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By Chen-Ming Kuo, Esher Hsu

"Under the 4-in-1 recycling system, Taiwan producers and importers who using packaging containers have responsibility to pay the recycling fees for recycling the waste packaging containers they produced or imported; while the collectors/recycling plants who collect/sort/recover waste packaging containers receive subsidy for conducting recycling. A reasonable pricing for recycling charge and subsidy is a way for sustainability of the recycling. The objective of this study is to provide an amending mechanism for product charge and recycling subsidy in response to the social economic changes. This study employs a regression analysis and cost adjusting model to link the factors used for calculating product charge and recycling subsidy on recycling waste packaging containers with socio-economic indicators, raw material prices, wholesale prices, and secondary material prices. Study results provide estimated models to EPA in Taiwan for amending product charge and recycling subsidy in response to the social economic changes.IntroductionUnder ""4-in-1"" recycling system in Taiwan, waste packaging containers are officially announced to be recycled. The waste packaging containers announced to be recycled include iron cans, aluminum cans, glass bottles, plastic containers, paper containers, aluminum foiled paper packs. In order to compensate the recycling system, EPA charges associated manufacturers and importers for recycling fee and subsidies recyclers to create the economic incentive for raising recycling performance. Basically, the budget for subsidy recyclers is from the recycling charge. That means if we want to increase recycling efficiency by increasing subsidy to recyclers then the manufacturers and importers have to pay more for reaching financial balance of recycling foundation. The benefit of recyclers and fee payers are always conflicted. The recycling charge and subsidy is thus argued by fee payers and subsidy receivers all the time. A reasonable pricing for recycling charge and subsidy is the only way to keep the recycling system sustainable. Moreover, a suitable mechanism has to be changed along with the changing social economic condition. The recycling performances and effectiveness of this recycling system is also highly dependent on the pricing mechanism. This study intends to provide an amending mechanism for product charge and recycling subsidy in response to the social economic change. Related previous studies about recycling system in Taiwan with its performance include Hsu and Kuo (2002, 2005), Bor, Chien, and Hsu (2004) and Hsu (1999). Hsu and Kuo [1] estimated total production values of recycling and evaluated the performance of recycling performance based upon the estimated production values."

Jan 1, 2011

By M. G. Manzone

Approximately two-thirds of the annual 210,000 tons at copper refined by AMAX Inc. at the United States Metals Refining Company in Carteret, New Jersey, comes from a wide variety of copper scrap ranging from low-grade smelter scrap to wirebar-grade material. The equipment and methods used to effect such large-scale metal recycling in an urban area and the measures taken to collect and recover metal values from smelter and refinery byproducts while protecting the environment from pollution are described and discussed.

Jan 1, 1977

By Denise Corrêa de Oliveira

Household zinc based batteries, dry and alkaline, has become the most popular sources of electrical energy, and are widely used. Because of their heavy metals content such as mercury, zinc and manganese, spent batteries cannot be directly placed in common landfills without a pretreatment. As a municipal solid waste, these batteries may cause serious health problems and environmental impacts. These damages can be reduced by recovery (which means saving natural sources and energy), recycling and adoption of cleaner technologies. Although this worry has been increasing recently, and producers are doing efforts to reduce the mercury content, batteries still need proper safe disposal conditions or recycling processes. This work presents the efforts in progress to characterize and recycle mixed - dry and alkaline - spent batteries, by using low cost unit operations. Some possible recycling stages and recovery parameters of metals as zinc and manganese are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2001

By J. Pesl, U. Kemey, F. Sauert

"The CONTOP® smelting cyclone is a water-cooled, upright, high-intensity smelting reactor. The technology for the reactor was initially developed and brought into industrial-scale operation in the area of non-ferrous metallurgy. The two largest smelting cyclones were built with a capacity of 32 tons per hour of copper concentrate mix.The newest industrial CONTOP® plant treats up to five tons per hour of zinc-bearing residues including EAF dust. The highly concentrated zinc-lead oxide produced is sold to the zinc industry. The slag fulfills the leaching criteria and is used in waterway construction. The heat transferred to the cyclone cooling system and the off-gas boiler produces steam from which power is generated in a turbine.V AI has erected a new CONTOP® demonstration plant at MEFOS, Lulea, Sweden. A zinc volatilization rate of 90% was achieved during hot commissioning with Swedish EAF dust.Treatment costs in the range of 85 to 100 EUR per ton were estimated in a feasibility study on the treatment of 73,000 and 57 ,000 tons EAF dust for a group of steelmaking mills in Southern Europe."

