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By Shelley M. Burg, Dennis K. Poulton, Robert B. Gordon

This project includes the excavation and concrete lining of approximately 18 900 m (62 000 ft) of 5.5 m (18 ft) finished diameter subway tunnel for the Los Angeles MTA. The project required that four soft ground headings be excavated from a single shaft located near the mid point of the tunnels. The tunnels were classified "gassy" during the excavation phase. Because of the contract schedule requirements and the limited urban work site available, many logistical problems had to be overcome during the project while excavation was accomplished at a record setting pace. Some unique project features include the muck handling system and an access shaft using a high strength tieback support system. In order to accomplish the work, an extensive effort to plan and construct the main work site was required.

Jan 1, 1995

By C. J. Kirkland

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND For two thousand years and more, we insular Britons have been grateful for the existence of the narrow strip of water which seperates us from mainland Europe. It has given us a sense of security against invaders, though it has been breached many times. The first recorded serious consideration of a fixed crossing of the English Channel was in around 1802, when it was suggested to Napoleon I. The motive was not entirely peacable and the British Navy, who saw themselves as defenders of our shores, were decidedly unenthusiastic. A whole series of imaginative schemes were proposed in the course of the nineteenth century, embracing viaducts, immersed tubes, artificial islands as resting places for the horses which were to draw carriages, as well as mechanically bored tunnels. The first Channel Tunnel Company was formed in 1872, and an application for permission to construct a tunnel was made to the British Parliament. A Colonel Beaumont, of the Corps of Royal Engineers designed and constructed a machine which, in around 1882, bored over a mile of tunnel out to sea from Britain which exists to this day.

Jan 1, 1987

By John G. Reid

Geologists, employed by the Australian Company, Metals Exploration Limited, discovered nickel laterite enrichment at Greenvale in 1967. A joint venture was arranged with the Freeport Minerals Company who had gained early experience with nickel laterite ores when building and operating the Nicaro and Moa Bay Treatment Plants in Cuba. A 5 tonne/day Pilot Plant at the Freeport research facilities at Belle Chasse, Louisiana, verified the amenability of the ore to treatment by the reduction and ammonia-ammonium carbonate leaching process used at Nicaro. A 5 800 tonne/day Treatment Plant was constructed on the coast at Yabulu, North Queensland. This paper describes the ore body, the mining operation and the stages of treatment required to produce nickel oxide products and a mixed nickel/cobalt sulphide product at Yabulu.

Jan 1, 1979

By Z. Jin, D. DePaoli, P. Zhang

"Phosphogypsum is a byproduct created during the production of industrial wet-process phosphoric acid. This study focused on recovering rare earth elements (REEs) from a Florida phosphogypsum sample and investigated the effects of removing detrimental impurities such as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5 ), uranium (U) and fluorine (F) during the leaching process. Experimental results indicated that REE leaching efficiency increased rapidly, reached a maximum and then began to decrease with sulfuric acid concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 percent and temperatures ranging from 20 to 70 °C. At a sulfuric acid concentration of 5 percent and leaching temperature of 50 °C, REE leaching efficiency obtained a maximum value of approximately 43 percent. Increasing the leaching time or liquid/solid ratio increased the leaching efficiency. The leaching efficiencies of P2O5, U and F consistently increased with sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, leaching time and liquid/solid ratio within the testing ranges. A fine-grain gypsum concentrate, sized smaller than 40 µm, was separated from leached phosphogypsum through elutriation, in which the P2O5, U and F content levels were reduced by 99, 70 and 83 percent, respectively, from their content levels in fresh phosphogypsum. IntroductionPhosphogypsum is a byproduct generated during the industrial wet process of phosphoric acid production, in which sulfuric acid is used to digest phosphate rock. Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), the main component of phosphogypsum, usually accounts for 65 to 95 percent of phosphogypsum by weight.There are small quantities of impurities in phosphogypsum, such as phosphates (H3PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, CaHPO4·2H2O and Ca3(PO4)2), fluorides (NaF, Na2SiF6, Na3AlF6, Na3FeF6 and CaF), sulfates, trace metals and radioactive elements (Rutherford, Dudas and Arocena, 1996). Global phosphogypsum generation is estimated at 200 Mt/a (Parreira, Kobayashi and Silvestre, 2003; Yang et al., 2009), but only about 15 percent is recycled as building materials, agricultural fertilizers or soil stabilization amendments (Tayibi Choura and Lopez, 2009)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Heinrich H. Becker, Vladimir L. Konyukh, Sergey P. Koltsov, Valery A. Davidenkol

