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By D. Bronkhorst, J. Rheault

"Backfill practices at the Williams mine have evolved significantly since underground mining began in 1986. The use of conveyors as a means of transporting fill material to stopes has been discontinued in favour of load-haul-dump equipment. The method of adding binder to the fill product has been refined along with the placement technique. Slurry preparation has been fully automated and flyash is now included as a binding agent. Surface preparation of the fill product has evolved substantially with the quarry operation coming into full operation and the construction of pennanent crushing, screening, and storage facilities. Company personnel have replaced all contracted labour involved in backfill operations. Some changes have been made to achieve a higher standard of quality control while others were implemented as a matter of cost reduction. BackgroundThe Williams mine is one of three mines operating at the Hernlo gold deposit, located 40 km east of Marathon, Ontario, along the north shore of Lake Superior. Daily production at the mine is 6000 Ud yielding an annual gold production of approximately 500 000 oz. The orebody extends from surface to a depth of 1300 m dipping north at 70 degrees. The average orebody width is 25 m, but varies from 45 m on the eastern boundary to about 10 m at the western probable limit and at depth. Proven and probable reserves currently stand at 32 million tonnes grading 6 g/t.The Williams orebody has been divided into four separate mining zones: the A-zone, the West-of-Dyke zone, the B-zone, and the C-zone (Fig 1). Ore production originally was from the A-zone open pit operation while the A-zone and B-zone underground workings were being developed. The mining method employed underground is blasthole open stoping with delayed rockfill. Mining block dimensions are nominally 20 m along strike by 25 m high. Stope extraction is sequenced to achieve a relatively short pillar life and 100010 ore recovery. Pillars are extracted as soon as the adjacent primary stopes are two cycles ahead. Primary stopes are filled with consolidated rock fill after mining. This allows pillars to be blasted right against the consolidated fill, but also requires that the fill be self supporting to a height of 30 m.The Williams mine places approximately 1.4 million tonnes of rockfill and 50 000 tonnes of binding agents each year, with about three quarters of the fill placed being consolidated. The consolidated fill placed at the Williams mine contains Portland cement and flyash as binding agents."

Jan 1, 1994

By P. Leo

Al-Mg-Si alloys are widely used as medium-strength structural materials; extrusion is the most common processing route. In the present hot deformation investigation of a 6060 alloy, the microstructure of the alloy has been analyzed in the as-cast state, after homogenization heat treatment and after hot deformation by tensile tests in the range 400-490°C and 10-4 to 10-2s-1 on both as cast and homogenized alloys. After deformation the microstructure of the as-cast alloy exhibited cavitation. The flow curves at the lowest test temperature T show a gradual softening after a stress peak, being more evident for the alloy deformed in the homogenized state in association with a high yield stress; at higher T a plateau is attained which is lower as T rises and strain rates decrease. For each fixed T, the ductility decreases as strain rate increases for the homogenized alloy whereas, for the as cast alloy, it rises with strain rate. Constitutive analysis gives Q = 240kJ1mol for the homogenized alloy in agreement with published values; this indicates a more rapid strength decline with rising T than Al, suitable for good hot workability along with the lack of cavitation.

Jan 1, 2011

By C. R. Ross

"The purpose of this paper is to review the activities of international organizations concerned with the problem of dust hazards in mines and to indicate the extent of Canadian participation in these activities. The work of the International Labour Office in sponsoring conferences and reports on the appraisal and control of dust hazards and in the development of standard radio-logical classifications is considered in some detail. Also discussed are the role of technical societies, such as the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, in the development of proposed standards for dust exposure and the functions of international committees concerned with particular hazards, such as the U.I.C.C. (Inter-national Union Against Cancer) Committee on Asbestos and Cancer."