Jan 1, 2000

By Jaeheon Lee, Jai‑Won Byeon, Junmo Ahn, Jun‑Jae Lee, Eun‑Woo Kim, Yoo‑Jin Kim, Jiajia Wu, Jae‑Yeon Kim

Growing demand for valuable battery materials and environmental issues from battery disposal make the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) essential. Specifically, the green approaches using organic reagents have garnered many attentions for battery recycling. In this study, a synergetic organic leaching system using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) of strong organic acid and citric acid (CA) with good chelating ability was investigated to extract valuable metals from LiCoO2. Hydrogen peroxide was used as a reducing agent to enhance leaching kinetics. Cobalt extraction of 98% and lithium extraction of 97 % were achieved in the optimized condition; 2.4M MSA, 1.6M CA, 1.0 vol% H2O2, S/L ratio 80 g/L, 85 °C, and 1 h. The optimal leaching condition of the MSA-CA mixed leaching system exhibited good applicability to various cathode scraps, such as LiCoO2, LiNixMnyCo1- x-yO2, and LiNixCoyO2. The dissolved Co and Li ions in the MSA-CA leachate were selectively recovered with high recovery efficiencies of 99 % and 97 % as Co3O4 and Li3PO4, respectively. The recovered Co3O4 and Li3PO4 were utilized to regenerate cathode materials. LiCoO2 and LiFePO4 were also synthesized through a solid-state reaction and hydrothermal method. The recycling process based on the MSA-CA-H2O2 synergetic leaching system was proposed, and it might be applied as a green and economical organic leaching system for the recycling of various types of spent LIBs.

Sep 20, 2023

By Jaeheon Lee, Junmo Ahn, Jae-Yeon Kim, Yoo-Jin Kim, Jiajia Wu, Eun-Woo Kim, Jai-Won Byeon, Jun-Jae Lee

The surge in demand for battery materials, coupled with environmental challenges linked to battery disposal, underscores the need to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Green recycling approaches, in particular, have garnered attention for battery recycling. In this study, a hydrometallurgical method using a synergetic organic lixiviant combining methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and citric acid (CA) as an alternative to inorganic mineral acids was introduced as a green approach to recycle cathode materials of LIBs. The conditions for leaching and recovery processes were optimized. Cathode materials were regenerated using the recovered materials. Moreover, the leaching performance and economic feasibility of this leaching system were compared with those of various other organic acids.

Feb 1, 2024

By Daniels E. J, Morgan W. A

In response to the increase in consumption of galvanised steel for automobiles in the last decade and the problems associated with remelting larger quantities of galvanised steel scrap, a process is being developed to separate and recover the steel and zinc from galvanised ferrous scrap. The zinc is dissolved from the scrap in hot caustic using anodic assistance and is recovered electrolytically as dendritic powder. The dezinced ferrous scrap is rinsed and used directly. The process is effective for zinc, lead, and aluminum removal on loose and baled scrap and on all types of galvanised steel. The process has been pilot tested for batch treatment of 900 tonnes of mostly baled scrap. A pilot plant to treat continuously loose scrap, with a design capacity of 48 000 tonnes annually, has been in operation in East Chicago, Indiana since early in 1993. The first 450 t of scrap degalvanised in the pilot plant have residual zinc below 0.01 per cent and sodium dragout below 0.01 per cent. Use of degalvanised steel scrap decreases raw materials, environmental compliance costs, and opportunity costs to steel- and iron-makers. Availability of clean degalvanised scrap may enable integrated steel producers to recycle furnace dusts to the sinter plant and EAF shops to produce flat products without the use of high quality scrap alternatives such as DRI, pig iron, or iron carbide. Recycling the components of galvanised steel scrap saves primary energy, decreases zinc imports, and adds value to the scrap. The quantities of zinc available by the year 2000 from prompt and obsolete automotive scrap will approach 25 per cent of zinc consumed in the major automotive production centres of the world. Zinc recycling from galvanised steel scrap, either before or after scrap melting, will have to be Implemented.