Ramifide conveyor transport of the biggest russian coal mine "Raspadskaya" is simulated by Petri nets. There are 6 longwalls with accidental output. 12 belts, and 5 transfer bunkers at this mine. It is necessary to coordinate transport links for recon- structed conveyor system. Many tasks were solved by dynamic simulation, such as estimation of transport lateness, influence of transfer bunkers on an unevenness of total coal flow, maximum filling of each bunker, maximum time of main conveyor refusal, co-ordination of unloading for dependent bunkers, choice of main conveyor. The problem of mine-wide conveyor transport animation for dispatcher is formulated in reference to mine "Komsomolets". OBJECT OF SIMULATION The biggest russian coal mine "Raspadskaya" is situated on a south part of Kusnetski coal basin (West Siberia). One mines about 20.000 tons of coal out of flat seams by 2.2-4.5 m thickness in a day. There are 6 fully- mechanized longwalls by output 720- 3600 tons in a shift in mine. Coal haulage to surface is carried out by 12 belts having 1.6 - 4.3 km length. For a smoothing over un- evenness of coal flows 5 transfer bunkers to 300 tons were intro- duced. The designed conveyor system is divided into two parts (Figure 1). In the upper part some coal from Face 1 comes through belt road C, into transfer bunker 8,. From the opposite side that bun-

Jan 1, 1996

By Naj Aziz

Both bolt profile shape and spacing (rib spacing) have been found to influence the bonding capacity of the grouted rock bolt. The bolt surface profile configuration has greater importance to rock bolting in strata reinforcement in mining than the steel rebar used in civil engineering construction. This is because a rock bolt in mining usually is subjected to greater dynamic loading than the steel rebar in civil engineering construction. The increased bonding capacity of a bolt is important when supported ground is either heavily fractured, faulted or the supported ground is of soft formation, typically that of coal measure rocks. Past laboratory studies have identified the bolt profile spacing as of significant relevance to bolt resin rock bonding increase, however, no attempt has been made to determine the optimum spacing between the bolt profiles spacing. Accordingly, a series of laboratory tests were carried out on 22 mm core diameter bolts, commonly used in Australian mines, installed in cylindrical steel sleeve. The study was carried out using both push and pull testing methods. The push test was carried out in 150 mm long sleeves while the pull testing was conducted in 115 mm long sleeves. Profile spacing tested include, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50 mm lengths. Additional studies undertaken include modelling the profile of the load-displacement data of pull testing. Bolts with a profile spacing of 37.5 mm were found to provide optimum load bearing capacity as compared to other tested profile spacings.