Jan 1, 1969

By Scott A. Trebilcock

Nautilus Minerals Inc the world?s leader in exploration and development of deep ocean mineral resources is today focused on the recovery of high grade copper-gold from in seafloor massive sulphide mineralization. These mineralized belts, analogous to land based volcanogenic massive sulphides (VMS) deposits are located near tectonic plate boundaries of the Western Pacific and around the world. Nautilus; first development project is Solwara 1 located in benign waters in Papua New Guinea. Since 2006 the company has completed detailed environmental and geological studies at Solwara 1, culminating in a number of world firsts, including the first Environmental Permit for a deep ocean mineral project and the first NI 43-101 compliant seafloor massive sulphide resource statement. Nautilus has relied heavily on proven deepwater technologies from the oil and gas industry in the design of the first mineral extraction system. Pipeline trenching units, workclass ROVs, deepwater production risers and drill cutting removal systems will all be adapted at Solwara 1. Key contractors to the project have all been selected for their deepwater experience, creativity and determination to launch this new industry. Innovation is at the forefront of Nautilus? success to date. This paper gives an overview of the Solwara 1 development and describes the exploration and production technologies adapted for seafloor mineral extraction.

May 1, 2010

By Daniel E. Walsh, P. D. Rao

"A four-inch compound water cyclone (CWC) was tested to evaluate its gold recovery characteristics when processing -4.8 mm run-or-pit, placer material. Neutron activated placer gold particles (840 to 37 microns) were used as radiotracers (/98Au) in a closed circuit ewe test loop to determine concentrator recovery; a procedure believed unique to this study. The effect on gold recovery of gold size and shape, feed pulp density, feed pressure, vortex finder clearance (VFC), ewe cone type, top-size of the feed solids, presence or absence of heavy minerals in the feed, and the quantity of-37 micron slimes in the feed was investigated in over 300 tests.CWC concentration ratio and the top-size of the underflow solids were both affected by cone type, VFC, and feed pressure. Gold recovery was significantly affected by gold size, gold shape, and concentration ratio. These effects are complex, because significant size-concentration ratio and size-shape interactions exist. Radiotracer techniques showed gold particles had a residence time within the ewe of approximately one second. This study suggests ewe gold recovery is a concentration. This work suggests ewe gold recovery is a function of particle size and shape, and the flow rate through the cyclone. CWC cone ""bed density"" is considered important only as a thin, protective layer, which shields coarser gold particles from the entraining currents and facilitates their movement through the CWC.IntroductionCompound water cyclones (CWC), or automedium cyclones, are enhanced gravity concentrators for the beneficiation for slurries of sand, coal, and ground ore (Fig. 1). They are called compound water cyclones because of the compound slopes of their basal cones (Fig. 2) and are operated to suppress classification phenomena in favour of gravity concentration effects. The compound water cyclone is not a new wet concentrator. It was developed in the late 1950s by Dr. Jan Visman through research sponsored by Canada's Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources. Since that time, it has become a common unit in coal washeries for cleaning fine coal. CWCs and other versions of concentrating cyclones have also shown promise for heavy minerals and precious metals recovery."

Jan 1, 1988

By C. Rodgers, E. (Ted) Warren

"LocationThe Key Lake operation of Cameco Corporation is located at latitude 57°N in northern Saskatchewan, within the southem boundary of the Athabasca formation. The nearest city is LaRonge, located 240 km to the south. Access to the mine is by all-weather road and by private airstrip.Description of OperationThe mill was designed to produce twelve million pounds of uranium oxide (U3O8) a year from a feed grade of 2.4% U3O8. Current production is fourteen million pounds from 2.0% feed.Following grinding, the uranium is leached using sulphuric acid and oxygen in autoclaves. An eight thickener counter current decantation (CCD) circuit is used to separate the uranium-bearing solution from the solid waste residue. The uranium in solution is further purified in a solvent extraction circuit. The purified uranium is then precipitated using ammonia, calcined at 840°C, and packaged in drums for shipping to refineries. There is a crystallization circuit to recover excess ammonium sulphate produced in the process, and a waste treatment circuit.HistoryUranerz Exploration and Mining discovered the Gaertner and Deilmann orebodies in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Between 1975 and 1977, Uranerz conducted laboratory studies and delineated a process for the Key Lake ore known as the ""Bonn process."" In 1977, Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. was retained to conduct further studies in cooperation with U ranerz. The technical feasibility of the Bonn process was generally confirmed. Howeve1~ alternative processing methods also appeared feasible, and over the period 1978-1979, a detailed research and development program was conducted to finalize the processes to be used and to provide data for design of the plant."

