the southern Kermadec arc. The 1998 R/V Sonne research cruise recovered a more comprehensive suite of mineralised samples from Brothers, and also found evidence for hydrothermal venting at Monowai, Vulkanolog, Rumble III and Clark volcanoes. The March 1999 NZAPLUME cruise systematically surveyed 260 km of the southern Kermadec arc and found that 7 of 13 volcanoes were hydrothermally active, with the vent fields either located within calderas (e.g., Brothers, Healy, Rumble II West) or atop volcanic cones (e.g., Clark, Tangaroa, Rumble V, Rumble III). The May 2002 NZAPLUME II cruise surveyed a further ~580 km of the mid-segment of the Kermadec arc, from Brothers to volcano 'L', a submarine volcanic edifice 35 km NW of Macauley Island. This cruise surveyed 13 major volcanoes and 8 smaller volcanic edifices and confirmed hydrothermal venting at the Vulkanolog site, and discovered new vent fields atop a volcanic cone within Macauley caldera, immediately offshore Macauley Island, and another at the summit of volcano 'L'. A further new site was found atop a volcanic knoll immediately S of Healy caldera during time-series sampling of the vent sites found during the 1999 cruise. All the vent sites discovered along the Kermadec arc occur in water depths between 1650 and 150 m.

Jan 1, 2002

By Menne DM

The carbon-in-pulp (CIp)process has become well accepted and firmly established in the gold industry of South Africa and, at this stage, six large CIP plants are treating close to I million metric tons of material per month. Many small operators are also using CIP and additional large plants are either nearing completion, are on the drawing boards,. or are being considered. The programme of testwork that preceded the acceptance of the CIP process in South Africa was conducted over some eight years and has been previously described'-7. With the start-up of the President Brand CIP plant on 'calcine' in July 1980 and that of the Western Areas CIP plant on repulped filter residues in September 1980, the emphasis on the CIP process switched from pilot plants to these large plants - and has largely remained there. As it has started up, each new CIP plant benefited from the experience gained and the developments made, on earlier plants but, since so few plants have so far been established in South Africa, each new plant and each new design has revealed a further set of conditions to be met and problems to be overcome. However, in the highly collaborative atmosphere of the South African gold-mining industry, the results and observations from the operation of these first plants were shared by all mining groups. This paper will attempt to describe typical developments on, and results obtained from, these new large plants, and will incorporate significant results from the earlier laboratory and pilot-plant investigations.,

Jan 1, 1982

By R. Gatzweiler

The Key Lake nickel-uranium deposits are situated within the Wollaston domain of the Churchill structural province. The host rocks of the two orebodies are of Aphebian and Helikian age. The orebodies occur mainly within a 5.2-km-Iong, northeast-trending zone which coincides with the intersection of the sub-Athabasca unconformity and a reverse fault striking east-northeast. The principal controls of mineralization are structural and lithostratigraphic (i.e., post-Athabasca faults, the sub-Athabasca unconformity and graphitic metapelites in the lower Aphebian, close to the Aphebian/Archean unconformity). Grades of up to 35% U3O8 and 20% Ni are recorded over intervals of up to 2 m. Some hypogene zonation exists and the nickel mineralization tends to underlie the high-grade uranium ore. The ore minerals include pitchblende, a-U307, coffinite, gersdorffite, millerite, niccolite, bravoite, zoisite, sericite, chlorite and kaolinite. The kaolinite is a post-ore, supergene alteration product. Chemical studies of the sub-Athabasca paleo weathering profile sho w that regolithization is characterized by depletion in Si02 and K20 and concomitant enrichment in Al203 and perhaps MgO. In the paleoweathering profile the ferromagnes ian minerals are chloritized, the Ksfeldspars sericitized and the plagioclase saussuritized. Preliminary geochronologic data from the ores reveal U/Pb ages of -1228 my, - 960 my and 89 my, and Rb /Sr data indicate basement ages of -1850 my and - 1372 my. Aphebian pelitic protoliths, carrying U and Ni, may have released some metals during post-Hudsonian weathering, and minor concentration in structural and geochemical traps may have taken place prior to the deposition of the Athabasca strata. However, it is felt that the bulk ofthe ore-grade mineralization wasgenerated after the deposition of the Athabasca formation and after faulting, probably during a major regional thermal/ intrusive episode of Grenvillian age. Several episodes of remobilization took place between 1228and 89 my ago.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. Finch, F. Rosenblum, McGill University