Jan 1, 2009

By T. Qiu

"The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the dosage of sodium hypochlorite as activator on the flotations of depressed marmatite and depressed chalcopyrite, with a focus on activation-flotation kinetics. Four flotation kinetic models were applied to test data using 1stOpt statistical analysis software to estimate the relationships between the maximum flotation recovery rates for the depressed marmatite and depressed chalcopyrite, the flotation rate constants and the sodium hypochlorite dosages. Within the range investigated, the highest flotation performances of depressed marmatite and depressed chalcopyrite were obtained at 2.5 mL/L sodium hypochlorite with zinc recovery rate of 93.8 percent and 3 mL/L sodium hypochlorite with copper recovery rate of 94.6 percent, respectively, after four minutes of flotation. A second-order model with rectangular distribution of flotabilities gave the best fit to test data collected at various sodium hypochlorite dosages. For the highest flotation performances of depressed marmatite and depressed chalcopyrite, the respective equations of their flotation models were derived and presented.IntroductionCyanidation tailings are the solid residues generated by gold plants that use cyanide to extract gold (Lv, Ding and Qian, 2015; Zhang, Li and Yu, 2013). Because of increasing demand for gold, the Chinese gold industry has developed rapidly, with production amounting to 451.799 tons in 2014, an increase of 5.5 percent from 2013. Chinese gold production has been the highest in the world for eight consecutive years. As a result, more than 2.45 million tons of cyanidation tailings are estimated to be discharged into tailings ponds every year (Li et al., 2010; Lv, Ding and Qian et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Zhang, Li and Yu, 2013; Zhang, Li and Yu, 2012), and approximately 300 million tons of cyanide tailings are stockpiled in China, with the potential to cause serious environmental pollution as well as death to wildlife (Adams and Lloyd, 2008; Donato et al., 2007; Hewitt, Breuer and Jeffery, 2012; Velasquez-Lopez et al., 2011; Stephen et al., 2009; Zagury, Oudjehani and Deschenes, 2004). Concerns over cyanidation tailings are not exclusively environmental but also economic, as tailings occupy considerable land area, and tailings storage facilities increase the production costs of gold enterprises (Donato et al., 2007). Tailings often contain other valuable metals such as zinc, lead and copper. For example, the cyanidation tailings of Gaoyao Hetai Gold Plant in Guangdong Province contain 2.5 percent copper (Cu), 0.31 percent lead (Pb), 0.23 percent zinc (Zn) and 15.36 percent iron (Fe) (Shi, 2008), and the tailings of Tianshui Gold Plant in Gansu Province contain 1.94 percent Cu, 5.96 percent Pb, 0.27 percent Zn and 24.62 percent Fe. Cyanidation tailings have therefore been increasingly viewed as a secondary resource rather than waste."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. G. Fonseca

The effects of coal cleaning, coal combustion and flue gas particulate removal systems on the partitioning of 12 trace elements were investigated. This study was prepared to help document the fate of trace elements in modern coal preparation plants and coal-fired utility boilers. The coal cleaning data were obtained from several coal preparation plant operations. The CONSOL 1. 5 MM Btu/hr pilot combustion and electrostatic precipitator (particulate removal system) test facility was used to develop the combustion systems data. A comparison with the very limited amount of published data from utility boilers is presented.

Jan 1, 1993

By K. H. Bettles

The Goldstrike Mine is in Eureka County, Nevada, approximately 23 miles northwest of the town of Carlin. The mine is at the north end of the Tuscarora Spur of the Tuscarora mountains at elevations of 5,300 feet to 5,950 feet. It is part of the Bluestar/Goldstrike subdistrict of the Carlin Trend of sediment hosted, disseminated gold deposits. The Carlin trend comprises over 15 major gold deposits with production, reserves and geological resources of approximately 50 million ounces of gold (Fig. 1). In the Bluestar/Goldstrike subdistrict, there are four major deposits; Post, Betze, Bluestar, and Genesis, plus numerous smaller deposits (Fig. 2). Betze is located on property controlled by Barrick Goldstrike Mines; Bluestar and Genesis on Newmont Gold property; and Post on both Barrick and Newmont property.

Jan 1, 1989

By C. Copeland, S. Kawatra

Airborne particulates can be generated by combustion processes, comminution, or materials handling, and regulation of these particulates by EPA are becoming progressively more stringent. Regulations will soon include “nanoparticulates,” particles finer than 100 nanometers, which are believed to have significant health effects due to their high surface area and reactivity. Although it was argued that nanoparticulate concerns were only important for combustion, studies here have shown that material handling and comminution release significant quantities of nanoparticles into the air. Laboratory studies have shown that sodium metasilicate reduced airborne particles finer than 10 micrometers (PM10) by 86% and particles finer than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) by 80% for iron ore. Additional studies were conducted which revealed that nanoparticulate emissions were present in the types of operations conducted at pyrometallurgical facilities.

Jan 1, 2007

By Ph. Vandebrouck

SUMMARY In August 1986, TRANSMANCHE LINK, a joint venture comprising the 10 companies who initially promoted the project, signed a contract with EUROTUNNEL for the design, construction and commissioning of the TRANSMANCHE fixed link for an amount of 4,5 billion dollars. On the French side, the work consists of digging three, 19km. long tunnels, of which almost 16 kms. are under the sea, up to the meeting point with the Tunnel works carried out by the British.. The tunnels are bored through chalk by 5 tunnelling machines, starting from one intermediate point at Sangatte near the coast: - Landward, they are drilled trough permeable strata of white and grey chalk. - Seaward, mainly through relatively impermeable chalk marl, but with the presence of water in faulted zones, or in grey chalk.