Jan 1, 2000

By Limao Zhang

This paper presents a BIM-based Risk Identification Expert System (B-RIES) for metro construction, composed of three main built-in subsystems: BIM extraction, knowledge base management, and risk identification subsystems. The engineering parameter information related to risk factors is extracted from the BIM of a specific project where the IFC standard plays a bridge role between the BIM data and metro construction safety risks. An integrated knowledge base, consisting of fact base, rule base and case base, is established to systematize the fragmented explicit and tacit knowledge. A hybrid inference approach, with case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning included, is developed to improve the flexibility and comprehensiveness of the system reasoning capacity. During the safety risk identification process, B-RIES is able to improve the inefficiencies in engineering information extraction, reduce the dependence on domain experts, and facilitate knowledge sharing and communication among dispersed clients and domain experts. A typical safety hazard identification in the Mingdu station, located in the Wuhan Metro Line Two, is presented in a case study. The results demonstrate the feasibility of B-RIES, and its application potential. B-RIES can be used as a decision support tool to provide guidelines for safety management in metro construction, and thus increase the likelihood of a successful project in a complex environment.

Aug 1, 2013

By Sarah Belair, Gauthier Deblonde, Valerie Weigel, Alexandre Chagnes, Gerard Cote

"Niobium and tantalum are strategic metals for electronic and alloys industries. They are produced by pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy but most of the niobium and tantalum production processes are not environmentally friendly. For instance, in the hydrometallurgical route, niobium and tantalum separation can only be achieved by liquid-liquid extraction in the presence of hydrofluoric acid by taking advantage of the difference in niobium(V) and tantalum(V) speciation in fluoride-based media. Therefore, the environmental footprint of hydrometallurgical processes for the production of niobium and tantalum could be clearly lowered by replacing HF or NH4F by greener media such as alkaline solutions in which high solubility of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) can be achieved.The development of such new efficient and environmentally friendly hydrometallurgical processes requires a fine description of the physicochemistry of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) in alkaline solutions. Unfortunately, literature data show a huge discrepancy on niobium(V) and tantalum(V) speciation in such media. This paper gives a brief overview of the niobium(V)-tantalum(V) production processes and paves the way to the development of alternative processes in alkaline media by presenting and discussing recent advances in the physicochemistry of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) in these media.INTRODUCTIONNiobium and tantalum are strategic metals since they are used for the production of alloys and super alloys, capacitors and magnets in strategic industries such as electronic, aeronautics and automobile. The main sources of niobium and tantalum are given in Table 1."

Jan 1, 2016

"INTRODUCTIONThe Department of Energy, Mines and Resources has recently developed two automatic controls for use in the cyanidation circuits of Canadian gold mills. These controls are the alkalinity probe and the Continuous Cyanide Titrator both of which are discussed in the paper ""Instrumentation in the Cyanide Process"".(1)In May 1966 these process controls and associated recording equipment were installed in the Bralorne mill by two Scientific Officers from the Department. The object was to determine if the equipment was amenable and applicable to this particular circuit. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the performance of the equipment over a test period of 4 months.CONCLUSIONSThe results of test work to date indicates that both the Conductivity Probe and the Continuous Cyanide Titrator would be an as set to the operation of the Bralorne mill.The conclusions are generalized as follows:-(1) At a milling rate of 100, 000 tons per year the expected reductionin reagent consumption would give a direct saving of 37, 660 lbs of lime@$0.030 per lb and 15, 790 lbs of sodium cyanide@ $0.175 per lb. Such cost savings would pay for the equipment and installation costs within a 30 month period"