The self-heating of sulphides can be a major hazard in mining operations and concentrate handling, particularly during transportation and associated storage. Self-heating results from the oxidation of sulphide minerals and can vary from being insignificant to potentially hazardous to life and infrastructure. It is essential that there be a reliable test methodology that can categorize a given sulphide material as to its self-heating potential. By their nature, sulphide ores and concentrates are complex and variable mineral combinations making it difficult to predict their self-heating behavior a-priori based on mineralogy or with a simple "snapshot" test. Furthermore, self-heating behavior will depend on the state of oxidation of the sulphides as well as time, temperature and humidity. A review of available testing apparatuses and protocols that can be used to assess self-heating potential is presented. Each of these methodologies was examined in relation to its ability to predict the latent self-heating hazard of a sulphide material. Several of the methods were compared to illustrate their strengths and weakness. The results indicated that a number of the test protocols may produce false negative indications of self-heating potential, constituting an obvious concern to the industry.

Jan 1, 2014

By W. H. MacLean, S. Liaghat

Abstract- The Key Tuffite is a thick (0.3 m to 6 m) and laterally extensive (-10 km) cherty, sulfide-bearing tuff unit in Archean greenstones in the Matagami mining district in northwestern Quebec. It lies at the contact of the Watson Lake Group and overlying Wabassee Group volcanic rocks, and is host to major Zn-Cu volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. The tuff component is highly altered and its volcanic precursors are not identifiable by petrographie means. The tuff is mixed with a volcanic exhalative component comprising chert, carbonate and sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, and minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite). The normative mineral composition of the Key Tuffite is 33% quartz, 28% sulfides, 16% sericite, 8% carbonate, 60Jo chlorite and 9% other minerals. In the vicinity of the Bell Allard and Orchan mines, the precursor tuff components are identified using immobile major and trace elements, as Watson Lake tholeiitic rhyolite (Zr/Y = 1.5 to 3.5, LaN/Ybn. = 1.7 to 2.8, Si02 = 72.5 ± 1.2 wt %, and Wabassee calc-alkaline andesite (Zr/Y =9, LaN/Ybn. = 4 to 8, Si02 = 56% to 65%). Immobile element computation techniques were used to calculate mass additions and losses in the conversion of the tuff to the Key Tuffite. Average net amounts of Fep3 (27% total iron), Si02 (14%), CaO (8%), S and K20 ( + 2%), were added, Na2O was removed (-2.8%), and MgO was over-all unchanged. Total net mass change was +63%, which comprises mainly exhalative additions, but also includes changes owing to hydrothermal alteration of the tuff component.

Jan 1, 1992

By W. H. MacLean, S. Liaghat

The Key Tuffite is a thick (0.3 m to 6 m) and laterally extensive (-10 km) cherty, sulfide-bearing tuff unit in Archean greenstones in the Matagami mining district in northwestern Quebec. It lies at the contact of the Watson Lake Group and overlying Wabassee Group volcanic rocks, and is host to major Zn-Cu volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. The tuff component is highly altered and its volcanic precursors are not identifiable by petrographic means. The tuff is mixed with a volcanic exhalative component comprising chert, carbonate and sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, and minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite). The normative mineral composition of the Key Tuffite is 33% quartz, 28% sulfides, 16% sericite, 8070 carbonate, 6% chlorite and 9% other minerals. In the vicinity of the Bell Allard and Orchan mines, the precursor tuff components are identified using immobile major and trace elements, as Watson Lake tholeiitic rhyolite (Zr/Y = 1.5 to 3.5, LaN/ybN = 1.7 to 2.8, SiO2 = 72.5 ± 1.2 wt %, and Wabassee calc-alkaline andesite (Zr/Y = 9, LaN/YbN= 4 to 8, SiO2 = 56% to 65%). Immobile element computation techniques were used to calculate mass additions and losses in the conversion of the tuff to the Key Tuffite. Average net amounts of FeP3 (27% total iron), Si02 (14%), Cao (8%), S and K2 (+ 2%), were added, Nap was removed (-2.8%), and MgO was over-all unchanged. Total net mass change was +63%, which comprises mainly exhalative additions, but also includes changes owing to hydrothermal alteration of the tuff component.

