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By D. Maddocks

"IntroductionThe greater part of the iron ore industry in Canada is located along the Labrador-Quebec border on a geological formation known as the Labrador trough. The Labrador trough is a 700 · mile long geosynclinal segment composed of folded and faulted Proterozoic sediments, volcanics and intrusives, extending from Gagnon, Quebec, to the north west tip of Ungava Bay. This geosyncline can be divided into three parts (Fig. 1).The northern unmined part, extending from southern to northern Ungava Bay, is a low grade metamorphosed iron formation.The iron deposits of the central region, represented by Schefferville, are hematite-limonite ores formed by oxidation and leaching of an unmetamorphosed taconite formation. Average iron content of the ore is greater than 540Jo for direct shipping and 50% for plant feed.The deposits of the southern section (Carol Lake, Wabush, Mt. Wright, Gagnon) extend from just north of Carol Lake to Gagnon and is a metamorphosed silica-iron oxide (specular hematite and magnetite) formation averaging plus 30% iron.The mineral wealth of this area was first observed by Father Louis Babel about 1870 and again by Dr. A.P. Low of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1894. However, the remote location hindered development until after 1945. First production of direct shipping ore from Schefferville was in 1954. Production at Carol Lake commenced in 1962.This area now accounts for sixty million long tons (61 Mt) per year of processed iron ore products as follows:This chapter will concentrate on pelletizing and agglomeration as experienced at the Iron Ore Company's Carol Lake operation. However, whenever possible, reference will be made to alternate methods, procedures, equipment, etc."

Jan 1, 1989

By G. Chung, W. Petruk, D. Doyle

"A series of tests was conducted on Carol Lake iron ore, which contains about 38 wt % hematite and 19 wt % magnetite, to establish a flowsheet for high weight yield by spirals. A pilot plant was run in parallel with the IOC concentrator to simultaneously test two flowsheets on the same feed material. The IOC concentrator processes the ore by treating it directly in a spiral circuit, whereas the pilot plant used a laconite flowsheet which had a low intensity magnetic separator (LIMS) at the front of the circuit. The LIMS produced a non-magnetic (hematite-rich) product and a magnetic (magnetite-rich) product prior to treating the ore in two separate spiral circuits. The results from about 150 tests were evaluated by chemical assays and materials balancing techniques, and a selected test was evaluated by the image analysis and materials balancing technique.The image analysis and materials balancing evaluation showed that a higher hematite recovery was obtained by the hematite spiral circuit than by the IOC concentrator spiral circuit, and a slightly lower magnetite recovery by the magnetite spiral circuit than by the IOC concentrator spiral circuit. Furthermore the hematite recovery by hematite spirals was higher than the magnetite recovery by magnetite spirals. The better hematite recovery was achieved because a higher liberation is obtained for hematite than for magnetite, and the hematite in the Carol Lake ore has a narrower grain size range than magnetite. Consequently, better spiral control can be maintained when processing a hematite-rich spiral feed, than when processing a magnetite-rich spiral feed. Since the feed to the IOC concentrator spiral is a mixture of hematite and magnetite, an intermediate hematite recovery is obtained by the IOC concentrator. INTRODUCTIONA study of characteristics that affect recoveries of hematite and magnetite from the Carol Lake ores of the Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC), was carried out in connection with a project on designing a flowsheet for maximum weight yields. A pilot plant using a taconite flowsheet was run in parallel with the existing IOC concentrator which uses a classical iron ore flowsheet. About 150 tests were run to compare iron recoveries and weight yields by the spirals in the two flowsheets. Better iron recoveries were indicated for the taconite flowsheet, but the results were not consistent and the reasons for the observed differences were not apparent. The material from one test (Test 61), which gave better iron recoveries for the taconite flowsheet, was evaluated by the image analysis and materials balancing technique. A suite of samples was taken from 5 points in the IOC concentrator and from 8 points in a pilot plant (taconite flowsheet). The samples were analyzed to compare the behaviours of the Carol Lake hematite and magnetite in the spirals of the two flowsheets. The results provided a sound basis for further tests in designing a high weight yield flow sheet."