Jan 1, 1993

By Craig T. Jones, Zachary Q. Maassen

"Jet grouting is a method of ground improvement that relies on the erosive capacity of high-speed jets to cut and mix the ground in place with a cementitious grout. A continuous return flow of cuttings, called jet grout backflow or spoils, is expelled to the surface during the grouting process. Data from projects completed in Toronto and Ottawa is presented where BOS Solutions’ services provided significant savings compared to the traditional spoils treatment utilizing vacuum trucks for spoils disposal. These traditional treatment methods are cumbersome and expensive by nature. BOS Solutions provided an alternative solution that is environmentally friendly and capable of handling full flow to process these jet grout spoils utilizing a tank system paired with centrifuges and flocculation additives to remove the ground soils and grout product from the spoils slurry. BOS’ process produced a clean water for reuse in the project while reducing the overall waste volume by producing a dry, stackable solid that could be hauled to a landfill. Benefits observed by using the BOS process were disposal waste volumes decreased over 30% and at least a 19% reduction on disposal costs.SCOPE OF WORKJet grouting is a method of ground improvement that relies on the erosive capacity of high-speed jets to cut and mix the ground in place with a cementitious grout. A continuous return flow of cuttings, called jet grout backflow or spoils, is expelled to the surface during the grouting process. The backflow, or spoils, is a mixture of grout, water and soils. Traditionally, the spoil would be collected in in-ground pits and allowed to solidify for a few days prior to hauling to a final disposal site. For the projects completed in Toronto and Ottawa, the jet grouting work was performed at street level, in high traffic congested areas, presenting the challenge of insufficient space for the contractors to process the jet grout spoils in the traditional way. At first, attempts were made of using vacuum trucks to collect and haul the wet spoils to an off-site location where the spoils would be allowed to solidify. However, this method proved cumbersome and expensive due to the high volumes of spoils generated daily and the high number of vacuum trucks required to support the jet grouting operations, respectively."

Jan 1, 2017

By S. E. James

EAF dust has been listed as a "hazardous waste" due to the presence of lead and cadmium, and at times chromium. The 550,00 tpy production of . .EA]' dust, estimated for the United States alone, contains more than 10,000 tpy of lead and about 250 tpy of cadmium in addition to nearly 1'00,000 tpy zinc. Even though the listing of .EAF dust as a hazardous material stimulated extractive metallurgical work worldwide, process development efforts have focused only on the recycle of the potentially-valuable zinc units. However, the recycle of the lead and cadmium, while not lucrative, is the more critical effort. Horsehead Resource Development Company, Inc. (HRD), in conjunction with its sister company, Zinc Corporation of America (ZCA), has taken a unique approach to total recycle of the toxic heavy metals found in the EAF dust. Impure oxide, produced by either a Waelz kiln or FLAME REACTOR Process and containing the lead and cadmium, is calcined in a rotary kiln at Palmerton, Pennsylvania, to produce a refined zinc-rich intermediate for ZCA's electrothermic zinc plant at Monaca, Pennsylvania. During the calcining operation, lead and cadmium are concentrated in a fume product and shipped to ZCA's electrolytic plant at Bartlesville, Oklahoma. At Bartlesville, a new hydrometallurgical circuit has been constructed and the existing cadmium plant expanded. The combined facilities permit the total recovery of cadmium to refined metal and the lead to .a silver-rich intermediate, which is sold to lead smelters. In this paper the Waelzing, calcining and new leaching facilities will be described.

Jan 1, 1990

By Paul B. Queneau, Barry J. Hansen, D. Erik Spiller

Most lead and zinc secondaries are recycled pyrometallurgically. However, many problems encountered in secondary smelters have been solved by addition of physical concentration and/or hydrometallurgical processing steps, with resulting important environmental benefits. U.S. secondary lead and zinc operations are described, covering conventional smelters, EAF-dust treaters, and zinc sulfate/fertilizer producers, including plant capacities, technologies, and outputs. During the past two decades, remarkable advances have been achieved by recycling spent lead-acid battery components. Interaction between primary and secondary zinc producers, the fertilizer industry, and the zinc chemical industry has substantially decreased waste generation.