Jan 1, 1992

By Alison Savage, Michael Terry

"For decades, the International Market Place (IMP) has been an icon in the heart of Waikiki in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was famous for Duke Kahanamoku’s restaurant where people flocked to hear Don Ho sing in the ’60s and ’70s. Later, it was a bustling, open-air hub of small vendors who peddled everything from Hawaiian souvenirs and jewelry to food court meals and farmer’s market produce. Small buildings and shacks that housed the businesses were located on a curved tract of land — just one block off the beach — that stretches from Kalakaua Avenue to Kuhio Avenue. The entrance to the complex is dominated by a huge, old (circa 1850) Banyan tree. This tract is owned by the Queen Emma Land Company. Queen Emma was a Hawaiian Queen from the 1800s. Revenue from the land has supported the Queen’s Medical Center in Honolulu for decades.The reimagined IMP is owned by Taubman Centers, of Bloomfield Hills, Mich., and CoastWood Capital Group of San Francisco, Calif. The IMP will offer a distinctive collection of upscale fashion and lifestyle retailers, including Hawaii’s only Saks Fifth Avenue store, as well as ten sit-down restaurants, including concepts by award-winning chefs Michael Mina and Roy Yamaguchi. The mall features two large open-air courts, the first of which has the huge Banyan tree as its entryway centerpiece. The second open-air court, called Queen’s Court, includes a stage and mature monkeypod trees and a few palm trees. Foundation SelectionAfter a geotechnical exploration that was directed by SME, Plymouth, Mich., and performed by Geolabs, Honolulu, it was discovered that the historical site had hidden and challenging foundation conditions. The subsurface conditions included a very deep but now in-filled ancient river valley containing more than 180 ft (54.9 m) of lagoonal deposits consisting of normally consolidated plastic clayey silts and silty clays with blow counts mainly varying in N-value from 1 to 6. The silt was underlain by several soft coralline layers, some overconsolidated clays and various basalt layers. The static groundwater level on the site was at a depth of about 5 ft (1.5 m), closely matching sea level.Although driven piles had previously been used as the preferred deep foundation support for adjacent structures, this area of town is now fully developed and local noise ordinances preclude their use. Augercast piles were initially considered, but when the general contractor dck/FWF, Pittsburgh, Pa., asked for bids for the augercast piles, several foundation contractors offered alternate systems. The practical installation depth of augercast piles was limited and due to the depth of the in-filled alluvial valley, this system could likely have left soft silt below the tips of the piles over much of the site."

Jan 1, 2016

By A L. Stewart, M Baatar

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.The Middle Palaeozoic Gurvansaikhan Belt (Southern Mongolia) of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt is one of Central Asia’s most significant emerging porphyry copper provinces. The belt has become the focus of extensive exploration for porphyry copper-gold deposits over the last decade following the discovery of the giant Oyu Tolgoi porphyry copper-gold deposit. The Gurvansaikhan Belt is known to host porphyry deposits of Late Devonian (~370 Ma) and Early Carboniferous (~320 Ma) age. The characteristics of Early Carboniferous porphyry systems are poorly known compared to their older counterparts, despite their probable abundance and potential economic significance. Exploration within the Kharmagtai porphyry breccia complex has identified multiple cogenetic gold-copper-porphyry centres and late-stage mineralised magmatic-hydrothermal tourmaline breccias emplacement within a composite high-K calc-alkaline quartz monzodiorite intrusive complex. Early porphyry alteration and mineralisation at Kharmagtai are zoned around vertically attenuated early- and inter-mineral quartz monzodiorite dykes and stocks and comprises a complex sequence of calc-potassic, potassic and propylitic assemblages. Hematite dusting is a common alteration product that gives intrusions and the host rocks a distinctive pink-orange colour. Several of the systems have bornite-rich cores, where mineralisation is characterised by high gold grades (0.7 to >5 g/t Au) that zone outward to chalcopyrite-rich and then outer pyritic halos. Early stockwork mineralisation is overprinted by magmatic-hydrothermal tourmaline breccias. High-grade magmatic-hydrothermal tourmaline breccias form part of a major copper-gold mineralised breccia system with significant exploration potential. The Early Carboniferous porphyry copper-gold systems of the Gurvansaikhan Belt represent a substantial exploration challenge in an area of increasing exploration maturity. This paper summarises the characteristics of the Kharmagtai porphyry system that have helped to define the Early Carboniferous porphyry province of the Gurvansaikhan Belt and discusses implications for future exploration.CITATION:Stewart, A L and Baatar, M, 2015. The Kharmagtai porphyry breccia complex – characteristics of early Carboniferous porphyry mineralisation in the Gurvansaikhan Belt, Southern Mongolia, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 383–388 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By C. J. Newman, D. J. Kemp, R. M. Sweetin