Jan 1, 1993

By G. W. H. Norman

"The La Corne molybdenite-bearing veins, discovered in 1915, lie halfway between Amos and Val d'Or near the southwest corner of La Corne township, Abitibi county, Quebec. The Molybdenite Reduction Company, which carried on operations during 1927 to 1930, sank a 200-foot inclined shaft to develop the property and produced about 22 tons of concentrntes from a 30-ton mill during 1929. Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited, carried on further underground exploration in 1930. The Molybdenite Corporation of Canada drilled a part of the property in 1938 to 1939 and produced 1 ton of concentrates in 1938. Wartime Metals operated the property from 1942 to July 15, 1945. At this time the mill was enlarged to treat 200 tons daily. Molybdenite Corporation of Canada since July 15th, 1945, have continued the operation of this property and have revised the mill flow-sheet in order to produce both a bismuth and a molybdenite concentrate.The production for the period 1942-1946 is as follows:Total molybdenite production from the mine in the 1942 to 1946 period was about 4,127,400 lb.The La Corne deposit occurs at the northwest contact of a small mass of biotite granite with biotite schist. The form and extent of the biotite granite mass is concealed by a wide sand plain that extends northwest and west from the deposit and overlies bed-rock except in four small outcrop areas. These are spaced 1,000 and 2,000 feet apart along a narrow strip extending 5,000 feet south from the mine. The outcrops suggest that the granite must be at least 1,500 feet wide and 3,000 feet long northeastward. Where exposed in the mine workings the contact dips 70°N.W., but is not a sharply defineable feature due to the presence of numerous granite dykes and tongues in a zone of biotite schist 100 feet wide along the margin of the granite. The biotite schist in the few outcrops that flank the north and south sides of the granite strikes northeast and dips 60° to 70° S.E."

Jan 1, 1954

By Michael L. Free

The hydrometallurgy curriculum for undergraduate students at the University of Utah has evolved to contain a variety of tools to help students understand and apply hydrometallurgy in a context that has industrial relevance. In order for students to perform as engineers in an industrial hydrometallurgy setting, they need to understand thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals and be able to apply these fundamentals to extraction, concentration, and recovery applications. Students must also understand related environmental, economic, and assessment issues in hydrometallurgy and be able to work with others. In order to meet these needs, the hydrometallurgy curriculum includes a variety of relevant subject information, on-line resources, laboratory experiences, and team work opportunities to help prepare students for careers involving hydrometallurgy. The development and use of these resources will be discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Barati

A collaborative research between University of Toronto and Hatch was conducted to understand and optimize the process conditions pertaining to a novel steelmaking technology. In this technology, known as CRISP, direct reduced iron is continuously melted and refined in a stationary electric arc furnace. The major challenge against continuous operation of the electric furnace was identified to be minimizing the corrosion of the refractory in order to achieve uninterrupted operation for a minimum of one year. Theoretical analysis and bench scale experiments together with two pilot runs resulted in defining an operating window for slag chemistry that would minimize chemical attack to the refractory while satisfying the oxidizing conditions required for sufficient decarburization. An analysis of the process in terms of energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases revealed that it is superior to the current batch DRI-based steelmaking technologies.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. H. Walsh

IN THE DEVELOPMENT of procedures for the separation of minerals, the choice of reagents for flotation is frequently determined by the extent to which a given mineral is wettable by water. Measurements of the contact angle of an air bubble on wet mineral surfaces are often used in the laboratory to estimate the wettability of the surface. For the results of these measurements to be reproducible, the surface of the mineral must be polished to a mirror-like smoothness and must be free from oily contamination. Elaborate procedures for preparing mineral surfaces have been developed by Wark ( 1) and Taggart (2), and these procedures have been generally accepted as adequate for their purpose. The polishing techniques, how-ever, have certain inherent disadvantages which make it impossible to assess the effects of polishing, entrained abrasive, and adsorbed gases on the wettability of the mineral surface.

Jan 1, 1957

By G. W. Poling

This paper evaluates current environmental protection legislation, guidelines and criteria, focusing mainly on the land and water disposal of mill tailings. Effluent criteria and regulatory mechanisms are proposed, and submarine tailing disposal is discussed at length. The importance of basing regulations on the best available rationale is stressed.