Jan 1, 1989

By W. M. Shaver, R. Letourneau, W. R. Dengler

Dynatec Mining Limited contracted to sink a 1500 metre (4960 ft.) concrete lined shaft for Falconbridge Nickel Mines in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The shaft is 6.3 metres (20.5 ft) in diameter inside the concrete lining and is equipped with steel furnishings. Dynatec used the owner supplied 4.6 metre (15 ft.) diameter double-drum hoist to sink the shaft with 12.5 tonne buckets for muck removal and 4 cubic metre concrete buckets for concrete placement. One of the unique features of the shaft sinking operation is the use of a four-boom electric hydraulic drill jumbo permanently mounted in the shaft sinking stage. This paper will describe the performance obtained with the electric hydraulic drilling equipment and the high capacity muck removal and concreting equipment.

Jan 1, 1991

By Brian Burdett, Terry I. Mudder, Robert T. Richins, James A. Stevenson, Michael M. Botz, Alan L. Wilder

The first Cyanisorb process was constructed in 1991 at the Golden Cross Mine in Waihi, New Zealand to recover cyanide from CIL tailings. The Golden Cross operation consists of an open-pit and underground gold mine with a conventional crushing, grinding and CIL circuit with Merrill Crowe zinc precipitation for gold recovery. Prior to disposal in the tailings pond, slurry tailings are stripped of cyanide at a pH of approxi­mately 7.5 using the Cyanisorb process. Mill throughput is approximately 2,500 tons per day (TPD), and CIL slurry tailings average 37% solids with a specific gravity of 1.27. CIL tailings WAD cyanide average 150 mg/L. The Cyanisorb process recovers approximately 85% of tailings WAD cyanide, produc­ing a slurry effluent with approximately 20 mg/L WAD cyanide. A second Cyanisorb process was commissioned at the NERCO DeLamar silver mine in southwest Idaho in May, 1992. The ore milling and silver recovery operation consists of crushing, grinding, a CIP circuit and Merrill Crowe zinc precipi­tation for silver recovery. Cyanide recovery is from clarified tailings with WAD cyanide ranging from 3 50 mg/L to 600 mg/L, producing an effluent with less than 30 mg/L to 60 mg/L WAD cyanide. Due to the presence of zinc-cyanide complexes in mill tailings resulting from the Merrill Crowe process, cyanide is stripped at a pH of approximately 5.5.

Jan 1, 1995

By Harold Wagner, Prakash Donde, Larry H. Heflin

INTRODUCTION The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority is responsible for the planned 166 kilometer (103 mile) Metro rapid rail transit system in Washington, D.C. Some 117 kilometers (72.8 miles) of this system is in operation and contains 30.6 route-kilometers (19 miles) of rock tunneling. To complete the planned system an additional 1.6 kilometers (1.0 miles) of single track tunnels in rock are planned and additional contracts will consist of 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) of twin tunnel, resulting in 8 additional linear kilometers (5 miles) of single track tunnel contracts yet to be offered in soft ground. Three recent contracts in soft ground included the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), along with conventional tunneling, as a bid option. Section E5a, Fort Totten Station and Tunnels, was the only one of the three to be constructed using the NATM option. This is the first application of the New Austrian Tunneling Method in soft ground in the United States. This paper will concentrate on the Fort Totten Station chamber NATM design, construction, and the instrumentation readings and evaluations which lead to an engineering back analysis which allowed a refinement of the bid design, resulting in a faster, more efficient construction. Design of the Fort Totten Station and Lines was done by Sheladia Associates. The design team included Greiner Engineering and Jenny Engineering with Mayreder-Consult of Austria, who was responsible for NATM design and NATM construction consultation.

