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By T. E. Warren, K. W. Bowles

"IntroductionTHE PROBLEM of producing synthetic liquid fuels from coal and other raw materials is of increasing importance in Canada as well as in the United States. This is due, to a large extent, to the continually increasing demand for gasoline and other liquid products which are now obtained solely from petroleum. The United States has reached a position where domestic supplies of crude petroleum must be augmented by imports and Canada is still a long way from self-sufficiency. In the event of war, there might well be an immediate need to find supplementary sources of liquid fuels. It is, therefore, expedient to consider alternative sources of production now -well in advance of the time when supplies of petroleum may prove inadequate to meet requirements.The purpose of the present paper is to give a short review of the history of liquid fuel production from coal, to describe briefly the research sponsored by the Federal Government on the coal hydrogenation process, and finally to evaluate the present status and future trend of the synthetic fuel industry, with special reference to necessary research work.History of the Oil-From-Coal IndustryThe history -of coal liquefaction began in 1913, in Germany, with the work of Frederick Bergius. His first approach to the subject was not deliberately planned."

Jan 1, 1952

By V Dolmage

Copper Mountain is the third largest copper mine in British Columbia, and is now producing close to 20 million pounds of copper per year, with which is recovered also 4,000 ounces of gold and. 13,800 ounces of silver. After a long and checkered career, during which the ownership and management changed several times, this deposit finally came into the possession of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company in 1923. It was not, however, until the end of 1925 that the mine, under the management of Charles Bocking and C. H. Smith, was successfully placed on a basis of profitable production. It is a low-grade deposit of the contact-metamorphic type, with refractory ores consisting of chalcopyrite and bornite in a gangue of altered andesitic and basaltic breccia. The ore is concentrated to a product carrying over 30 percent copper, which is smelted in Tacoma. The deposit is 12 miles south of the town of Princeton, which is on the Kettle Valley railway, 150 miles east of Vancouver and 40 miles north of the International Boundary line. Princeton is served also by a branch of the Great Northern railway, which leads clown the Similkameen, Okanagan, and Columbia valleys. Copper Mountain mine and camp are connected to Princeton by a good mo tor road extending up Wolf Creek valley, while the haulage level of the mine, which emerges on the steep side of the Similkameen valley 1,000 feet below the camp, is connected with Princeton by a spur of the Kettle Valley railway leading up the Similkameen canyon and passing en route through Allenby, where the concentrator is situated.

Jan 1, 1929

By Q. Shi, Q. Feng

"The influence mechanism of chlorite on the flotation of pyrrhotite was investigated through flotation tests, Zeta potential measurements, optical microscope photos, solution ion measurements and absorption measurements. It is observed that, the addition of chlorite influences the flotation of pyrrhotite seriously. The IEP (isoelectric point) of pyrrhotite and chlorite is 7.6 and 4.3 respectively, in the condition of slight alkalinity, both pyrrhotite and chlorite are negatively charged, and the hetero-aggregation will not occur. With the existence of oxygen in solution, the iron ions are dissolved from pyrrhotite surface because of the oxidation of pyrrhotite during pulp conditioning. The dissolved iron ions adsorb onto the surface of chlorite in the forms of iron hydroxyl and iron hydroxide, and the adsorption results in the opposite charge of chlorite surface. As a result, the hetero-aggregation between pyrrhotite and chlorite occurs. The adsorption of chlorite changes the surface property of pyrrhotite and restricts the adsorption of amyl xanthate onto pyrrhotite surface, and then decreases the flotability of pyrrhotite.INTRODUCTIONIn sulfide ores processing, magnesium silicate bearing gangue minerals often report to the concentrate causing downstream processing problems as well as increased smelting costs. Talc,chlorite and serpentine are gangue minerals commonly encountered in complex sulfide ores (Engel, Middlebrook, & Jameson, 1997; Pietrobon et al., 1997; Witney & Yan, 1997; Chen, Grano, Sobieraj, & Ralston, 1999a, 1999b; Bremmell, Fornasiero & Ralston, 2005; Senior & Thomas, 2005; Wang, Somasundaran, & Nagaraj, 2005; WieseHarris & Bradshaw, 2007). All of them are characterized with uniform crystal structures consisting of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron and magnesium-oxygen octahedron. The magnesium-oxygen octahedron layers are broken during the liberation of serpentine to expose the magnesium-oxygen bonds with strong ionicity and hydration, which results in natural hydrophilicity of serpentine. In water, the hydroxyl on serpentine surface ruptures and dissolves into the aqueous phase while the Mg2+ remains, resulting in surface positive charge (Tao, 2012). As serpentine has a positive potential at alkaline condition, it is therefore likely that it will attach through electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged mineral surface and reduce both the flotation rate and recovery of target minerals (Lu et al., 2011). For talc, characterized as good natural hydrophobicity, the liberation comes from the interlaminar fracture to remain molecular bonds on surface with weak hydration. Being naturally hydrophobic, talc easily reports to flotation concentrates, thus reducing concentrate grade (Shortridge, Harris, Bradshaw, & Koopal, 2000; Beattie, Huynh, Kaggwa, & Ralston, 2006). Meanwhile, both molecular bonds and magnesium-oxygen bonds are exposed on chlorite surface when liberation occurs, resulting in moderate natural hydrophobicity between serpentine and talc (Tao, 2012). And thus the mechanisms of influence of chlorite on sulfide ores are more difficult to study."