Jan 1, 1979

By Xiao min Zhou, Yan Xu, Hongzhen Liang, Xiaonan He

"With the increase of shaft excavation depth, the thickness of the shaft lining increases sharply. It is difficult to reduce thickness of lining effectively by improving high-strength concrete performance. The concept of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) is that surrounding rock plays a certain role in tunnel support. The solution should be to find the correct relationship between shaft lining thickness and rock strength, which is related with the interaction between the surrounding rock and concrete lining. The plane strain mechanics model is introduced to calculate lining thickness. Shaft lining design of Cixi Colliery in China is completed with the mechanics-based method proposed in this study. The lining design is verified through numerical simulation and field monitoring. The simulation results show that the maximum mises stress is located at the inner edge of the shaft lining. The increase of lining thickness cannot effectively reduce concrete grade. The monitoring results indicate that a lining design thickness of 900mm with C60 concrete, is safe and reliable in the shaft over 1000metres.This analytical design method can well be referenced in similar deep shaft projects.INTRODUCTION The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), thought to have helped revolutionize the modern tunneling method, is the most extensive design philosophy and construction principle in today's tunnel engineering. It began to attract attention in the 1960s based on the work of Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller, and Franz Pacher in Austria[1]. NATM was originally developed for tunneling in depth and in high situ-stress conditions in the Alps. The history of sequential excavation was reviewed, which highlights the progress of tunnel design and construction in Europe after NATM[2]. Structural conditions were introduced into the equilibrium of tunnels in NATM, and the additional force was estimated to stabilize the excavation of the tunnel[3].From the perspective of applied mechanics, there was no accuracy theory to explain the interaction between the tunnel structure and the surrounding ground. Numerical calculation is an effective means to study the basic mechanism of tunnel excavation[4].Based on two-dimensional modeling approaches in the past, such as NATM and other derivatives, a three-dimensional model was studied to"

Jan 1, 2019

By Sarah Bélair, Denis Beltrami, Valérie Weigel

"Mabounié is a polymetallic deposit in Gabon containing niobium (1.2%), tantalum (0.03%), rare earth elements (REE) (1.4%) and uranium (0.03%) that are mostly carried by Pyrochlore minerals. Classical route for niobium recovery is a pyrometallurgical process that consists in pyrochlore flotation, dephosphorization of the niobium concentrate and aluminothermy to obtain ferro-niobium. Pyrochlore concentrates can also be treated by a hydrometallurgical process with a mixture of sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid leaching followed by solvent extraction to separate niobium and tantalum. However, the first process does not allow recovering REE and the second one is not environmentally friendly because of the use of HF.ERAMET is looking for new opportunities on strategic metals market and has recently developed a hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of all these metals based on a sulfuric acid treatment of the ore. After solubilisation of the valuable elements, niobium / tantalum are precipitated as a concentrate (12% w/w Nb and 0.3% w/w Ta) while REE (2.7 g L-1) and uranium (90 mg L-1) remain in solution. Nearly 90% of REE are recovered from the solution by conventional REE double salt precipitation [NaREE(SO4)2.xH2O) method but some REE still remain in solution as this method does not allow to quantitatively recover medium (Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy) and heavy (Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y) rare earth elements. From the different process routes studied (solvent extraction, precipitation, ionic exchange etc.), an innovative method has been developed and patented to recover REE residual concentration in solution. This is based on an aluminum removal step followed by precipitation of REE as REE phosphate concentrate (REEPO4) by phosphate addition into solution. The phosphate concentrate is then purified according to the conventional monazite treatment, i.e. caustic conversion and REE solubilisation in acidic media."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. W. Jolliffe

DESPITE the widespread occurrence of scheelite in Canada, domestic production of this strategic mineral is still quite insufficient to meet wartime needs. Two difficulties have invariably arisen in prospecting for or developing scheelite deposits: scheelite is a difficult mineral to identify, and secondly, its distribution is commonly so erratic that the value of a deposit cannot be determined without arduous and expensive methods of sampling and wet assay. Scheelite's property of fluorescing under certain ultra-violet lamps overcomes the first difficulty and is the basis for a quantitative method developed to overcome the second. It is found that, by use of an ultra-violet lamp, the value of many scheelite deposits may be accurately and speedily determined. The method requires neither elaborate apparatus nor exceptional skill on the part of the operator, and is most applicable to those deposits where the bulk of the scheelite occurs in fairly pure aggregates that are at least one-tenth of an inch across. It has been used in grading some two hundred scheelite-bearing veins in the Yellow-knife-Beaulieu region, Northwest Territories, and various occurrences in the Porcupine district, Ontario. The method requires the measurement of the total area of scheelite exposed in any reasonably large measured cross-section of a deposit. From the areal percent of scheelite so obtained, the tungstic oxide (WO,) content of that part of the deposit may be calculated by means of equations of simple derivation.