Jan 1, 1967

By C. G. Kemsley

THE ore as hoisted is very wet, and difficulty was experienced i~ screening it to remove the fines before going to the secondary crusher. In fact, the fines had a tendency to form balls and roll down the screen, and only a small percentage was removed. Their inclusion with the other ore going to the Symons secondary crusher caused excessive spring action and pounding between the adjustment ring and main frame, resulting in abnormal wear between the two. To overcome this, it was decided to wash the fines through the primary screen, and use an Akins classifier to de-water the screenings, pumping the overflow from the classifier up to the mill and discharging the oversize onto the mill-feed belt.

Jan 1, 1945

By W. S. Tremaine

When the Hedley Mascot mill was built in 1935, it was designed as a straight flotation plant. The ore to be treated at that time was a gold ore in which the gold was intimately associated with arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite in highly silicified and garnetized limestone gangue. This material was ground to 85 per cent minus 325 mesh in two-stage grinding and floated in standard flotation cells to produce about a 5-ounce concentrate, which was shipped to Tacoma smelter for refining. This arrangement gave us a recovery of about 89 per cent. Test work indicated that the best way to improve this recovery would be to build a cyanide plant to treat our flotation middling. Arrangements for the construction of this plant were finally approved and work on it was started in the spring of 1940. This plant was of the conventional type in which the flotation middlings were thickened, filtered, and then put through the usual cyanide process. Its capacity was 50 tons of middlings per day. This arrangement worked quite satisfactorily and gave us an increase in overall recovery of 4 per cent. Unfortunately, about the time the plant was completed, we developed, and started to ship to the mill, ore that differed entirely from that met with up to that time. Instead of being hard, it was very soft, the orebody from which- it came being much faulted and brecciated. In many sections, the sulphides were oxidized and the breccia was filled in with a very soft, hydrous iron silicate known as chloropal. When this new ore was mixed with the old ore and sent to the mill, the whole operation was disrupted. The chloropal slimed so badly that the classification, flotation circuits, and cyanide plant would not handle it. The difficulty in the cyanide plant was at the head end, where the 10 ft. by 20 ft. thickener and the 8 ft. by 8ft. drum filter would not handle the middlings containing a large percentage of primary slime and chloropal. This material would not thicken to more than 30 per cent solids in the thickener and, when pumped to the filter, would forma very thin, slimy cake. Overall recovery dropped to between 83 and 84 percent and it was quite apparent that some extensive changes would have to be made in our flow-sheet before this ore could be treated successfully.

Jan 1, 1947

By Fred G. Hewett

Cassiar Mine in northern British Columbia began development in 1952. The deposir is found on rhe west limb of rhe McDame Synclinorium in a Mississippian serpentinite body. The serpenltntte, one of the McDame l ntrusives, imrudes Sylvester Group . rocks, which comprise a Lare Devonian to Early M1ss1ss1pptan eugeosync/inal sequence of argillites, quarrzires and volcanics. The foorwall conracr berween Sylvester Group rocks and rhe serpenrinire is a marked zone of broken and incomperent argillite and graphitic schist. The less marked hang- 111gwall contacr 1s a band of indurated argillite. The JurassicCretaceous emplacemenr of the Cassiar Graniric Barholilh is responsible for mosr of the numerous )aims, faulrs and shear zones found in the serpentinite body. Faulting occurred borh before and after asbestos formation. Asbestos is mined from an open pit ar rhe rate of 4,535 ronnes daily. It passes from the pir along a rramline to the mill, where it is concen/rared into nine direcr milling grades. Packaged fibres travel ro over 40 counrries around rhe world for use in the texrile, cemenr and other industries.

