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By W. Harry Foster

"Asbestos Corporation Limited, incorporated in 1925, operates four asbestos mines and three asbestos mills in the Thetford Mines 1•egion of Quebec's Eastern Townships. A unique asbestos orebody, located in the Ungava Peninsula of Nouveau Quebec, was purchased by Asbestos Corporation Limited in 1964 and commenced production in 1972. As there were no existing facilities in the isolated, arctic region of Asbestos Hill, it was necessary for Asbestos Corporation Limited to construct at Deception Bay a deepsea wharf, a large ungraded fibre shed, a power plant and camp facilities. Forty-two miles of road were needed and were constructed from Deception Bay to Asbestos Hill. At Asbestos Hill, a complete crushing-drying-milling complex, a power plant, pe1•sonnel accommodations and open-pit facilities were provided. Unloading facilities and a fib1•e finishing mill we1l constructed at Nordenham, West Germany. The ""Asbestos Hill- Nordenham Story” is divided into individual papers covering all aspects of the engineering, construction and operation of this unique enterprise. Particular emphasis has been placed on those unusual aspects caused by the isolated location, arctic conditions, short shipping season and the deep permafrost."

Jan 1, 1976

By Jas. E. Thomson

"The Kirkland Lake-Larder Lake gold area is in northeastern Ontario and is a continuation of the ore-bearing belt that extends across northwestern Quebec through the Rouyn, Cadillac, Malartic, and Bourlamaque areas. It is the oldest mining camp along this famous mineral belt. Gold discoveries were first made at Larder Lake and Swastika in 1906, but it was not until 1913 that important developments at Kirkland Lake created a real interest in the country. Total gold production of the camp passed the million dollar a year mark in 1920 and increased in amount yearly until the advent of the second World War when there was a falling off due to labour shortage. The Kirkland-Larder camp ranks as the second largest gold producing area ' in Ontario. To the end of 1944, twenty-two mines in the area had produced bullion valued at $515,631,428 and ten mines had distributed dividends amounting to $205,981,116. The average grade of the ore milled in this period has been $15.17 a ton for the mines in the Kirkland Lake area and $6.49 a ton for the mines at Larder Lake.ROCK FORMATIONS OF THE AREAIn a general way the rocks of the country may be divided into the lithological groups indicated on the accompanying geological sketch map. This map has been compiled largely from recently issued geological sheets of the Geological Branch of the Ontario Department of Minest. Owing to the present difficulty of separating the formations of the Larder Lake country into the twofold age divisions of Keewatin and Timiskaming, the usual custom in the past, a lithological grouping of formations has been adopted. The age terms 'Keewatin and 'Timiskaming' are loosely used in this article to express the often used but not necessarily accurate distinction between the main groups of older strata."

Jan 1, 1954

By James J. Holmes

ACCIDENT prevention as we know and understand it today is of comparatively recent origin. As a matter of fact, the Industrial Accident Prevention Association of Ontario, which is the oldest organization of its kind in the Dominion, celebrated its thirtieth anniversary only this year. On the other hand, one could say that the history of accident prevention is almost the history of mankind itself. In a general sense, every forward step that man has made throughout the centuries has been largely due to two things: (1) a desire for increased comfort, and (2) the need for safety; and, always, the need for safety has taken precedence over the desire for comfort. While it is true that hundreds of volumes have been published, dealing with the many aspects of accident prevention work, you cannot go to a library and pick out a book that has all the answers in it. Such a book has never been published-we are still looking for some of the answers. However, a good deal of real progress has been made.

Jan 1, 1945

By Arthur Laing

"IT is indeed a pleasure to have the opportunity of addressing this group today. Not only does it give me the opportunity of meeting with representatives of what is considered by many to be the most dynamic segment of industry in Canada today, but it also allows me to talk about a subject of para-mount interest to myself, the development of the North, and to explain, if even only briefly, some of our beliefs and hopes in this regard.It is inconceivable that all lands north of the 60th parallel, representing 35 per cent of Canada's total land area, which we believe contain a great natural resource potential, will remain as an undeveloped portion of Canada. The re-sources are there, although the people and private industry are as yet not there in sufficient numbers.It has been estimated that in the west and north of Canada there are 1.6 million cubic miles of sedimentary rocks. Of this figure, 342,-000 are thought to lie in Alberta, 115,000 in British Columbia and about 1 million cubic miles are thought to lie in Canada's northern regions, the bulk in the Arctic Islands. On the basis of apparent volumes of sedimentary rock, we estimate that as much as 13 billion barrels of petroleum may lie beneath the permafrost of the North-west Territories, another 3 billion barrels in the Yukon Territory and 33 billion barrels in the Arctic Islands. This is, indeed, a rich and elusive prize, and one which must be sought with a view to fulfilling demands on the production of petroleum."