Jan 1, 1942

By John C. Robbins

A new technique for the determination of trace levels of uranium in solution has been developed. A compact laser emits short, but intense, ultraviolet pulses to excite the green fluorescence of a uranyl-complex formed by the addition of a proprietary reagent to the sample. Organic species present in most natural waters also fluoresce quite intensely, but their emission does not last appreciably longer than the excitation pulse, in contrast to the relatively long persistence of the uranyl fluorescence . Electronic 'gating' is employed to separate the long-lived contribution, rejecting substantially the organic emission. Results using the laser fluorescence method on many sets of natural waters of various origins have been compared against corresponding values generated by independent laboratories. Correlation has been generally good over a range from less than 0.1 to more than 100 ppb U. Solid samples have also been analyzed after extraction of the uranium into solution. Accuracies adequate for most exploration purposes have been achieved, but further work is required to determine effects of interferences in samples with complex matrices. The transport and deposition of uranium in natural waters is controlled by the organic and inorganic chemistry of the waters involved. It is suggested that interpretation of very low uranium levels will be aided by additional measurements of conductivity and organic content, with subsequent statistical treatment.

Jan 1, 1978

By A. H. Anderson

THE travelling grate coking process was developed by Shawinigan Chemicals, Limited, at their Shawinigan Falls plant. The first production unit went into operation a month prior to the outbreak of the war. Since then a substantial part of the coke used in the manufacture of calcium carbide has been produced by this process. In the following will be given a short account of the development work, a description of the process and the equipment, a discussion of the properties of the coke, the economics of the process and its future possibilities. EXPERIMENTAL WORK The carbide industry is a large consumer of coke, one ton of commercial carbide requiring for its production 1,200 lb. This coke must meet certain specifications in order to be acceptable. It should have a low ash content, preferably below 8 per cent, and the sulphur and phosphorus content must not be above specified limits. The size of the coke is also important. If it is too large it has to be crushed before it can be used in the furnaces, and if it is too fine it may have to be screened and briquetted. In addition, it must be dry. Although it was generally possible to purchase coke, including petroleum coke, and coke fines, in the quantities required, it became increasingly more difficult as time went on to obtain coke of a suitable quality at an attractive price. It was therefore natural for us to look to coal carbonization as a means of basing the supply of the fundamental raw material for carbide manufacture on something more solid than the shifting conditions of the coke market.

Jan 1, 1944

In April, 1961, a large pillar was removed by blasthole mining methods at Inco's Murray mine. More than half a million pounds of explosives were used to break 2,120,000 tons of ore in a single underground blast. The 5, 10 2-inch boreholes, involving 435,815 feet of drilling, were loaded over a three-week period, using conventional explosives and short-period electric caps. From this blast, more than half a million tons of ore have been removed to date (April, 1962) through slusher trenches situated in the footwall of the ore body. T HE Ontario Division of The International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, operates six underground mines and two open pits in the Sudbury district in the north-central part of the Province. This paper describes the removal of a large pillar at the Murray mine (Figure 1), where 2,120,000 tons of ore were broken in a single underground blast by the blasthole mining method. This is the largest underground blast achieved to date (April, 1962) at Inco mines.

Jan 1, 1963

By H. S. Price, F. N. Kissell, R. C. McCulloch, J. C. Edwards

"The methane em1ss10n from deep coalbeds which are actively mined is a serious problem facing the mining industry today. Pinpointing the source of methane and predicting the emission of this gas from these coalbeds is necessary if preventive techniques are to be effectively used to control methane emission. In general, because most coalbeds have water associated with them, the system to be studied may be either single-phase (methane gas) or two-phase (methane and water). Because coal mine geometry is complex and the fluids have variable properties as functions of pressure and methane concentration, the differential equations describing the flow of methane and water are not amenable to analytic solution, but must be solved numerically using high-speed computers. This paper presents the development of such a complex mathematical model along with some preliminary applications of the model to methane emission from one- and two-dimensional coalbeds with and without water present."