Jan 1, 1984

By A. Miura, G. Granata, C. Tokoro, A. Fuwa

"The high copper demand as well as the lack of new high-grade deposits, are pushing the copper industry to process low-grade and refractory ores containing chalcopyrite. However, for a quantitative dissolution of copper from the chalcopyrite, the leaching performances still need to be improved. In the present research, we studied and optimized the iodide-assisted leaching of chalcopyrite in H2SO4-Fe2(SO4)3 media. The evolution of surface species during leaching was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mineral liberation analysis (MLA). Inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the dissolved copper. Significance of experimental results was assessed by statistical analysis while a kinetic analysis of the leaching process was performed by fitting the experimental data with the Shrinking-core model. Results showed the significant positive effect of iodide on copper extraction rate. In the presence of KI, the dissolution rate of copper was almost double than in the parallel experiments without KI. Whether using KI or not, elemental sulfur was generated on the surface of the leached chalcopyrite. Nevertheless, in the presence of KI, the passivation layer did not arrest the leaching. Analysis revealed that the leaching rate was limited by the chemical reaction control step.INTRODUCTION Due to the large demand of copper, processing low-grade ores containing copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) has become unavoidable (Watling, 2013). Since ores with CuFeS2 may also contain appreciable amounts of arsenic that cannot be smelted, and because low-grade ores are uneconomic to smelt, the hydrometallurgical technologies are crucial for recovering the copper (Dutrizac, 1978). Sulfate-based processes are attractive because of the lower operating costs and because the sulfate ion is more suitable in case copper would be recovered via electrowinning. In ferric sulfate solution, chalcopyrite undergoes oxidation due to the large amount of Fe(III) and dissolution due to the presence of the sulfate ion (Majima, et al., 1985). The leaching reaction in ferric sulfate medium can be represented as in (1):"

Jan 1, 2017

By The Staff

"IntroductionThe difficulties to be overcome in shaft sinking and development at depth are centred at McIntyre in and around No. 12 shaft. Generally they have been due to increasing pressures and temperatures and to changes in geological structure. This paper describes the difficulties and the measures taken to meet them.No. 12 ShaftEarly in 1932 McIntyre decided to sink an internal shaft from the deepest level, the 3875, to explore and develop known veins extending below that horizon. The location selected was a point 1,500 feet south and 1,000 feet east of No. 11 shaft, the main operating shaft through which the men, ore, and most of the materials are handled Shaft and auxiliary equipment we1e laid out for 3,000 feet, that is to 7,000 feet below the surface. The shaft was to be capable of handling 1,500 tons of ore daily from the lowest level, and was to provide ventilation, compressed air, water, and electric power to service all levels.No. 12 is an internal, vertical shaft extending from the 3875 to the 6825 level and bottoming at 7,007 feet. It is a rectangular, four-compartment shaft, 21 ft. 9¾, in. by 6 ft. 3¾ in. outside the timber (Figure 1).There are two hoisting compartments and one airway compartment, each 4 ft. 10¾ in. by 5 ft. ¾ in. inside dimensions, and a combined manway, pipe, and cable compartment 4 ft. ¼ in. by 5 ft. ¾ in. Levels have been established at 150-foot intervals, pump stations and sumps at 1,000-foot intervals, and. there are two loading pockets, one at the 5525 and the other at the 6900 level.The shaft was sunk in two stages. The first stage, consisting of preparation above the 3875 level and sinking to 5585 feet, was completed by March 31st, 1935. The second stage of deepening the shaft from 5,585 to 7,007 feet was started August lst, 1946, and completed three years later."