Jan 1, 1991

By Chiranjibi Santi, Amit Kumar Gorai, VIVEK KUMAR HIMANSHU

Air overpressure (AOp) and peak particle velocity (PPV) are the most undesirable effects of blasting in mines. It is an urgent need to design a predictor model for AOp and PPV for universal applications to minimize environmental effects and damages that occur due to blasting. The present study attempts to design an artificial neural network (ANN) model for the prediction of AOp and PPV in different conditions. In this study, the blast design parameters (number of holes, depth of the blast hole, stemming length, spacing, burden, distance of vibration monitoring location from the blast site, charge weight per delay) of two active mines (coal and iron ore) are considered in four different conditions for training and testing of the model for the prediction of AOp and PPV. The model was trained and tested in four different combinations of data (trained using data of one mine and tested using data of another mine, trained and tested using data of coal mine, trained and tested using data of an iron ore mine, trained and tested using combined data of both the mines) for examining the applicability in different conditions. The results indicate that R2 values are ranged from 0.886 to 0.908 and 0.8728 to 0.8959, respectively, in the prediction of PPV and AOp. A comparative study of the performances of the developed model with the other empirical model is also demonstrated. For this, the site constants of different empirical models were estimated individually for both the mines. The study results indicated that the ANN model performs much better than all the empirical models. It can be inferred from the results that blast vibration cannot be accurately predicted only from charge per delay and distance from the blast hole. The ANN model was considered many other factors and thus can predict the vibration level more accurately.

Jul 30, 2021

By Charles T. Ford

In 1971, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc~ established a program to provide the coal industry with the necessary information and technical capability to investigate and evaluate potential problems concerning trace elements in coal and coal-related materials. The initial efforts at BCR in developing or adapting analytical procedures for the precise determination of trace elements in the parts per million to parts per billion range were detailed in a report titled "The Development of Analytical Methods for Determining Trace Elements in Coal and Coal-related Products." A subsequent reports contained descriptions of reliable analytical methods refined by BCR for determining mercury in coal and coal ash and also in coal mine water. his paper reports initial progress in applying recently-acquired trace-element analytical capabilities to solving potential coal industry problems. In this case, the effect of a coal-cleaning process on the distribution and removal of potentially harmful trace elements in coal was evaluated. Coal cleaning offers the possibility of controlling potentially harmful emissions resulting from combustion of large tonnages of coal by removing the pollutants prior to combustion.

Jan 1, 1977

By Legett Garrett

Texas Utilities Generating Company (TUGCo) surface mines lignite for use as a boiler fuel at mine mouth generation stations. Currently, the annual lignite production requirement of approximately 28 million tons necessitates mining across approximately 1,600 surface acres each year. The mining operations, located in Freestone, Panola, Titus, and Hopkins counties, Texas, have drastically disturbed some 13,000 surface acres to depths of up to 110 feet since initial startup in 1971. The TUGCo mining philosophy, a commitment made prior to initiation of mining operations and prior to any mining regulations, includes a return of mined-out land to private ownership in the most useful state possible. In the areas of TUGCo operations, the local economies are based upon agricultural production. Historic land use surveys have typically shown a trend from row crop production to pastureland for cattle production. During the 1960?s, the percentage of acreage devoted to row crop production approached zero with respect to the total acreage devoted to agriculture. TUGCo reclamation operations have therefore emphasized restoration of land to a state that is favorable to cattle production

Jan 1, 1982

By Michael Murphy, Gamal Rashed, Brent Slaker

Pillar stability continues to be a significant concern in multiple-level mining conditions, particularly for deep mines when pillars are not stacked or the thickness of interburden between mining levels is thin. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is currently conducting research to investigate the stability of pillars in multiple-level limestone mines. In this study, FLAC3D models were created to investigate the effect of interburden thickness, the degree of pillar offset between mining levels, and in situ stress conditions on pillar stability at various depths of cover. The FLAC3D models were validated through in situ monitoring that was conducted at a multiple-level stone mine. The critical interburden thickness required to minimize the interaction between the mining levels on top-level pillar stability was explored, where the top level mine was developed first followed by the bottom level mine. The model results showed that there is an interaction between numerous factors that control the stability of pillars in multiple- level conditions. A combination of these factors may lead to various degrees of pillar instabilities. The highest degree of local pillar instability occurred when pillar overlap ranges between 10 and 70%. On the contrary, the highest degree of stability occurs when the pillars are stacked, the underlying assumption is that the interburden between mining levels is elastic (never fails). Generally, for depths of cover investigated in this study, the stability of top-level pillars shallower than 100 m (328 ft) or with interburden thicknesses greater than 1.33 times the roof span—16 m (52.4 ft) in this study—does not appear significantly impacted by pillar offset. The results of this study improve understanding of multiple-level interactions and advances the ultimate goal of reducing the risk of pillar instability in underground stone mines.

