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By H. J. Chalmers

THE H.B. MINE and concentrator are located in the Nelson Mining Division of British Columbia, on the north side of the Sheep Creek valley about seven miles southeast of the town of Salmo. It is an operation of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited (Cominco), which has its metallurgical plants at Trail, about 25 miles west. The property was originally staked about 1907 by Horton and Benson, whose names are commemorated in the designation "H. B." Up until 1927, a considerable amount of development work was done in the upper levels by various companies. Cominco purchased the ?property in 1927 and carried out intermittent work until 1946. Following this, an extensive surface diamond drilling programme and a subsequent underground exploration were undertaken. Sufficient ore was outlined 'to warrant the construction of a 1,000: ton concentrator. This was started in April, 1952, and completed by the spring of 1953. However, because of adverse base metal market conditions, operation was deferred until May, 1955.

Jan 1, 1957

By W. T. Irvine

"The H.B. Mine, a zinc-lead operation of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada Limited (Cominco), is in south central British Columbia, on Sheep Creek, a west-flowing branch of the Salmon River. It is 3 miles by road from B.C. highway No. 6, 30 miles south of Nelson, B.C., with an excellent highway connection to the smelter city of Trail, 35 miles from the mine. The nearest permanent settlement is the village of Salmo, 7 miles distant by road. The mine is situated along a belt containing other important zinc-lead deposits, including those of the Canadian Exploration Company, 3 miles to the south, and the Reeves MacDonald mine, 9 miles distant again to the southwest.Deeply oxidized outcrops were located in 1907 on the north side of Sheep Creek valley by two prospectors named Horton and Benson. The property was given the name H.B., after the two discoverers, and there commenced a long and intermittent series of mining operations designed mainly to develop and extract oxidized lead-zinc ore. In 1925 a determined attempt was made by a British syndicate to develop a large tonnage of sulphide ore, but this ended in failure after some 3,000 feet of lateral development had been done. In 1927 Cominco acquired the mine, but it lay idle until 1946 when a geological study was followed by a program of surface drilling which encountered extensive sulphide mineralization. An underground development program revealed more details of the deposit, and sufficient ore was found to warrant construction of a 1,000-ton mill. Mine preparation and mill construction were completed by early 1953, but production was deferred due to low metal prices. The mine was finally brought into production early in 1955."

Jan 1, 1949

By B. T., Colley

AS always when metallurgical operations are conducted within or close to agricultural and stock-raising regions, the question of damage due to fume and smoke presented itself when the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation's new smelter commenced to operate in La Oroya in 1922, For more than twenty years the Corporation had operated its old plant close to Cerro de Pasco without encountering difficulties from smoke claims, owing to the fact that it was in an open plain where more or less constant air currents carried and dissipated the smoke over large areas, affording ample dilution. But Oroya is in a deep canyon formed by four contributing valleys up and down which the smoke travels for long distances in a more or less concentrated form. Though the altitude of Oroya is more than 12,000 ft., and the surrounding country rises to much greater elevations, nevertheless there exists there a large and important stock-raising industry and also a considerable development in agriculture, consisting of the cultivation of potatoes, barley, etc.

Jan 1, 1945

Through the generosity of Sir Robert Hadfield, Honorary Member, the Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engineers are enabled to announce the Hadfield Research Prize of $1,000 for the best contribution to the publications of the Institute upon the general subject of The Different Forms and Combinations of Carbon with Iron, including those in Iron Alloys. The prize will be awarded at the Annual Meeting of the Institute in February, 1916, to the best paper upon this subject which is presented to the Institute before Nov. 1, 1915, provided such paper is deemed worthy by the Institute's Iron and Steel Committee. The following suggestions are also added for the guidance of those who may take part in this research. While it is not desired to define closely the exact lines or scope of the proposed research, as it is advisable to make these as broad as possible, the object in mind may be said to be generally as follows: To elaborate and find out the best methods of determining the forms of carbon in steel or iron, including those in iron alloys. A portion of the work would probably be a continuation of the researches which have in the past been carried out by Jullien, Abel, Muller, Ledebur, T. Sterry Hunt, Akerman, Arnold, Stead, E. D. Campbell, Hogg, Parry, Upton, and others.Through the generosity of Sir Robert Hadfield, Honorary Member, the Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engineers are enabled to announce the Hadfield Research Prize of $1,000 for the best contribu¬tion to the publications of the Institute upon the general subject of The Different Forms and Combinations of Carbon with Iron, including those in Iron Alloys. The prize will be awarded at the Annual Meeting of the Institute in February, 1916, to the best paper upon this subject which is presented to the Institute before Nov. 1, 1915, provided such paper is deemed worthy by the Institute's Iron and Steel Committee. The following suggestions are also added for the guidance of those who may take part in this research. While it is not desired to define closely the exact lines or scope of the proposed research, as it is advisable to make these as broad as possible, the object in mind may be said to be generally as follows: To elaborate and find out the best methods of determining the forms of carbon in steel or iron, including those in iron alloys. A portion of the work would probably be a continuation of the researches which have in the past been carried out by Jullien, Abel, Muller, Ledebur, T. Sterry Hunt, Akerman, Arnold, Stead, E. D. Campbell, Hogg, Parry, Upton, and others.