Jan 1, 1950

By R. Kaibyshev, I. Zuiko

"The effect of thermomechanical processing (TMP) including cold working by tension or rolling before aging on mechanical properties and a dispersion of secondary phase particles of an AA2519 alloy (Al–5.64Cu–0.33Mn–0.23Mg–0.15Zr–0.11Ti–0.09V–0.08Fe–0.01Si (wt. %)) was examined. It was shown that the use of tension to impart pre-strain =10% in the alloy provides the best combination of properties in peak aging condition of the material. The AA2519T87 alloy processed by tension exhibits the yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure of 425.4±2.4, 475±2.4, 12.1±0.4, respectively. The one pass rolling leads to -5% decreases in yield stress and –20% decreases in ductility. Dislocations serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites for ?'-phase precipitation. The positive effect of tension is attributed to the formation of more homogeneous dislocation structure, uniform distribution of ?'-phase particles with higher aspect ratio. Precipitation of the O–phase plates on {111}a habit plane was detected. In addition it was shown that the low angle boundaries are heterogeneous nucleation sites for ?' and O particles.INTRODUCTION Precipitation-hardened alloys are a commercially important group of the materials because their mechanical properties can be modified by treating and changing the microstructure. Age-hardenable aluminum alloys belonging to the Al–Cu–Mg system are widely used due to their attractive combination of high specific strength, good fracture toughness and enhanced creep resistance attributed to the highly efficient strengthening by the ?'-phase (Palmer, StJohn, Nie, & Qian, 2017). An AA2519 alloy exhibiting superior mechanical properties among high-strength Al–Cu alloys (2XXX-serie) due to minor Mg additives. It is known that, in alloys with high Cu/Mg ratio (=5.6) the classic precipitation sequence (Palmer et al., 2017; Wang & Starink, 2005; Wang et al., 2010) of supersaturated solid solution (SSSS) decomposition occurs: SSSS ? GP zones (Al3Cu) ? ?? (Al3Cu) ? ?' (Al2Cu) ? ? (Al2Cu) (1)"

Jan 1, 2018

By Patrick R. Taylor, T. A. R. Putra

A review of various methods to treat high arsenic copper concentrates through pyrometallurgical processing is presented. Examples are drawn from various past and current operations and research. Various aspects of the engineering alternatives for treatment methods are discussed. Some of the methods discussed include: controlled oxidation roasting, adaptation of some smelter technology to accept higher amounts of arsenic, complete oxidation with arsenic fixation; sulfation roasting; acid baking, soda ash roasting, and others methods. Other topics include: a short discussion of other problematic impurities; the effects of arsenic on copper electro-refining and product purity; and methods for the ultimate disposal, or marketing, of the arsenic. The latest work being done at the Colorado School of Mines on soda ash roasting is also presented.

Jan 1, 2014

By Mansoor Barati, Xue Yin, Yanhui Sun, Alex McLean, Yindong Yang

The formation and evolution of inclusions in Ti-Stabilized, 17Cr Austenitic Stainless Steel produced by the ingot casting process were investigated through systematic sampling of liquid steel and rolled products. Analysis methods included total oxygen and nitrogen contents, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that the composition of inclusions was strongly dependent on the types of added alloying agents. During the AOD refining process, after the addition of ferrosilicon alloy and electrolytic manganese, followed by aluminum, the composition of inclusions changed from manganese silicate-rich inclusions to Al2O3-rich inclusions. After tapping and titanium wire feeding, pure TiN particles and complex inclusions with Al2O3-MgO-TiOx cores coated with TiN were found to be the dominant inclusions when [%Ti] was 0.307 in the molten steel. These findings were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations which indicated that TiN inclusions could be formed in the liquid phase due to the high contents of [Ti] and [N] in the molten steel. From the start of casting to the rolled bar, there was no obvious change in the composition of inclusions compared to the titanium addition stage. Stringer-shaped TiN inclusions elongated along the rolling direction with lengths varying from 17 to 84µm were observed in the rolled bar, which could detrimentally impact the mechanical properties of the stainless steels.