Jan 1, 1973

By J. S. Stacbulak

"The main ventilation design features adopted at Inco to safeguard personnel against the effects of fires are described in this paper. Measures taken to prevent and detect fires due to spontaneous combustion, and fires involving conveyor belts, are described in detail.IntroductionConsidering the over-all picture of present-day mining operations, the expenditure required to provide a proper system of mine ventilation and fife control should be regarded as a sound investment that will pay back in increased mining efficiency, improved safety, health, and morale of the miners.Mine ventilation control and mine fife detection and fighting are inseparable, because a ventilation system can spread deadly products of combustion just as efficiently as it does life-sustaining oxygen. Therefore, the possibility of a mine fife occurring is of particular concern.The flirt objective is to prevent a fife. The second objective is to design the ventilation system so that a positive fresh air supply can be ensured on each main level regardless of the location of the fife. The third objective is to be able to detect the fife at an early stage and to extinguish it before it can develop into a major fife.Accordingly, at Inco, very extensive measures are taken to prevent fires and to locate, isolate and extinguish them rapidly. To obtain an early warning, it is not sufficient to know that a fife has started, but it is also necessary to know where the fife is burning."

Jan 1, 1994

By T. Beamish, I. Vasilev, T. Nikolov, E. Marinov, D. Kirilov, P. Barrios

In April 2005, Umicore Copper de-merged from Umicore Group and created a new independent Copper company called Cumerio. As a separate company, Cumerio is a major European copper smelter and refinery and a leading producer of copper products such as wire rod, billets, cakes and specialty rod with a total production capacity of copper products in excess of 500,000 tpy with production plants in Belgium, Italy and Bulgaria. The Pirdop Smelter is the only state-of the-art smelter in South East Europe and it makes Pirdop the natural hub for the copper industry in the region. In order to be competitive in the international market the main challenges facing Cumerio are to maintain its low cost structure and to achieve higher production volumes while reducing its impact to the environment and striving for continuous improvement of the production process. Cumerio's state-of-the-art smelting facility in Pirdop has recently increased the anode production capacity to 250,000 tpy by the installation of the third evaporative cooler on the converters section that allows operating with three-hot converters. In April 2007 a general shut-down for repair and modification on the Flash Smelting Furnace and Waste Heat Boiler is envisaged. At this time a revamp of one of the existing Sulphuric Acid Plants is planned, resulting in a further copper capacity increase to 275,000 tpy with modest Capex. In 2005 Cumerio received from the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water the Complex Permit under the EU IPPC criteria. Accordingly an Environmental Compliance Program was defined targeting a large reduction in the secondary emissions. The system will be commissioned in May 2007. In order to better integrate the smelter and refinery in Pirdop and to respond to the growing demand for cathodes in the region, a new state-of-the-art Electrolytic Refinery with an installed capacity of 180,000 tpy will replace the existing refinery. The new refinery is expected to be fully operational as from early 2008. This paper describes the challenges and the projects.

Jan 1, 2007

By M. McKim

"Due to the fact that there were no formal papers submitted for this session we can only print the discussions of the papers. a) Maqnetic Mill Liners : M. MckimE. MarcotteFalconbridge LimitedReplyIn looking at the slides on magnetic mill liners a question comes to mind, particularly in the case of a large diameter mill using large grinding media, concerning the potential hazzards which may exist from large chuncks of steel hanging in the mill. Would you comment.The magnetism was sufficiently strong from liner to liner to hold ........................ .(We are sorry but we could not transcribe the full reply to this question as no microphone was used by the speaker and i't was impossible for us to complete the rest).·"

Jan 1, 1984

By J. S. Stachulak

"The main ventilation design features adopted at Inco to safeguard personnel against the effects of fires are described in this paper. Measures taken to prevent and detect fires due to spontaneous combustion, and fires involving conveyor belts, are described in detail.IntroductionConsidering the over-all picture of present-day mining operations, the expenditure required to provide a proper system of mine ventilation and fife control should be regarded as a sound investment that will pay back in increased mining efficiency, improved safety, health, and morale of the miners.Mine ventilation control and mine fife detection and fighting are inseparable, because a ventilation system can spread deadly products of combustion just as efficiently as it does life-sustaining oxygen. Therefore, the possibility of a mine fife occurring is of particular concern.The first objective is to prevent a fife.The second objective is to design the ventilation system so that a positive fresh air supply can be ensured on each main level regardless of the location of the fife.The third objective is to be able to detect the fife at an early stage and to extinguish it before it can develop into a major fife. Accordingly, at Inco, very extensive measures are taken to prevent fires and to locate, isolate and extinguish them rapidly. To obtain an early warning, it is not sufficient to know that a fife has started, but it is also necessary to know where the fife is burning."