Jan 1, 1993

By N. Razavinia

Most mining and metallurgical industries produce relatively large quantities of low grade waste heat which they vent, for the most part, to the environment. To date, little is being done to recover some of this heat and transform it from low grade to a high grade energy form such as electricity. A few decades back this was also true of paper, plastics and metals. Recycling was not a prominent activity. Today, we all know that it is and that recycling is a must for sustainable development. To this end, we feel that we are now at that point in time when the recycling of waste heat to electricity must be given serious consideration. By recycling waste heat one can achieve at least one if not two of the following benefits: 1) reduction in the carbon footprint ? by improving the overall energy efficiency of a process, and 2) production of electricity at an economically viable cost. We have developed a process that captures, concentrates and converts (3 C?s) waste heat to electricity. The process comprises 3 distinct interacting units. The first unit captures and concentrates waste heat using heat pipe technology. The second unit converts some of the concentrated heat to mechanical work which can then be readily converted to electricity. This unit is based on the classical piston/cylinder engine arrangement that is widely used by consumers to power systems with compressed air, for example. The third unit of the process dissipates the heat that the engine cannot convert to high grade energy. It also uses heat pipe technology to achieve this. The combination of the 3 units forms a unique system for recycling waste heat. This paper describes the system and it presents some results that show how the system can be made to be economically viable.

Aug 1, 2013

By V. Ramachandran

Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery ACT (RCRA), generators of listed or characteristic hazardous wastes must find satisfactory means for disposal. of wastes. Initially, for many this meant landfills and deep-well injection. Until recently, mining and metallurgical by-products have largely been exempt from RCRA, but now are coming under its jurisdiction. With the increasing closures of landfills, companies in the U.S. such as electroplaters, miners, metallurgical plants and others are turning to recycling as an alternative to treat their wastes. While the cost of recycling has been challenging, the long-term economics prove attractive because recycling interrupts the cradle- to-grave responsibility for the waste generator. The present paper describes the recycling of hazardous wastes at ENCYCLE/TEXAS. Encycle extracts marketable metals from metal-bearing sludges and wastewater using hydrometallurgical processes borrowed from the mining and metallurgical industry.

Jan 1, 1994

By Mick O'Meara

Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) is used in the production of computer circuit boards and metal shapes in nickel, gold, copper, cobalt, etc. All varieties of .MOCVD use the decomposition of a vapour of organometallic compounds to produce different forms of ultra-pure metals, or alloys. CVD Manufacturing's proprietary MOCVD process has been adapted and developed to produce commercially ultra-pure metal shapes, metal powders, and metal foams. Therefore, it is a purification process. The typical process has three steps. First, a volatile metal organic compound is produced from volumetrically contaminated metals, metal oxides, etc. Typical feed materials are metal powders, ores, concentrates, or a slurry of metals and contaminants. Secondly, the volatile. metal organic compound is purified by fractional distillation. Thirdly, the purified metal organic compound is decomposed into different forms of ultra-pure metals, such as net shapes, powders, or metal foams. A mixture of metals can be purified either by the selective production of volatile materials, or a separation can be achieved during the second step, in the fractional distillation stage. The purification and recycling of metals by the MOCVD process will be discussed, particularly with regard to nickel, aluminum, gold, the platinum group and other metals.

Jan 1, 2000

By Franklin H. Sharp, Kenneth L. Clifford

During the last few years the New Lead Belt of Southeastern Missouri has become the main source of lead in the United States. It also produces significant amounts of zinc, copper and silver. The mines are located on a narrow, mineralized trend extending southward from Viburnum, MG. for about 35 miles. The ore occurs as replacement deposits in the Bonneterre lime- stone formation which is about 1000 ft below the surface. In most of the mines, enough water is produced to supply the milling requirements without any reuse. There are dry areas, however, and at least two mills must rely on water reclaimed from their tailings lake to augment the mine water. These mills have no choice but to utilize recycled mill water.