Jan 1, 2015

By Zoltan Hajnal

Magnetic studies have been carried out on 88 surface and 157 underground samples from the Coronation Mine area of northern Saskatchewan. The intensity of the surface samples was compared to trace element determinations from the same locality. A good correlation was found between the titaniferous constituent of the rocks and the intensity of magnetization. From the direction of the remanent magnetism, two virtual geomagnetic poles were determined -latitude 12° 54' North, longitude 158" 17' West; and latitude 23" 42' North, longitude 163° 45' West. The sulphide ore specimens showed anisotropic susceptibility characteristics. A relationship was found between the measured maximum susceptibility values of the ore specimens and the direction of the tectonic forces which are considered to have formed the structure at the Coronation mine. Introduction T HIS paper summarizes the results of a study of the magnetic properties of samples from well-known Precambrian formations. The observed data give information for an interpretation of the magnetic field conditions in Precambrian times. The high magnetic intensity values indicate the importance of the study

Jan 1, 1965

By Long Han, A. V. Kalinin, Xiujian Luo, Xiaobo Wang, Xiaoou Xia

"Inertia vibration crusher is a kind of vibration equipment which crushes ore by vibration. When the inertia vibration crusher works, ore between the two moving jaws is subjected to the high frequency contact force, which is produced by the two moving jaws with high frequency synchronous reciprocating motion. The synchronous motion of the two moving jaws depends on the self-synchronous feature of the inertia vibration crusher. To study the self-synchronous feature of the equipment, the dynamic model was established, in which relative parameters were taken into consideration. The kinematic coupling relations of the assemblies are discussed, and appropriate calculation method is chosen to solve the vibrating differential equation. Whether the two vibration exciter can realize synchronous operation depends on the ability of the vibration system's capture moment. Results show that though the two rotors’ motors and damping coefficients are different, and two jaws’ damping and stiffness coefficients are also different, as angular velocities of the two unbalanced rotors reach a certain value, the vibrating system can be stable. Their angular velocities tend to be equal, and the swings of the two moving jaws can be the same. The horizontal vibration and swing of the frame are large in a few seconds after starting the machine. When the system runs stably, the horizontal vibration and swing vanish, and the vertical vibration is stable. The study and its results can provide reference for the optimization design and parameter setting of inertia vibration crusher and related vibratory equipments.INTRODUCTIONMaterials can be easily broken by using the inertia force of the vibration exciter, which can effectively realize the selective crushing, reducing excessive combinations and the energy consumption, as introduced by Zhang in 2005. The initial micro crack between crystals in the material increases and new cracks can be manufactured because of the high frequency impact and the extrusion of the vibration crusher, so vibration crushing equipment can make it possible for any high strength brittle material to be broken theoretically. Inertia cone crusher and inertia vibration crusher have been successfully used in the treatment of metallurgical slag and construction waste, and it verifies the efficiency of vibration crushing."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. F. Beck

Abstract Canada has opened up a geological province in ?Western Canada which offers a new .stimulus to oil exploration geophysics. The problems of instrumental technique, interpretation, and logistics involved in the exploration of this new territory are presented in this paper and some of the efforts being undertaken to overcome them are discussed. The scope of this programme, its possible trend and extent, especially when viewed .against the background of the exploration effort in the United States, is touched upon. Introduction The science of earth physics was first applied to the search for oil on this continent some twenty-five years ago when torsion balance and refraction seismic methods were initiated in the Gulf Coast area of the United States. Since that time advances in the various branches of the science have been sporadic as new fields for their use opened up in the search for deep salt domes as well as less well-defined geological structures; in the application to well logging as part of the exploitation of petroleum; and in underwater surveys, aerial surveys, etc. In the present paper, attention has been concentrated only on the Western Canada plains area because of the recent remarkable growth of geophysics as an oil finding technique in this region. The other prospective oil areas of the West Coast and the Eastern Provinces of Canada are at present of minor importance, although they will undoubtedly receive increasing consideration in the future as accessibility to markets becomes a major factor and more improved geophysical and geological techniques are developed. A vast province in Canada, covering some 655,000 square miles of prospective oil territory (approximately one-half of the prospective oil area in the United States), has provided the new sphere of activity for geophysics (see Figures 1 and 2). Included in this area are immense inaccessible, uninhabited frozen regions which pose a new problem in logistics and operational techniques.

Jan 1, 1950