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Listing on Australian Stock Exchange Limited ('ASX') is a means by which a company can prosper and grow by gaining access to a large capital market. This currently stands at over $300 billion for domestic securities listed on ASX. A company seeking listing will benefit from a higher profile and a greater spread of shareholders. These result from, among other things, improved communications with the investment community. ASX recognises that a decision to list is an important step for a company. Owing to the diverse nature and size of the companies that consider listing and the various steps involved, it is recommended that guidance of professional advisers is sought as early as possible in the listing process. A company seeking listing on ASX must meet the prerequisites for admission to the Official List which, along with the continuing obligations that must be complied with following admission, are contained in the Listing Rules of ASX. Listing on ASX requires a company to ensure that, among other things, the market is fully informed at all times so that investors can make informed investment decisions.

Jan 1, 1996

By J. Lipp

The lion share of lithium produced globally originates from South American salars. The standard operation for lithium production utilizes an array of evaporation ponds. This process consume vast areas and is either very slow when relying on solar evaporation - roughly 18 months of residence time; or with very high energy consumption since over 90% of initial water volume needs to be evaporated. A new technology, based on solvent extraction was developed. Results indicate a distribution coefficient up to 30, and selectivity greater than 1,000 towards Na extraction. The loaded solvent is stripped using a strong mineral acid, and the product solution is the lithium derivative of that stripping acid. Utilization of this new LiSXTM technology results in reducing the area needed for a commercial plant as well as reduces the residence time. In addition applying different stripping acids can diversify the product line of such facility.

Jan 1, 2014

Provide d comprehensive source of up-to-date information about technology for revegetating coal mined lands. Approach A great deal of activity and research in the field of coal mine revegetation has been reported in technical literature, both before and after the passage of Public Law 95-87, the Surface Mining Control and Ruclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA). This information is widely scattered throughout books, scientific journals, periodicals, Government reports, and other sources, and there has been a need to develop a method of accessing it quickly and efficiently. At the request of the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement which promulgates and enforces regulations implementing the act, the Bureau of Mines has prepared a document that identifies literature relevant to coal mine revegetation. Most of the literature available on this subject has been published during the past 15 years. To tap this reservoir of information, 14 data bases were accessed from DIALOG SDI (Selective Dissemination of Information) Service using three keyword combinations (surface mining and reclamation, strip mining and reclamation, and revegetation). This procedure generated over 7,000 listings. The U.S. Department of Energy's ENERGY data base was selected from the 14 DIALOG bases, both for its large number of listings and for its broad coverage of literature. This data base contains all the unclassified information that passes through the Technical Information Center of the Department of Energy, including reports, journal articles, conferences, patents, books, monographs, theses, and engineering materials relating to energy development.

Jan 1, 1986

By Richard J. Lundin

Literature research is an inexpensive, yet effective tool for the direct discovery of ore deposits. Case studies abundantly demonstrate that properties with viable mineralization and *proven reserves have been overlooked, forgotten. or ignored and can be rediscovered by inexpensive literature search techniques Areal studies s as WaIlaby Enterprises Mining District Data Base Program appear to be more effective than traditional commodity studies. The success of such studies depends on the inclusion of Mineral Clairant Questionnaire Data, Mineral Ownership Data, Field Examination Data and the continual updating of all information. Such studies are valuable for proposed or existing Wilderness Area Evaluations.

Jan 1, 1977

By Lloyd A. Morley, Alan M. Christman

Introduction A wealth of information exists which deals with electrical grounding, both from a general viewpoint and from a specifically mine-oriented approach. Many parameters must be investigated in order to thoroughly cover all of the variables which govern the performance of electrical grounding systems. The emphasis of this work on open-pit practices re- presents a new development in the field of grounding research, and an exhaustive review of the relevant historical documentation is especially desirable. Grounding System Purposes What purposes are served by a grounding system? The answer is four-fold and may be summarized as follows. First, it must limit potential gradients between conducting materials in a given area (56). When a phase conductor comes into contact with a machine frame, current flows through the equipment, which tends to become elevated above ground by an amount equal to the voltage on the conductor. If a man were to touch the machine while he was simultaneously connected to ground in some manner, his body would also tend to become elevated in potential, possibly to a lethal extent. Thus, the grounding system should provide a low- resistance path for the fault current to return to the source. The maxi- mum potential to which a man could be exposed when touching a machine frame is equal to the voltage drop along the ground conductors inside the power cable, as shown in Figure 1 (54). The ground conductors, therefore, (page # 96 is missing from the original document)