Jan 1, 1966

By R. C. Rowe

DR. W. F. GRAY (Contributed discussion, presented at meeting by Mr. S. C. Mifilen): Mr. Rowe's suggestion that the Institute should organize itself to interpret the needs of the mining industry to federal and provincial mines departments should commend itself to our membership as sensible and practical, and as one which these public administrative bodies may welcome. One has to start with the premise that those who head the departments of mines in question have the welfare of the industry at heart. Also, it must be postulated that the technical viewpoint of our membership is necessarily free of political considerations. With these reservations, one ventures to state that both Mr. Rowe in his communication to the present session of the Institute, and Professor M. Y. Williams in his earlier communication to the Western Meeting, on The Geological Survey and Mining Development (1), voice the regret general among our membership at the abandonment of the honoured name, and to some extent of the status, of the Geological Survey of Canada. The writer, in 1932, devoted his Presidential Address to the Institute to an appreciation of the value to Canadian mining of the Geological Survey of Canada (2), affirming the desire of the Institute "that the work of the Survey shall be maintained at the highest pitch of efficiency the resources of our country will permit, because, to scrimp expenses on the Survey, is 'to save at the spigot and lose at the bunghole'." He believes that is still the opinion of the Institute, and, if contraction of the usefulness of the Survey is feared by our members at this time, it is incumbent upon the Institute, in fairness to those who direct our government, to say so in precise and explicit terms. Mr. Rowe puts the situation pithily when he writes: "We have reached a stage in our development where a stock-taking and co-ordination of existing knowledge and data is essential. This is a part of that basic function of Dominion mineral technical services which is national and not provincial in its scope".

Jan 1, 1939

By G. S. Hume

Dr. K. A. Clark: No one will doubt the statement of fact that, during drilling operations through the bituminous sand beds in the Mildred-Ruth Lakes area, the core-barrel was found to contain bitumen with minor amounts of sand instead of bituminous sand. But many will doubt the interpretation of this fact as meaning that beds of bitumen occur interstratified with the bituminous sand beds. They will prefer to hold faith in the laws of physics, which deny that sand will float on oil or that fluid under pressure will not flow away through a permeable medium, until it is proved that the appearance of the oil in the core-barrel was not due to circumstances surrounding the drilling of the bituminous sand beds. The implication of the interpretation that sand is floating on oil is clear and it is unacceptable. Bituminous sand is unconsolidated sand more' or less saturated with a viscous oil. It is as difficult to conceive of bituminous sand lying on top of a body of the viscous oil as it is to conceive of unconsolidated sand more or less saturated with water lying on top of a body of water. The only difference between the two concepts is that the oil is viscous whereas the water is fluid. Oil-soaked sand placed on viscous oil would, when released, sink through the oil slowly, whereas water-soaked sand would sink through the water quickly.

Jan 1, 1947

By Wm. L. Giachino

"Over the last 10 years, C-1-L has played a significant role in the major advances that have taken place in blasting technology, among them the following: development and introduction of capsensitive slurries; development of bulk slurry systems both for underground and open-pit operations; development of the TOE-DET and ANODET systems of delay blasting;introduction of the NONEL system of initiation;development of the Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) system of mining.This paper identifies areasin which we foresee further developments in blasting technology over the next 10 years and outlines how and to what extent C-1-L will become involved."

Jan 1, 1980

By F. McIntosh Galbraith

EMPLOYING geophysics to find ore was for a long time considered by the Canadian mining fraternity to be a performance of dubious value: in a category somewhere between the practice of sorcery, and using a divining rod to locate underground water. With increasing knowledge, however, and with constantly improving instruments, a solid speaking acquaintance with this adolescent science is becoming an integral part of the mining geologist's stock in trade. And quite properly so: for, in the established mining districts, the ore deposits which could be easily found, by ordinary prospecting methods, have already been located. There remain; however, in almost all of the principal mining camps, areas which are covered to varying depths by glacial debris; and it is here that the obvious opportunities exist for the successful application of geophysical methods. Geophysical results must always be considered in the closest possible relation to the local geology; and, in reality, the 'doodle-bugs' are simply additional tools for the geologist (in the same category with a plane table or a microscope). The Sudbury Basin is a shining example of precisely this state of affairs. Detailed geological mapping has not significantly altered the position of the outer norite contact as placed on Dr. Coleman's original map of the district. What detailed examination has done, of course, has been to reveal the accuracy with which the contact can be placed in different parts of the district, and to show up, in consequence, areas in which further work might reasonably be expected to disclose hitherto unknown or unsuspected ore. Viewed in this light, the proportion of the norite contact which is covered by substantial quantities of overburden is astonishingly large.