Jan 1, 1917

By S. J. Cook

Outstanding advances among the metals, marked the mineral production records for Canada during the first half of 1925. Production of metals and non-metals reached a total value of $90,347,698. as compared with $84,307,385. in the first half of 1924, an increase of 7.16 per cent. Metals and non-metals produced during the calendar year 1924 were valued at $17 4,202,537.; production during the first half of 1925 showed a sum equal to 51.86 per cent of this total. Advances among the metals were general. Gold rose to a new record. Lead advanced 62.41 per cent over the high mark attained in the first half of 1924. Nickel production was well maintained. Copper was up a million pounds. Silver showed increased values. Zinc followed the trend in lead to almost double the output recorded in the first half of 1924. Cobalt production continued to improve. Despite the loss due to the protracted strike in the Nova Scotia coal mines which reduced the output of coal in that province; during the six months ending June, to less than half the tonnage reported in the first six months of 1924, improved conditions throughout the rest of the non-metal mining field resulted in the production of non-metals during the half-year reaching a total value of $31,199,233. as compared with $36,844,286. in the first half of 1924; the loss in the value of coal output al one amounted to $5,723,873, while the decrease in the aggregate value of non-metals amounted to only $5,645,053.

Jan 1, 1925

By D. J. MacKinnon, Kazi E. Haque

Ammonia present in a variety of mine/mill waste waters was almost completely oxidized to nitrogen by chloride mediated electro-oxidation. A closed circuit operation of preconcentration of ammonia on a suitable adsorbent (e.g. zeolite or a resin) followed by brine stripping of ammonia and electrolysis of the strip liquor seems to have sound technical, economic and environmental merits. The removal of ammonia, cyanide, cyanate or thiocyanate from a mine/mill waste water (e.g. gold mill), either individually or collectively, is also feasible by chloride mediated electro-oxidation technique. Further R&D investigations are necessary for the development of a closed circuit operation for the removal of ammonia, cyanide and thiocyanate; and also to obtain technical data for process cost estimates

Jan 1, 1996

By James N. White

Completion of the Hall Street Coal Transfer Terminal in St. Louis marks the beginning of a major shift in the movement of coal to the power generating stations of the Midwest and South Central regions of the United States. The location of the terminal is significant. The 10 million ton- per-year facility is the first high capacity rail-to-barge transfer terminal to be built on the western shore of the Mississippi. This terminal and others to follow will link the massive coal fields of the West with the high coal consuming markets adjacent to the 25,000-mile Inland Waterway System.

Jan 1, 1979

By F. McGravie, S. T. Solinski, W. W. Robertson

During this, the Centennial year of the discovery of the Hall-Heroult process, it seems appropriate to review some of the developments which have taken place in Canada and to explain why it has become an important world centre for the production of primary aluminum. For many years after it was recognized that the element aluminum existed, scientists were frustrated in their efforts to isolate it. In the early 1800s H. C. Oersted and Frederick Woehler prepared small quantities sufficient to measure some of the physical properties. A quasi-commercial process involving reduction with metallic sodium was developed by the French scientist H. St. Claire Deville in 1855 but the cost was very high ($30. 00 per kg). It was not until 1886 that Charles Martin Hall in the United States and P.L.T. Heroult in France, more or less simultaneously but completely independently, discovered the process which is essentially that in use today. Some of the early pioneers in the industry quickly recognized the potential of the hydro-electric resources in Canada as economic energy suppliers for aluminum production. The first commercial production in Canada was in Shawinigan, Quebec in 1901, only 15 years after the process was discovered. Subsequently operating plants were established at nine different locations in Canada (Quebec and British Columbia) (Table 1). Operations continue today in all locations except one (La Tuque). The table shows present plant capacity which for the older plants was reached in an evolutionary manner including replacement of obsolete capacity or upgrading and modernization of existing designs.