"The smelter is described by area; feed preparation, continuous furnace line, gas handling and auxiliary systems, blister refining, Hazelett casting of thin anodes, and scrap remelting. Early smelter campaign data is presented and compared to design. Some modifications to the basic design of the furnaces and gas trains are indicated, with their respective impacts on improving smelter performance.Plant compactness, the use of jumbo tanks, and a highly automated electrode handling system are featured in the refinery description, with brief coverage of the liberator and slimes leaching sections. Early experience in refining thin regular Hazelett anodes, and submersible pump recovery of raw slimes are relayed, together with automatic stripping from titanium blanks.Refinery tonnages and operating parameters are given showing the relatively trouble-free attainment of refinery design performance.IntroductionPrevious papers and articles ( 1), (2) ,(3 ) have described the metallurgical facilities serving the copper-zinc-silver Kidd Creek orebody located near Timmins, Ontario. For convenience a brief review of their mid-1983 operating status is presented.The concentrator, originally designed for 9,000 short tons, was commissioned in late 1966. It can now comfortably process over 13,000 metric tonnes per day largely as a result of the addition of a fourth circuit in 1978."

Jan 1, 1984

By C. J. Newman, K. Molnar, A. G. Storey, G. Macfarlane

"The Kidd Creek copper smelter started operation in June 1981 using the Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process. A steady increase in plant production rates has been demonstrated, and the annual tonnage of concentrate smelted is now double the original design rate. This paper summarizes recent modifications made to increase concentrate feed rates, increase on-line time, reduce copper losses and control the impurity level in anode copper. It includes improvements made to furnace design, improvements to reduce downtime f or boiler cleaning, and improvements made to the acid plant to allow handling of increased gas flowrates and higher gas strengths while maintaining low acid plant emission rates. IntroductionThe Kidd Creek Division of Fal conbridge Limited operates a base-metal mining and metallurgical complex, located in Timmins, Ontario, which includes an underground mine, a 13 500 tonne/day concentrator, a 130000 tonne/year zinc plant and a copper smelter and refinery, The copper smelter and refinery were commissioned in 1981, with an installed capacity of 59 000 tonnes/ year of cathode. The smelter, utilizing the continuous smelting technology of the Mitsubishi Process, has subsequently been expanded in production capacity, and in 1991 produced 113 500 tonnes of blister copper The capacity of the refinery, which uses Onahama No. 3 tankhouse technology, has been increased to 96 000 tonnes/year of cathode. The capacity increase at the smelter has been realized through the input of additional oxygen to both the smelting and converting furnaces, without increasing the process off-gas flowrate through the associated waste heat boilers.In this paper, a brief review of smelter operation and modifications in the period 1982 to 1987 is presented, together with a more detailed discussion of operation during 1988 to 1991, and a discussion of future planned improvements."

Jan 1, 1992

By R. M. Sweetin

Detailed descriptions by operating area of the Kidd copper smelter are presented, together with accounts of complement staffing, training, and preparation activities for smelter start-up in June 1981. Concentrate tonnages smelted in the first twelve months of operation were constrained by the capacity of the furnace off-gas system. However, modifications designed and introduced over that period, plus sustained efforts by operations and maintenance personnel have resulted in stepwise improvements in smelter performance.. Consistent operation at design feed rates has been well demonstrated over the third and fourth smelter campaigns and efforts continue on further improving the continuous smelter on-line times and increasing campaign life. In November 1982., following a seventeen month preproduction period, the Kidd smelter attained full operating status.

Jan 1, 1983