Jan 1, 1976

By R. V. Ramani, P. M. T. White, D. Sutton

This review of literature is centered around ore evaluation and reserve calculations as generally used in the mining industry. Methods of data interpolation were reviewed with the object of determining a method that would best suit the evaluation of under- ground coal deposits. Further, computerized data library concepts as related to geological data were investigated together with a brief evaluation of the data requirements for the total project. Additionally, computer techniques for the processing of geological data with a view to generate management information for decision making were reviewed including hardware and software availability. 2.1 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Data The importance of accurate estimates of value parameters in terms of their geographical and geological distribution within a, mineralized body has long been recognized in the evaluation of metallic and non-metallic deposits. As the factors which affect mineral distributions and associations are better understood, accuracy, and reliability of estimation increases. The ideal objective is to develop a deterministic model with the capability of accurately predicting the value at any geographical location. The most important value parameters requiring determination in any orebody are the grade and the quantity of ore that can be mined at the stated grade. These two parameters are modified or qualified by others which include physical dimensions and physical and chemical characteristics of the ore value. Therefore, the

Jan 1, 1974

By S. Simske, K. Boakye, D. Winters

The application of digitization to operations and logistics is commonplace. From advanced data analytics to intelligent networks, digitization offers tremendous opportunities to create value, raise the efficiency of production processes, and reduce emissions. Several manufacturing industries have already implemented solutions to good effect by using digitization. Mining companies, for example, are using historical data about equipment health to predict potential failures, while aeronautics and automotive companies are using robotics and end-to-end digital twins to improve their design and production processes. Not surprisingly, first adopters of digitization in many industries have gained an edge over their competition. The cement and aggregate industry can better manage the enormous energy consumption, rising cost challenges, inefficient uses of raw material, logistic problems, emissions, and overall process complexity that are inherent in their operations by doing the same. This paper presents the results of a literature review and analysis and conveys the challenges for adaptation and implementation of digitization and artificial intelligence (AI) in the cement and aggregate production industry.

Mar 2, 2022

By F. P. A. Robinson, J. W. Fourie

Austenitic stainless steels are welded using low-heat inputs. However, owing to differences in the physical metallurgy of austenitic stainless steels and duplex stainless steels, low-heat inputs should be avoided for duplex stainless steels. This paper highlights the differences in solidification mode and transformation characteristics of these two types of alloys. Recent work on the effect of heat input on the properties of weldments of duplex stainless steels is reviewed.

Jan 1, 1990

By G. Deschenes

"This literature survey discusses the recovery of gold from thiourea solutions. An overview of techniques used and general comments on the basic cyanidation methods are presented. The chemistry and mechanisms of cementation, activated carbon, resins, electrowinning, solvent extraction and pressure reduction are examined. Conclusions and recommendations give orientation for future research and development activities in this field.RésuméCette revue littéraire traite de la récupération de I ‘or des solutions de thiourée. Elle fait un survol de I ‘ensemble des techniques utilisées tout en introduisant des commentaires généraux sur la méthode classique qu'est la cyanuration. La cémentation, Ie charbon active, les résines, l'électroextraction, I ‘extraction par solvant et la réduction sous pression sont les méthodes analysées tout en considérant leur caractère chimique respectif ainsi que les mécanismes qui y sont rattaches. Des conclusions sont tirées et différentes recommandations sont suggérées pour orienter la recherche dans ce domaine."