Jan 1, 1999

By Werner Burger

The Hallandsås project with a long history, first started in 1991, is well known in the tunneling community. In the past it has been stopped twice for technical and environmental reasons. The third attempt started in 2004 using a dual mode rock TBM. The heterogeneous highly fractured and abrasive rock mass as well as large areas of water bearing zones present most difficult subsurface conditions. The tunneling concept is based on the use of watertight segmental lining and a TBM able to operate in open mode, possibilities for extensive pre excavation grouting and high pressure closed mode operation up to 13 bar to cover exceptional conditions.

By R B. Evans, M G. Townsend

In Northland, New Zealand, localised large deposits of halloysite clay have been produced by in-situ alteration of rhyolite volcanics of Pliocene or Pleistocene age, which were erupted through pre-Pliocene sedimentary strata and locally through Pleistocene basalt; and which were subsequently onlapped by further basalt flows. Alteration to clay has been a result of both hydrothermal and of meteoric processes, and decreases in intensity of alteration with increasing depth. The raw material is crushed and fractionated to produce a product of less than two micron particle size, which is of exceptional whiteness and brightness. The unique properties of the clays render them highly desirable for specialised ceramic purposes.

Jan 1, 1990

By Townsend MG, Evans RB

In Northland, New Zealand, localised large deposits of halloysite clay have been produced by in-situ alteration of rhyolite volcanics of Pliocene or Pleistocene age, which were erupted through pre- Pliocene sedimentary strata and locally through Pleistocene basalt; and which were subsequently onlapped by further basalt flows. Alteration to clay has been a result of both hydrothermal and of meteoric processes, and decreases in intensity of alteration with increasing depth.The raw material is crushed and fractionated to produce a product of less than 2 micron particle size, which is of exceptional whiteness and brightness. The unique properties of the clays render them highly desirable for specialised ceramic purposes.

Jan 1, 1990

By Mowat B. A

I lamata is within the Morobe Goldfield (7¦ 25' S, 146¦ 39' E) on the Wau (SB 55-14),1:250,000 scale map sheet (Fig 1). The deposit is 13 km SW of Wau, within the headwaters of the Upper Watut River, at an average elevation of 2000 m. The steep mountainous terrain is covered by dense tropical rainforest and access is by helicopter or by foot track. The deposit has been described previously by Wells and Young (1991) and 1)enwer. Leach and Mowat (1995). Data collected to late 1996 have been used to estimate an Inferred Resource of 9.2 Mt at 3.1 g/t gold using a cutoff of 0.5 g/t. This contains a high grade portion for which an Inferred Resource of 1.2 Mt at 9.7 grt gold has been estimated using a 5.0 g/t cutoff.

Jan 1, 1997

By Louis D. Huntoon

(New Haven Meeting, February, 1909.) THE Hammond Mining and Metallurgical Laboratory is the gift of Prof. John Hays Hammond to the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Professor Hammond was graduated from this school in the class of 1876, and has always shown great interest in its welfare and progress. In 1903, he offered to build and equip for it a mining and metallurgical laboratory. This offer was gratefully accepted by the trustees; and in October of the same year the architect, W. Gedney Beatty, and the writer were employed to draw up plans for the building, which is the largest of its kind in this country. The Treasurer's report shows the total gift of Professor Hammond, including land, building, and equipment, to have been $128,741.53. This does not include $5,000 given by Professor Hammond to defray incidental expenses. The detailed cost of the machinery and installation, included in the above sum, is as follows: Machinery, $9,846.00 Pipe and fittings, 925.05 Hangers, shafting, pulleys, belts, etc., . 357.83 Steel-work, tanks, launders, etc., . 272.19 Screens for sizing ore, 411.37 Lumber, 1,896.36 General Supplies Hardware, . $135.96 Tools, 263.66 Paints, . 04.63 Electric and incidental, . 439.57 - 1,043.82 Machine-shop material, 259.44 Labor, 722.29 - 981.73

Mar 1, 1909

Discussion of the paper of HAROLD RABLING, presented at the St. Louis meeting, October, 1917, and printed in Bulletin No. 128, August, 1917, pp. 1161 to 1172. A. P. WATT, Mine La Motte, Mo.-The information in Mr. Rabling's paper is of great value to users of the Hancock jig. In the Lead Belt, these jigs treat a larger tonnage than any other type of concentrating machine, and produce tailing of a larger size. This indicates the necessity for logical operation of the Hancock jig. The jigs receive at least 75 per cent. of the total original feed, the other 25 per cent. going to