Jul 27, 2022

By R. L. Beatty

Bond International Gold's Colosseum gold mine was discovered in 1865. No recorded production occurred, however, until the 1930s, with production of about 19 kg (615 oz) of gold. The mine was closed in 1942 as a nonessential industry during World War II. The property was acquired by Dallhold Resources in mid-1986. Construction of a 1.1-million Mt (1.2-million st), carbon-in-pulp (CIP), cyanide mill began in November 1986 and was completed in September 1987. Minable reserves are estimated to be 9.5 Mt (10.5 million st), with an average grade of 2.1 g/t (0.061 oz per st). This article describes the general process flow and plant equipment. And it looks at the maintenance and operational problems encountered in the first six months of operation. Process description Ore is direct hauled from the open-pit mine 1.5 km (1 mile) to the crushing facility. There it is crushed to -152 mm (-6 in.) with a single- stage, 1.5-m x 1.2-m (60-in. x 48-in.), 186.5-kW (250-hp), Fuller-Traylor jaw crusher. The ore is then stockpiled in a 31.7-kt (35,000-st) reclaim ore pile. Lime is added to the crushed product as it is conveyed to a single 6.4-m x 4-m (21-ft x 13-ft), Hardinge semiautogenous grinding (SAG) mill, followed by a single 4.3-m x 7.3-m (14-ft x 24-ft) Hardinge overflow ball mill. After grinding, the slurry is thickened and then preaereated for three hours. Following preaereation, the pulp is leached with NaCN at a pH of 11, also for three hours. The slurry then goes through a seven-stage CIP circuit for 21 hours. Then the tailings slurry is preaereated for three hours before cyanide destruction using the Inco process. Loaded carbon is eluted using an Anglo American strip, followed by electrowinning on stainless steel wire. The stainless steel wire is transferred to refinery cells where the gold and silver is plated on stainless steel plates. Following electrore-fining, the gold-silver foil is removed, melted, and poured into dore bars for shipment. The crushing, milling, refining, and maintenance processes require 37 people. Crushing The crushing area required changes and modifications following start-up. Several areas are of specific note. Structural failures Rubber support cushion blocks located under the coarse ore bin failed. These were replaced with heavier, more durable blocks and have since appeared to be satisfactory. A severe structural vibration was encountered in the entire crushing facility. A mechanical engineer, brought in by the contractor, determined the structure needed more support and cross-bracing.

Jan 1, 1989

By Siddhartha Roy, Hemant Agrawal, Ram Madhab Bhattacharjee, Devi Prasad Mishra

Heat stress in underground coal mines is a major threat to the health and safety of the miners. Hence, managing heat and prediction of heat stress in advance is essential for maintaining a safe, healthy, and productive underground mine environment. In this study, an extensive ventilation survey has been carried out in three different deep and mechanized underground coal mines. The ventilation survey data are used to develop 3D simulation models with the VentSim™ software to predict the conditions that could cause heat stress in underground mine workings. The developed 3D models predicted well the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), a recognized indicator of potential heat stress, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.986, 0.994, and 0.993 for Mine-A, Mine-B, and Mine-C, respectively. Moreover, through 3D modelling, the applications of auxiliary ventilation and spot coolers to reduce the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) for improving the underground workplace environment have been explored. The study demonstrated that auxiliary ventilation and spot coolers can help in significant reduction of heat stress conditions in an underground mine environment. By application of auxiliary ventilation, to increase air volumes, and spot coolers, the WBGT index in mining faces is reduced by 1.2–1.4 °C and 3.9–5.4 °C, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the spot coolers are more effective in reducing the heat stress conditions in hot and humid underground mine environments in comparison with auxiliary fan that is used to increase the air volume and velocity. This study opens up a new horizon of 3D simulations for heat stress management in underground mines. The outcome of this study will be useful for the researchers, mine operators, and environmentalists understanding the heat stress contributors and their control in underground mine environment.

May 10, 2023