Jan 1, 2016

By L. Lafrenière

A trend in mining exploration is to increase the number of geophysical parameters collected and interpreted for geological features in a given area. Airborne technology now allows us to simultaneously combine electromagnetic, gravity, aeromagnetic and radiometric surveys. We report the results of a multiparameter survey conducted in the area of Kamiskotia, Ontario. This area is located near and on the West side of the multi-metalliferous Kidd Creek deposit. Various metallic occurrences are reported in the studied area. Integrating multiple parameters in the interpretation produces a more detailed pseudogeological map than what has already been published. 3D interpretation has been undertaken using some of these parameters and suggests that future work is required in 3D earth model solutions in order to fully use all parameters.

Aug 1, 2013

By Robert J. Uffen

YOU will likely recall the accomplishments of the International Geophysical Year of 1957, with its polar expeditions, the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts and the spectacular launchings of the first artificial earth satellites. Our know ledge of the exterior of the earth was greatly increased by this international, friendly, cooperative scientific investigation. The Inter-national Union of Geodesy and Geo-physics has now been joined by the new International Union of Geological Sciences in sponsoring a similar study of the earth's interior. The program will extend from January, 1962 until December. 1964, and is known as the International Upper Mantle Project. During the T.G.Y studies of the interior of the earth were relatively neglected, even though the same international •Cooperation in obtaining simultaneous world-wide observations, by similar instruments, is required to locate and study earth-quakes, for example, as it is to study the earth's upper atmosphere. The upper mantle is 1•emote from man, as it extends from a depth of about 10 km. to perhaps 1000 km., but its practical importance is great.

Jan 1, 1962

By E. W. O'Brien

Personnel protection involves effective grounding and positive clearance of faults. This paper deals, in a general sense, with various schemes to achieve fool-proof personnel protection and reduce, to a minimum, the effects of human error and equipment failure.

Jan 1, 1966

By J. Olaf Sund

"The New Brunswick gypsum and an-hydrite deposits make up part of the Windsor group in the Upper Mississippian. The present deposits were formed by surface hydration of the underlying anhydrite beds. The sub-hydrate, hydrate, and di-hydrate stages of gypsum are formed from the anhydrite by this hydration. The anhydrite was precipitated from sea water in embayments that were separated from the sea by a reef or bay-mouth bar. The anhydrite is the original form of the calcium sulphate precipitate.One gypsum deposit near Plaster Rock in northern New Brunswick was precipitated from sea water directly as gypsum, which is its present form."

Jan 1, 1960

By J. S. Fox

It is generally recognized that the interpretation of bedrock geochemical data in volcanic terrains can be improved by adjusting for rock-type. Various chemical attributes of volcanic rocks have been put forward in the literature as rapid indicators of rock-type, but there is some question as to which of these is the most reliable . Only one such attribute, total iron, seems to have seen systematic use in geochemical mapping in the Flin Flon region. Discriminant analysis of 500 basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites suggests that SiO2 is the most important rock-discriminating variable and that MgO, CaO, TiD2, AI2O3 and FeOtot, are successively poorer discriminators. Lithological normalization in the subalkaline volcanic environment should therefore be made over ranges of this variable. Trace-metal data from drill core through the sulphide orebody at Hanson Lake, Saskatchewan are used to demonstrate various approaches to lithological correction, including silica normalization, factor analysis and trend analysis. All of these extract economically important information from the core that is not apparent in the raw data logs. However, silica normalization does not seem to be subject to as many serious limitations as factor and trend analysis in this case, and therefore seems to provide the most reliable basis for the interpretation of subsurface exploration geochemical data.