Jan 1, 1918

By Harold Rabling

THE following notes are taken from results obtained on a standard 25-ft. Hancock jig 1 tested during regular operation in the Bonne Terre mill of the St. Joseph Lead Co. The object of the tests was to determine the conditions for most effective 'work, and the nature of products that could be made. The material treated was sized between 9mm. and 2-mm. round-hole screens, and was constant throughout the experiments, Three products were made, concentrates from the first three hutches, middlings from the fourth and fifth, and tailing from the sixth. The middlings were crushed in one pair of Allis-Chalmers Style B 30 by 14-in. rolls, and elevated with the original ore to the 2-mm. screens, oversize of which formed the jig feed. While this arrangement was very simple, it gave rise to undesirable crowding of the circuit. Table 1 shows tonnage and assay values of the jig feed and products at the beginning of the experiments, and brings out the excessively large amount of middlings, comprising 63.3 per cent. of the total material fed to the jig. The rolls, being heavily overloaded, did very little crushing, a screen analysis of the product showing that only 27 per cent., or 128 tons, was crushed fine enough to pass to the tables. The remaining 347 tons returned to the jig with 400 tons of original ore. At times, this overcrowding became much worse, and the tonnage in circuit grew to enormous proportions. It became imperative

Jan 8, 1917

THIS paper deals with the handling of the various materials used in the 100-ton zinc plant at Risdon, and, in view of the magnitude of the works, the configuration of the ground covered by these works, the variety of the rnaterials used, and the large quantities, a very attractive and interesting subject is opened.The works are situated on the right bank of the River Derwent, about four miles above Hobart, the capital city of Tasmania. The Risdon works cover a space of 149 acres, the area being :3800 yards long by 2800 yards wide, and the elevations vary from 6 ft. above high-water mark at the wharf and foreshore to 163 ft. above high-water mark at the power station, these being the limiting points as regards elevation which are considered in this paper. Throughout the paper elevations are given in feet above high-water mark. Fig. 1 shows a general view of the works taken from the opposite bank of the River Derwent. The wharf is clearly shown, with SS Kekerangu loading residue; behind the wharf is seen the inclined conveyor leading to the cakine bin; further up the hill is the leaching division. No. 1 haulage runs to the left of this up to a point on the left of the power station, the large reinforced concrete building at the top of the hill. Below this is the cell room, the largest building on the plant. The roasting division, not very clearly seen, lies at the foot of the main stack, and the casting division lies to the left of this, between the leaching division and the cell room. A large wharf has been construl'ted alongside the works. This wharf is 880 ft. long and 60 ft. wide. It is capable of berthing large overseas steamers, as at low tide there is a depth of :30 ft. of water. The rise and fall of the tide at the wharf is 4 ft. 6in., and the river is navigable at all states of the tide. Just above the company's wharf...

Jan 1, 1923

By C. Stamberg, W. McGuire, R. C. Carlson, L. W. Vollmer

"The selection of materials and pre-cautionary measures for handling natural gas and condensate containing aqueous hydrogen sulphide are presented. Based on the results of a pilot production test and laboratory studies, together with several years . of operating experience, it was found that the behaviour of materials in sour gas environments can be predicted sufficiently accurately for engineering purposes.The selection of proper materials is essential for preventing sulphide-stress cracking. Where high strength materials are not required, low car-bon steel is used. Components requiring high tensile strength and hardness characteristics should be made from K-monel or properly heat-treated carbon-manganese-molybden-um and AISI 4140 steels. Welded connections are a potential source of sulphide-stress cracking. Consequently high quality welding and strict inspection are suggested as the most economical precautionary measures available.A maintenance program based,. where possible, on visual inspection of equipment and/or test spools located at strategic points should be used to follow weight loss and putting corrosion in sour gas environments. If severe weight loss or pitting corrosion is encountered, inhibitors have been found to be an effective deter-rent."