Jan 7, 1973

By R. H. Hanewald

INMETCO, a subsidiary of Inco Limited, is the only facility in North America that provides High Temperature Metals Recovery for nickel-, chromium-, and iron-bearing wastes. Since 1978, this process has prevented more than 775,000 tons of materials from becoming part of the nation's waste stream. The paper describes Inco's experience in metals recovery, traces the development and explains the operation of the High Temperature Metals Recovery Process, and examines the procedures and criteria used to determine whether spent catalysts meet process feed specifications. An overview of the current requirements for transporting spent catalysts is provided. The paper concludes with brief case histories of catalysts users employing High Temperature Recovery to manage spent catalyst.

Jan 1, 1995

By Paul B. Queneau

U.S. plants solely devoted to recovering values from metal-rich wastes have established market niches based on one or more competitive advantages: superior process technology, access to key feedstocks, unique equipment, special knowledge of markets, and an appropriate exit for outfall water. Plant methodology, competitiveness, environmental factors, and economics are examined, with particular attention to feedstocks, technologies, products, and outputs.

Jan 1, 2003

By V. Kamavaram

Keywords: Recycling, Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite, Ionic Liquids, BMIC Recycling of aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC) via electrolysis in ionic liquids at near room temperature was investigated. The electrolytic melt comprised of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIC) and anhydrous AlCl3. Impure aluminum composite (Duralcan MMC Al-380, 20 vol % SiC) was electrochemically dissolved at the anode and pure aluminum (>98%) was deposited on a copper cathode. The deposits were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractrometer, and mass spectrometer. The influence of various process parameters such as concentration of electrolyte, and applied cell voltage on the recycling process was studied. The recycling process yielded current densities in the range of 200-500 A/m2, and cathode current efficiency of about 85%. The results indicated that impurities such as Cu, Si, Ni, Fe, Mg, Mn, and SiC particles were removed as anode residue. Energy consumption of about 3.7-6.3 kWh/kg-Al was obtained at a cell voltage of 1.0-2.0 V and cell temperature of 100 ± 5°C. Low energy consumption and no emission of pollutants are the two main advantages of this process compared to present recycling processes.

Jan 1, 2005

By Philippe Charlier

Recycling of aluminium contained in used aseptic beverage cartons is a difficult task which has nevertheless to be tackled by our modern societies. Techniques have earlier been developed by the paper and pulp industry for the recycling of the board fibres from collected post-consumer beverage cartons. A joint technical feasibility study by Granges and a leading beverage carton producer has dealt with different techniques for handling residues from repulping facilities. The aluminium obtained can be used as raw material for the production of thin gauge foil, thus closing the recycling loop.

Jan 1, 1995

By H. Mindivan

In the present study, the feasibility of recycling AA6061 Al alloy chips by a combination of ciyomilling, cold compaction and hot extrusion processes was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of Al powder addition to the recycled Al alloys chips on the mechanical properties was investigated. The characterization of recycled Al alloys was made by structural examination and mechanical tests (hardness, compression and dry sliding wear tests). The results indicated that by increasing wt. % of Al powder added to the recycled Al alloy chips the studied properties (the density, hardness, compressive strength and wear resistance) increased due to reduction of porosity in the recycled Al alloys.

Jan 1, 2011

By Carl C. Nesbitt

A process has been developed to recover and recycle metals from wastes of brass foundries which contain copper, zinc and lead in various quantities. Tests were conducted to evaluate several leachants, including sulfuric acid, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, cyanide and acetic acid, and to determine the optimum leaching conditions, such as air flow rate, initial copper ion concentration, temperature, and agitation strength. Sulfuric acid containing copper sulfate with dissolved oxygen is the most successful leachant. More than 99% of the copper and zinc originally present in the waste was dissolved, while only 0.5% of the lead entered the solution after 14 hours of leaching. The leaching mechanisms of copper, zinc, and lead are proposed. The copper and zinc can be recovered from the solution by electrolytic processing. The unleached residue may be converted to a lead carbonate which can be converted to litharge at 400-450°C and to massicot at temperature above 500°C by calcination.

Jan 1, 1995