Jan 1, 1986

By Thomas L. Kesler

Present Raw Materials The lithium industry has had exceptional growth since publication of the last edition of this volume, and the present scale of mining and consumption of raw materials is a great many times that of 1949. The materials of present economic importance consist of four pegmatite minerals and lithium-bearing brine. Spodumene, a lithium pyroxene, occurs in greatest abundance, and is the chief source. It has the formula LiAlSi2O6 and theoretically may contain 8.03 pct Li2O, but in the more important deposits the content is 6.5 to 7.5 pct. The hardness is 6.5, the specific gravity 3.1 to 3.2, and the color mostly pale green to white although deep green, lilac, and yellow varieties exist. The crystals are prisms with strongly developed longitudinal cleavages, and crushing characteristically produces lath-shaped particles. Giant crystals up to 47 ft long are known, but in most occurrences the predominant size range is 0.5 to 12 in. long and 0.1 to 2 in. wide. Hypogene* alteration has formed lithia-bearing sericite and coarser muscovite and rarely eucryptite, while supergene* alteration yields kaolinite and hydrous mica. Lepidolite, of second importance, is a mica of varying composition approximating K2Li3-A14Si7O21(OH,F)3. It has lamellate cleavage, book structure, and a specific gravity of 2.8 to 3. The books range in size from microscopic to a diameter of several inches. The color is mostly violet, but other colors include pink, gray, yellow, and white. Most commercial lepidolite contains 3 to 4 pct Li20 and chemically is in the higher grade range of a series of lithium micas that includes polylithionite, zinnwaldite, and protolithionite. In this series, the content of Li2O is exceptionally as high as 7 pct. Petalite and amblygonite are also of economic importance, but are used in smaller amounts. Petalite has the formula LiA1Si4O10 and is white, gray, or pink. The hardness is 6, the specific gravity 2.4, the cleavage in two planes 114° apart, and the Li2O content commonly 3 to 4.7 pct with a maximum of 4.88. Amblygonite has the formula LiA1FPO4 in which OH may substitute for F to form montebrasite. It is white and has polysynthetic twinning in two directions at 90°. Amblygonite superficially resembles potash feldspar, but has a bluish or grayish tint unlike the cream or salmon tint of the feldspar.[t] The hardness is 6 and the specific gravity 3 to 3.1, and the content of Li2O is the highest among lithium minerals that occur in significant quantity, ranging mostly from 7.5 to 9 pct with a maximum of 10.2. The brine of Searles Lake in California30 has been a commercial source of lithium since 1938. See Chap. 7, p. 108. The "lake" is a saline evaporite deposit, and the exposed part has an area of 12 sq mi. To an average depth of 71 ft, this part of the deposit consists of crystalline salts with 50 pct interstitial voids. The voids are filled with brine that contains mainly sodium and potassium compounds, but the brine also contains 0.015 pct Li2O, which is recovered as dilithium sodium phosphate containing 21 pct Li20. This deposit overlies a

Jan 1, 1960

By P. E. Landolt

MILITARY necessities and economic scarcities, occasioned by the first and second World Wars, led to the search for substitute materials and new products to meet the demands of advancing technology accelerated by research development. Among others, lithium came to attention. Its chemistry had been studied for a long period, but its general use was quite restricted due to limited known sources of raw material. In World War I, Germany used lithium metallurgically for two principal purposes: 1-hardened lead alloy, B-Metal, for railway bearings as a substitute for lead-tin-antimony alloys; and 2-light strong aluminum alloys, Scleron, in which zinc was largely substituted for copper.

Jan 12, 1951

By W. B. Mather

GEOLOGICAL studies have revealed the occurrence of hundreds of pegmatite dikes in north- east Brazil, Fig. 1, in the three states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, and Ceara. Heretofore data have not been available on the possible production of lithium minerals from these areas, and in March, April, and May 1953 the author undertook a reconnaissance survey covering a cross-section of the pegmatites. Sixty-one pegmatites were examined. The pegmatites of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba are located in an arid region (Seratao), and except in the most southerly portion there is a mini- mum of vegetation and overburden. The region is easily prospected and relatively accessible by jeep or truck. The pegmatites examined in Ceara are in an area of lush vegetation along the flanks of the Jaqueribe River valley. It is therefore more difficult to prospect, and the dirt roads, as a means of access, leave much to be desired. For all practical purposes rail transportation, except in Ceara, is not available. The rocks of the area1-4 are composed of Pre-Cambrian schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marbles. They have been intruded by granites, monzonites, and diorites and cut by quartz veins and pegmatites.