Jan 1, 1960

By C. E. Chapin

The Hansen orebody is a large (1 2 million kg U3O8, 0.08% U3O8 average grade) sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Eocene Echo Park Formation of central Colorado. The deposit occurs in carbonaceous braided-stream sandstones that are part of a wet-alluvial-fan complex that prograded eastward across a narrow strike-slip basin. The Echo Park basin is one of a series of basins that formed along the east side of the Colorado Plateau as it was translated northward during the Eocene culmination of the Laramide orogeny. The valleys of east- and southeast- flowing perennial streams, whose courses were transected by the subsiding Echo Park basin, were filled with permeable volcanic and sedimentary rocks during construction of the Oligocene Thirtynine Mile volcanic field. These paleovalleys funneled large volumes of uranium-bearing ground waters through the braided-stream facies of the wet alluvial fan. Uplift of a basement horst downfan from the Hansen orebody reduced transmissivity and helped maintain a reducing environment in the Hansen area; this later became an important factor in preservation of the Hansen orebody. The horst also deflected uranium- bearing ground waters upward into the Oligocene Tallahassee Creek Conglomerate where they formed the Picnic Tree orebody (1.1 million kg U3O8, 0.09% U3O8 average grade) in an altered ash-fall tuff that is essentially barren above the Hansen orebody. Several potential source rocks for uranium are present and range in age from Proterozoic quartz monzonites of Silver Plume age to lower and upper Oligocene ash-flow and ash-fall tuffs. Uranium may have been contributed to the Hansen orebody several times from different sources. Uranium and thorium analyses of ash-flow tuffs indicate that ample uranium was released during cooling and ground-water leaching to form several Hansen orebodies. The host sandstones are conspicuously altered, and their initial high permeability has been greatly reduced by precipitation of intergranular cements, especially clays and opal C-T. The alteration and cementation mineral assemblages and the chemical composition of stagnant ground waters recovered from pump tests indicate that uranium deposition occurred under alkaline, reducing conditions preceded and/or accompanied by bacterial production of framboidal pyrite.

Jan 1, 2013

By L. D. Jaffe, John H. Hollomon

THE hardenability concept has become widely used during the last few years for the choice and substitution of steels. Before the work of Grossmann,1 the systems for predicting hardenability from chemical composition could be used only over a narrow range of composition. Grossmann introduced a comprehensive system, which has been effective in calculating the hardenability of most types of moderate or low-alloy steels. However, occasions .often arise that require the calculation of the hardenability of high-alloy steels from their chemical compositions. Experimental determinations of the hardenabilities of such steels indicate that the Grossmann system predicts much greater hardenabilities than are realized. The fact that cases do arise in which the Grossmann method does not, apply indicates that the fundamental hypothesis of the system may not be generally applicable. It seems advisable to re-examine not only Grossmann's system but also the concept of hardenability itself. HARDENABILITY If steel parts are to possess a martensitic structure after quenching, they must first be austenitized and then cooled through the pearlite and bainite transformation ranges sufficiently rapidly to avoid the formation of pearlite, bainite, and proeutectoid products.* If, on cooling, these transformations are avoided, the resulting structure can consist only of martensite (and retained austenite). The hardenability of a steel is measured in terms of the severity of the cooling conditions necessary to avoid the pearlite and bainite transformations. The less rapid is the cooling necessary to prevent the formation of bainite and pearlite, the higher is the hardenability. The pearlite and bainite reactions appear to be differently affected by the alloying elements. Not only is this indicated by the published isothermal transformation data, but recent work by Zener2 affords a rational interpretation of the differing effects of the alloying elements. Manganese,3 for example, appears to decrease the rates of the pearlite and bainite transformations by equal percentages, while molybdenum4,5 is approximately 10,000 times more effective in retarding the pearlite than in retarding the bainite transformation, on the basis of isothermal measurements. In some steels, the formation of bainite restricts the formation of martensite while

Jan 1, 1946

By H. W. Hardinge

DISREGARDING for the present the economic side of a new device, let us turn to that feature of the conical pebble-mill which is of interest from a scientific point of view, and consider the device as a puzzle in which the theories of the cylindrical type of mill have been increased. Many articles have been written on the theory of the tube-mill, and explanations have been made which do not explain.; but these have evolved suggestions of practice which have resulted in changes in the tube as to length, diameter, feed, discharge, speed of rotation, rotation on hollow trunnions, rotation on rings, and changes in the operation as to quantity and size of pebbles, charge of load above or below the axis, crushing by causing the larger pieces of the material of the charge to act as grinders, etc. The practical worker in crushing is first interested in the endeavor to reach an economic means of accomplishing a desired end; but the improvements in crushing-practice have been largely left to the manufacturer of machinery, who, as a rule, has little, if any, knowledge of the specific requirements-such as sizing for concentration without pulverizing the metals, instead of pulverizing the rock or gangue; the metals being the more friable, while the rock is tough and not so easily disintegrated. A reversal of this practice is the aim of sliming direct for cyanidation. In the ordinary cylindrical mill, having a diameter of 4 or 5 ft. and a length of from 15 to 27 ft., it has been found that the maximum size of the particles of the charge must not exceed 1 mm. (about 25 mesh), some of which, upon entering the mill, is immediately reduced to a slime. The work upon the individual particle having been finished, it should be passed out of the mill; but, instead of this, the finely comminuted material

Jan 7, 1908