Jan 1, 1939

By J. C. Mitcheson

Mr. President, Mr. Mayor, Ladies & Gentlemen: IT GIVES ME great pleasure to have the opportunity, today, to speak on behalf of all the constituent. bodies of the Common-wealth Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions. For the past month we delegates have been right royally entertained across the length and breadth of Canada by Provincial Governments, City Councils, and other equally generous public organizations and private corporations. On this occasion, however, the President of The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, our good friend Dr. H. J. Fraser, has been our host at the enjoyable reception preceding this Institute Luncheon, which luncheon was sponsored by our official host, The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, one of our .constituent bodies.

Jan 1, 1957

By C. W. K

This little sketch of the late Willet G. Miller, Provincial Geologist of Ontario, is intended to be neither a biography of his career nor a eulogy of his life. His biography has already been written in an incomparable manner by Mr. T. A. Rickard, his eulogy by Canon Cody. What more can be said of Dr. Miller than is summed up in the words of that great Canadian divine, Canon Cody, that he was "Big in body, big in heart, and, as we learned, big in brain." This article, then, will merely record a few personal reminiscences of the man himself, and while they are necessarily disjointed, they may at least serve to illustrate certain traits in his character which are not generally known or appreciated outside of the circle of his intimate friends. In the latter part of May in the year 1904, Willet G. Miller, with two? assistants, set out for the small village of Haileybury to begin his geological work in the area a few miles to the south which he was soon to name Cobalt. At that time the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario railway was not finished, although the right-of-way was cleared and partly graded. The nearest railway station was on the Canadian Pacific at the south end of lake Timiskaming, from which point the old steamer Meteor carried passengers and freight up the long, narrow and deep waters of lake Timiskaming, a very pleasant trip of some sixty miles. On this particular trip there was a fairly large crowd on board consisting of settlers going into the clay belt north of lake Timiskaming, of lumbermen, and of a few merchants and commercial travellers who were interested in the small business centres of Haileybury, New Liskeard and Ville Marie. Scarcely any attention was paid to the reports of the newly found silver deposits, although the daily papers had announced discoveries in the district six months before. As a matter of fact, the chief excitement on board was afforded by a moose, which, in swimming from the Ontario to the Quebec shore of the lake, crossed the bow of the boat, the captain steering to within a few yards of the terrified animal.

Jan 1, 1925

By A. Ouellette, E. Nilsson

"Preventative maintenance is a burden for equipment users but a demand from the machine suppliers to ensure performance. Machine availability depends on preventative maintenance being followed.Mining equipment is becoming more and more sophisticated and productive, yet less and less time is available for preventative maintenance. Manufacturers invest in reducing costs, simplifying operating requirements, and lowering maintenance requirements, but it is the users who must invest more heavily in the advanced maintenance systems to keep the units operating.IntroductionPreventative maintenance has been, and still is a key factor in avoiding disturbances in production due to equipment downtime. Manufacturers ask for it in extensive maintenance schedules, check lists, programs, etc. often with a ""threat"" that, if not performed, the machine guarantee will not be valid. Modern mining and construction machinery has become sophisticated, like all other machinery, with elaborate hydraulic, electric and electronic systems and computerized controllers. Maintenance organizations within the mining industry have grown to heavy cost centres just to keep up the availability of the equipment.It is difficult for machine manufacturers to have maintenance programs that suit every user. International suppliers have to deal with different cultures, education levels, environments, organizations, etc. Maintenance programs recommended by manufacturers often do not meet some user's needs while they are ""overkilling"" to others. Preventative maintenance schemes recommendations of what to do, in what frequency, etc.) usually fit mechanical components in the equipment, e.g. wear measurements, crack indications, lubrication, oil changes, etc. But how does one perform preventative maintenance on huge hydraulic systems, electrical and electronic systems and computers? Failures in these systems usually occur without any warning and are more or less impossible to predict. Another difficulty in creating effective preventative maintenance programs for these kinds of systems is the relatively low volume of mining and construction equipment that is produced per year. For example, although Atlas Copco is one of the largest manufacturers in the world of underground blast hole drilling machines, the company still does not produce more than a few hundred drilling jumbos per year. These are made in more than 10 different models, with different systems and components, and very often are custom adapted to the end user's requirements."