Jan 1, 1994

By Hans Lundberg

The magnetometer which was developed during the war for detecting submarines has proven exceedingly valuable in outlining deep-seated structures in oil exploration, and will be useful also to geologists in outlining regional structural features in the Precambrian. Our magnetometer has been developed to outline local and detail structures. 1 am quite sure that all geophysicists and geologists would agree with me that, in ore prospecting, it is important to obtain as much detailed information as possible. We know that, as we ascend from the ground and get away from the magnetic ore-bearing structures and orebodies, the magnetic intensity decreases rapidly, but, worse than that, we lose the details even faster. Figure l shows two strong, very sharp, magnetic 'highs' over two orebodies which, as our distance increases, rapidly merge into one fairly broad, moderately strong anomaly. If we drilled on this maximum, we would not encounter any of the orebodies. Therefore, we should fly the airborne magnetometer as close to the ground as possible in order to duplicate the results of the magnetic ground surveys. The first chance to accomplish this came with the helicopter, which is an exceedingly maneuverable aircraft. It can be landed in a cleared space not much more than fifty feet square. With floats, it can be landed anywhere, even in a swamp, on thin ice, or on soft snow. It can stand still in the air, hovering over a given point. It can ascend and descend vertically, fly sideways and even backwards, at the will of the pilot. It flies forward at any speed up to l00 miles an hour. The helicopter can be taken to any desired position at a given time. It can fly at any useful altitude from a few feet to several thousand feet above the ground. It can fly very close to the ground with safety. In bare areas, the survey flight may be performed a few feet above the ground. In forested areas, however, the flights, to clear the trees, must be made at l00 to 150 feet. To mark out a certain point, a small parachute-like marker may be draped over a tree or laid on the ground. This can be done from the helicopter without touching the ground.

Jan 1, 1947

By Pizhi Zhao, Jingwei Zhao, Zhenshan Liu, Yiheng Cao

"A new Al-Mg-Si-Zn alloy designed for automotive outer panel was trial-produced with industrial procedure. The final product shows a strong planar anisotropy. X ray diffraction analysis shows such strong anisotropy is caused by the dominating cube texture component in the final product. The reason for such high cube texture component was investigated by tracing texture evolution starting from the hot roll slab. It is found that certain cube texture components already exists in the hot rolled slab. The density of cube texture component shows as a wavy change through the following1st cold rolling, inter-annealing, 2ndcold rolling and solution treatment. This study shows that the cold rolling in the laboratory can well represent the texture evolution during the industrial production. The results obtained by lab rolling hints that change of second cold rolling reduction has weak effect on the planar anisotropy, when the gauge of hot rolled slab and final sheet are fixed.INTRODUCTIONWith the rapid progress of light-weighting in the automotive industry, aluminum sheets get more and more application as closure panel and structure parts. Recently the dominating alloy for outer panel is 6xxx series, containing the main alloy elements Mg and Si. The popular gradesareAA6016,AA6111, AA6022, and AA6014. These alloys still cannot satisfy the various requirements from automotive manufacturers. Most suppliers of automotive aluminum sheets are developing their own specific grades according to the customer’s demand. To increase the baking response, anew Al-Mg-Si-Zn alloy was designed, concerning the high combination energy between Zn solutes and vacancies formed during the quenching stage of automotive sheet manufacture. This combination is helpful to the precipitation of ß”phase during the paint baking (Wang, 2015,2016; Yan, 2014).The plastic strain ratio (r value)is a key index of the formability of automotive body sheet. A high r value means a good formability. The r values in different directions can be used to evaluate the planar anisotropy of the metal sheets. The trial produced Al-Mg-Si-Zn sheet shows a strong planar anisotropy with respect to r values. Since the r value is tightly related with texture, the texture evolution from hot roll slab (HRS) to final T4P temper was analyzed with X ray diffraction (XRD) to find the reason for the high anisotropy. Besides, the cold rolling reduction (CRR) was varied in the laboratory to modify the texture distribution, i.e., the planar anisotropy."

Jan 1, 2018