Jan 9, 1954

By Peter Ehren

Global Geoscience is developing a Rhyolite Ridge project, a shallow boron-lithium resource deposit, located in Nevada about 25 km from Albermarle’s Silver Peak operation. The main minerals of interest are the boron mineral searlesite (40%wt) and lithium containing clay minerals. These minerals are found among principally calcite, feldspar, muscovite, dolomite, and quartz. The equivalent commercial value is about 7–9% boric acid (H3BO3) and 0.8–1.0% lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) equivalents. Selective agitated leach tests at SGS Lakefield laboratory showed that searlesite can be acid leached between 20 and 75 °C and at a pH lower than 4. On the other hand, lithium can be leached between 20 and 75 °C and at a pH lower than 1. In other words, lithium can be recovered at low temperatures if sufficient free acid is available, which gave the motivation to investigate heap leaching of the mineral. The PLS contains boric acid, magnesium, sodium, lithium, potassium aluminium, and iron sulfates.

By L. Crocker

The Bureau of Mines investigated processes for recovering a marketable lithium product from the montmorillonite-type clays of the McDermitt caldera. The clay deposit, located on the Nevada-Oregon border, is estimated to contain over 3 million short tons of lithium. Limestone-gypsum roasting and selective chlorination proved most successful for extracting lithium from the clays; 80-pct Li recovery was achieved using either technique. With both processes, lithium silicate in the clay was converted to a water-soluble compound-either lithium sulfate or lithium chloride. The lithium was then recovered as a carbonate by water leaching the calcine, concentrating the leach solution by evaporation, and precipitating the lithium with soda ash. The operating costs for the limestone-gypsum roast process were estimated at $2.02/lb Li2C03; selective chlorination operating costs were estimated at $3.85/1b Li2C03. The current selling price of Li2C03 is about $1.50/lb. A detailed flowsheet, material balance, and process evaluation are presented for the limestone-gypsum roast process. In addition, lithium reserves and resources are discussed and the McDermitt clays are described.

Jan 1, 1988

By E. William Heinrich

With the mounting emphasis on unconventional energy sources, total consumption of lithium minerals will increase significantly in the next decade. The recent development of the lithium battery, for example, may greatly boost the demand for lithium metal. At the same time, the growth in the ceramic, glass, and chemical industries is bound to increase the demand for lithium minerals. In fact, the entire consumption or utilization breakdown of lithium minerals will change considerably from its current pattern. Briefly, today's market for lithium minerals' can be grouped into three categories: (1) Lithium concentrates. Accounting for 57% of market use, these concentrates are beneficiated Li-A1 silicates for ceramic, glass, and glass-ceramic raw materials. The concentrates are chiefly spodumene; inverted iron-depleted beta-spodumene; and petalite or its isochemical decomposition product spodumene + quartz intergrowth ("squi"). In the past, lepidolite has also been used.

Jan 9, 1974

By I. Peerawattuk

Growing demand for Li-based battery technologies is leading to an unprecedented growth in the lithium industry. Although innovation in battery technologies has pushed lithium into the spotlight, lithium was not always known for its application in batteries. The primary use of lithium—prior to the introduction of commercial lithium-ion batteries in the early 2000s—was in the ceramics, glass, grease, and the medical industry. Before being converted into usable forms, lithium products must be upgraded from the raw material. Processes for recovering lithium may involve: thermal treatment, water leaching, solar evaporation, ion exchange, carbonation, and electrodialysis. Presented, is a historical review of lithium applications and the different techniques of converting lithium-rich minerals and brines into usable products with additional discussion on future lithium extraction processes.

By Louis J. Czel

Although lithium was first discovered by Arfwedson in Sweden in 1817, it did not reach any significant status in commercial application until 1908 when Thomas A. Edison received a patent covering the use of lithium hydroxide in alkaline' storage batteries. Edison's achievement can be regarded as a major breakthrough in the development of the lithium industry. In the years prior to 1908 lithium salts had found only modest applications in the pharmaceutical and pyrotechnic fields. The next important milestone in the growth of this net industry occurred in Germany in 1918 when Metallgesellschaft at its metallurgical laboratory at Frankfort-on-Main discovered that the addition of a few hundredths percent of lithium metal to aluminum and its alloys increased-the hardness. This brought into being a new commercial use of lithium in the manufacture of bearing metals. The new material, called "Bahnmetall" (railroad, metal), was widely used for, many years in the manufacture of bearings for railroad and automotive purposes. Its use continued until the early 1930's and there was a short-lived renewal of its production during World War II. Subsequent use of-the alloy was soon outmoded.