Jan 1, 1992

By C. Bernier

This paper deals with three major problems associated with mining operations during the winter. These are the maintenance of the cooling systems of diesel engines, the high incidence of hydraulic dump failures on packaging machines, and the build-up of frozen fines on wet-ore conveyor belts.

Jan 1, 1966

By W. H. Zieman

NORMAN WEISS, Milling Engineer, American Smelting• and Refining Company: The subject of the Forum on Rod and Ball Mill Liners is very fascinating, and there is no end of discussion when operators get together on grinding. However, the hypotheses and suppositions easily outrun the facts, especially when we •consider the inaccuracy of many reported observations. Still surprisingly small is the number of concentrators even reasonably well equipped to measure power consumption of each grinding mill, together with running time, so that data on this tangible factor, at least, can be obtained with precision. While the more elaborate devices of this nature, producing for each 24-hour period the total power consumption, average kilowatt hours per hour, short-term demand chart, instantaneous demand, and print-out, may cost in the neighbourhood of $2,500 per mill and may be difficult to justify, the combination of an ammeter, watthour meter, and running-time meter will cost only a few hundred dollars, so there appears to be little reason not to in-stall them in view of their numerous advantages.

Jan 1, 1959

By Theo. A. Link

ACCORDING to our office dictionary, geology is "the science that investigates the structure of the earth and its successive physical changes", and a geologist is "one who knows the science of the structure of the earth". No doubt this definition does not suit all of us. Another dictionary would have the definition slightly different. As an example, one dictionary stated that "a geologist is one who practices geology". (Some of our clients told us to quit practising and get to work). There are many different types of geologists engaged in various branches of the profession and some of these are further broken down into subdivisions so that specialization is becoming more and more prevalent. As a result it is, in some cases, doubtful whether or not we are actually dealing with a geologist in the generally accepted sense of the term.

Jan 1, 1956

By T. Patching

"A GLANCE BACK AT what has happened in the past is often a useful guide to the future, although it should be used mainly to provide a sense of direction rather than a map that must be followed. As a preamble to discussing some of the questions posed by the organizing committee it may be appropriate to briefly review the distribution and careers of the graduates of our Department since the first degree in mining engineering was awarded in 1916. An attempt has been made to keep a record of the locations and careers of the Department's 540 graduates in mining and metallurgical engineering. Almost all of those who graduated before 1930 have now retired, but a very large proportion held positions as senior executives prior to retirement. A major proportion of those who graduated before 1950 are now in what might be considered senior management positions. Those who have 10 to 20 years of experience are generally in work of senior engineering responsibility or in supervisory or junior management ranks, while those who graduated in the last ten years appear to be generally in staff engineering or junior supervisory positions. This classification is admittedly imprecise because it is difficult to determine from a job description whether duties should be considered of an engineering or management nature - a distinction between the two terms is often over-emphasized. Nevertheless, the trend from technical engineering to management responsibilities with seniority and years of experience is clear in the careers that we have been able to follow."

Jan 1, 1972

By D. MacGREGOR, VERA TUREK

The Badgeley Island quartzite deposir in Georgian Bay is worked by lndusmin Limired and was developed in 1969 to produce a high-qualiry silica for use in rhe ferrosilicon and glass industries. The quartzire is part of the Precambrian Bar River Formarion, and is a generally whire, fine-grained rock containing rhin sericire seams. Primary sedimenrary features wirhin the deposit are bedding and ripple marks. Amphibolite and diabase dykes cur the quarr zire body.

Jan 1, 1984

By Bryan Tisch

Goal of GMGE ??To advance mine reclamation through the beneficial use of organic residuals for the sustainable establishment of bioenergy crops and other productive land uses Objectives ??To advance the current ?standard? of mine reclamation by demonstrating that mining lands can safely become agriculturally ?productive? through the use of organic residuals. ??To generate and compile sound scientific data that can be utilized by stakeholders to better assess the environmental impacts of utilizing these materials. ??To complete a manual of best practices regarding the utilization of organic residuals on mine lands. *Considerable effort to be placed on operations/implementation side of utilizing residuals ?rather than just pure research

May 1, 2011

By C. Harold Riches

This article is directed co a commentary on the patent system in its relation to the public interest. As man gained supremacy over his environment, he could devote progressively increasing portions o his time to improving his standards of living. In the history of the human race, we have advanced from the hollowed floating log to the modern steamship of the present age; from the sickle and flail to the reaper and combine; from the trumpet and drum as a means of communication co the telegraph, telephone, and radio; from the horse and ox cart to the automobile, truck, aeroplane, and train; and so on ad infinitum through the list of inventions on which are based the industrial and political economies and standards of living we enjoy today. It has also been a long road from the day of the alchemist and his closely guarded secrets to the era of the patent system and its storehouses of knowledge open to the world. The alchemist and the craft and merchant guilds closely guarded their secrets. In fact, they largely opposed innovations on the grounds that they might injure profits and restrict employment. In these days of unrest, with great clamour out of doors for radical changes in our political and industrial economies, it may not be untimely to examine one of the keystones which support the economic structure we know as the free enterprise system, the system which is predicated upon the right of the individual to own property. Many, through impractical idealism, ignorance, confused thinking, or blind political prejudice, advocate the substitution of ownership by the State ? for the right of ownership by the individual. As civilization has advanced to the high standards of living we enjoy today through the efforts of a comparatively few inventors, the patent system which has provided the incentive that created the inventions on which our industries and our employment are based is fully understood and appreciated by a comparatively small percentage of our people. As a result, the patent system, as a keystone in our free enterprise economy, is an apt target for destructive criticism, with the thought, possibly, that by eliminating or drastically restricting the several rights to individual ownership one by one, ownership by the State will progressively replace ownership by the individual.

Jan 1, 1949

By John A. Legge Jr.

"ACCOMPANYING Alberta's great natural endowments of oil, wheat, scenery, fishing, and hunting is also a generous endowment of geophysical problems to plague the interpreting geophysicist. These problems — by no means unique to Alberta — are sufficiently numerous and outstanding to be of major concern in exploration. Some of them have been adequately solved, others are well on their way to being solved, and still others remain almost completely unsolved. Often a problem readily solvable in one area can be solved only with great difficulty in another. Many are closely allied with the geological conditions and require the best co¬ordinated efforts of the geologist and geophysicist for their solution.It is a fairly general practice to study rather carefully the geophysical characteristics of known producing reefs in order to obtain data on which to base an interpretation of unproven areas. This practice obviously has a very sound basis, for, as discoveries become more and more widespread in the Alberta basin, it is found that the variation' in geological conditions has a marked effect on the seismic results, as would be expected. By carrying this analysis over an area it is possible more and more to anticipate the geophysical picture which should be obtained in connection with reefing under the varying geological conditions. Another phase of this procedure, and one that has received less attention, though it is certainly of importance, is the analysis of the all too numerous failures. A study of these failures may be more fruitful than a study of the successes for it may indicate weaknesses of field procedure, computations, or in¬terpretation not particularly obvious in the discovery areas. These studies must not only include the geophysical characteristics of the observed `anomalies', but should also be coupled with a thorough geological study to ascertain whether some unanticipated geological condition is responsible for the erroneous geophysical interpretation."

Jan 1, 1953

By H. L. Cameron

General Statement In July, 1948, experimental aerial photography o shallow water zones on Northumberland strait was carried out by the Nova Scotia Research Foundation. This work was designed to test the feasibility of aerial photography for coastal surveys o various types, including seaweed and bottom detail surveys. In the course of the work at Lismore, undersea faulting was noted visually and was later clearly apparent in the photographs. In order to prove beyond doubt that the lineations photographed are actually faults, a ground check was made, and terrestrial stereoscopic photographs were obtained of these features where they intersect the shore line. There can be no doubt of their nature, and the type of faulting is probably thrusting due to compressive forces. This is indicated by the successive right- and left-hand displacements on intersecting faults. The age of the fracturing is post Lower-Pennsylvanian (Lismore) and is correlated with similar compression faulting in western Cape Breton. As far as can be ascertained, this is the first time that subsea faulting has been photographed, though it is quite possible that similar structures have been observed elsewhere. Location and Area Lismore is on Northumberland strait, approximately thirty-five miles east of Pictou (see index map, Figure 1). The area mapped from aerial photographs (Figure 2) is a strip approximately two miles long by a quarter of a mile wide. Figure 3 shows a stereo-pair of the aerial photographs used to construct this map. The terrestrial stereoscopic photographs (Figure 4) show one of the faults.

Jan 1, 1949