Jan 1, 1961

By Russell W. Mumford

LITHIA compounds have a place in pharmaceutical and other chemical industries and lithium minerals in glassmaking and ceramics. The metal, although rare, is used to a minor extent in alloys. During the nearly 50 years of production of lithium minerals in the United States, the silicate mineral spodumene has continued as the chief source of raw material for the manufacture of lithium salts. Although twice as much lepidolite, a lithium mica, has been mined, most of it has been used in the making of certain types of glass. Amblygonite has been an additional but minor source of lithium compounds. Triphylite, petalite, and zinnwaldite have also been utilized in the past. All of these commercial lithium minerals contain low percentages of lithium (Table 1). In 1938, a new raw material for manufacture of lithium compounds made its appearance. This product was crude dilithium sodium phosphate (Li2NaPO4), obtained as a by-product of manufacture of potash and soda chemicals from the brine of Searles Lake, California. Searles Lake, which is now dry, lies in the extreme northwest corner of San Bernardino County, California, and consists of a large mass of salts. It was estimated by the United States Geological Survey that the crystal body contained about 25 pct voids, which are filled with a saturated brine. The brine consists mainly of the sulphates, chlorides, carbonates, and borates of sodium and potassium. Several other acid radicals, including phosphates, are present. Lithium is present in the brine in an amount corresponding to 0.01 15 pct Li2O. In the course of evaporation of water from the brine, during the process of manufacture of sodium and potassium chemicals, dilithium sodium phosphate crystallizes out and is recovered by a flotation operation. The lithium concentrate is filtered and dried and is then ready for shipment. It analyzes from 19 to 21 pct Li2O and now constitutes the highest known grade of crude lithium material. It is and will continue to be a major source of lithium for manufacture of lithium products. The variation in lithia content of the commercial minerals as mined is due to replacement of the lithia by soda and potash, to partial alter-

Jan 1, 1949

By D. J. McCracken

The lithium review did not arrive in time for publication in the June issue The estimated consumption of lithium minerals as raw materials to the glass, ceramic and metallurgical industries in 1992 was 85.5 kt (94,200 st). That equates to about 12 kt (13,200 st) of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). An additional 150 kt to 200 kt (165,000 to 220,000 st), or 7.5 kt to 10 kt (8200 to 1100 st LCE), were used in the production of lithium chemicals. The 1992 consumption represents an overall decrease of 3.5 kt (3800 st), or 500 t (550 st) LCE, from 1991. This was a direct result of a worldwide reduction in glass demand due to the economic recession. There are three major producers of lithium minerals. Gwalia Consolidated Ltd. (formerly Lithium Australia Ltd.) in Western Australia and Tantalum Mining Corp. (Tanco) in Manitoba, Canada, both produce spodumene ore. Bikita Minerals, in Zimbabwe, is the largest producer of petalite. Bikita also has the capacity to produce small volumes of spodumene concentrate. The Cyprus Foote spodumene operation at Kings Mountain, NC, ceased production in 1992. It once produced about 2 kt/a (2200 stpy) of "high iron spodumene" for uses other than in the manufacture of lithium chemicals. The lithium products of the major producers are shown in Table 1. The current resources of 13 Mt (14.3 million st) of LCE in the western world will supply demand for more than 50 years.

Jan 1, 1993

By N Setoudeh, A Nosrati, N J. Welham

The current surge of interest in lithium (Li) is due to the anticipated demand for electric vehicles and small scale power storage. Brine deposits contain most of the global Li resource, however hard rock deposits can be more readily and rapidly developed and comprise the majority of proposed projects. These projects plan to use the conventional processing routes of dense medium separation and / or flotation to produce a spodumene concentrate for sale. The standard route for subsequent processing of spodumene concentrate is thermal decrepitation, acid leaching, solution purification and precipitation of lithium carbonate. This is typically followed by further purification. A number of projects have ores which contain other lithium minerals, principally micas, lepidolite and zinnwaldite, necessitating an alternative treatment route. Several different routes for spodumene processing are under development to reduce costs to compete with brine projects. This paper will give an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the current and alternative processes.CITATION:Welham, N J, Nosrati, A and Setoudeh, N, 2017. Lithium ore processing – an overview of the current and new processes, in Proceedings MetPlant 2017, pp 185–194 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 11, 2017