Jan 1, 1978

By PETER O. SANDVIK

The Cargill deposit, located 32 km south west of Kapuskasing, Ontario, was discovered by International Minerals and Chemical Corporation in 1975 and has been evaluated through an extensive program of drilling, chemical analyses, metallurgical tests and engineering and economic studies. The Cargill alkalic complex, comprising mainly carbonatite and pyroxenite-amphibolite rocks, was intruded into the rift system of the Kapuskasing magnetic-gravity high. Weathering and leaching under assumed temperate to cool climatic conditions plus faulting, shearing and/ or initial petrographic variations within the carbonatite developed a small, locally confined karst system. This resulted in a thick enriched leached carbonatite zone capped by troughs and sinks, and filled with a residuum of apatite, goethite, clay and other minerals. Residuum thickness ranges from nonexistent on ridges to 170 m in troughs and sinks. Apatite values are 5 to 15% in fresh carbonatite, 20 to 40% in leached carbonatite and 20 to 98% in residuum. A tentative open-pit mine designed for preliminary feasibility studies is estimated to contain 62.5 million tonnes averaging 19.6% P20 5.

Jan 1, 1984

By T. Kagawa

Ever-increasing demands for non-ferrous metals owing to population growth and improvements in the standard of living in the world, under the constraint of limited availability of natural resources, would easily make us imagine that more efficient and sustainable developments in mining and smelting activities are required in the near future with due consideration for environmental concerns. In order to realize the efficient and sustainable development of mining and smelting activities and operations, the following issues are indispensable: (1) to investigate the up-to-date pollution control technologies of mine and smelter, (2) to promote those technologies, (3) to develop technologies which are environmentally friendly. This paper discusses the recent technologies for environmental conservation/prevention and their diffusion in the world, and also the key technologies required for the most desirable sustainable development.

Jan 1, 2007

By Seong-Ho Ha, Shae K. Kim, Young-Ok Yoon

In the this study, surface segregation of Mg and Ca with Mg addition range from 5 to 10wt% in Al-Mg alloys with Mg+Al2Ca master alloy and its effect on the oxidation resistance were investigated. The addition of Mg+Al2Ca master alloy as the Mg alloying element led to the surface enrichment of Mg and Ca during high temperature oxidation. As a result of the oxidation test by TGA, the oxidation resistance of all the examined alloys was significantly improved with increasing Al2Ca content. The weight change of Al2Ca added Al-5Mg and Al-7.5Mg alloys indicated the complete oxidation resistance during the whole oxidation test time, while a slight weight increase was shown in the case of Al-Mg alloys even with Al2Ca addition. The improvement of the oxidation resistance in Al2Ca added alloys may be attributed to the formation of the protective oxide layer mixed with CaO and MgO on the surface.

Jan 1, 2015

By John R. Sullivan, Real Daigneault, Mathieu Piché, Jayanta Guha, Gilles Bouchard

"RESUMELa stratigraphie du camp minier de Matagami se résume a la présence de deux groupes volcaniques: le Groupe du Lac Watson et le Groupe de Wabassee qui le surmonte. Les gisements de sulfures massifs volcanogènes sont situés au sommet du Groupe du Lac Watson. Ces roches sont déformées par l'anticlinal de Galinée dont l'axe, orienté E-W, plonge vers l'ouest. Le cœur de cette structure est occupé par le Complexe de la Rivière Bell.Les roches volcaniques du flanc sud de l'anticlinal sont peu déformées et pendent à 45° vers le sud. Les gites qui s'y trouvent présentent la morphologie typique des gisements de sulfures massifs volcanogènes. Ceux-ci se situent le long d'un horizon repère cherteux et sulfure, appelé ""Tuffite Clef', et leurs cheminées d'altération rejoignent, en profondeur, une zone d'altération stratiforme d'étendue régionale.Les roches du flanc nord ont été transposées tectoniquement en écailles chevauchantes, de dimension kilométrique, a l'intérieur d'un couloir de failles anastomosées d'orientation est-ouest. A l'intérieur: le ce couloir, les gites de sulfures sont déformes et sépares de leur héminée d'altération sous-jacente par des failles.Les gites de sulfures situes sur les deux flancs de l'anticlinal de 'Galinée se seraient mis en place dans un mime environnement volcanique. Leur position stratigraphique est identique puisqu' ils se 'rouvent au sommet de la rhyolite porphyrique du Groupe du Lac Watson. lis se seraient constitués au cours d'une pose volcanique recédant 1'éruption du basalte du Groupe de Wabassee. Le Complexe de la Rivière Bell est perçu comme la source de chaleur responsable de la circulation des fluides hydrothermaux qui sont à ""origine des gisements de sulfures massifs volcanogènes."

Jan 1, 1990

By H. R. Kempthorne

"The Property of Bevcon Mines Limited, including a recently acquired adjoining south group, occupies an area of 2,625 acres in northeast Louvicourt township, Abitibi county, Quebec. It is situated 17 miles east of Val d'Or at the junction of provincial highways 58 and 59.Gold was first discovered in the area in 1931 by the late S. B. Jowsey on the present property of Buffaddison Gold Mines adjoining to the west. However, it was not until the winter of 1944-45 that diamond drilling encountered encouraging results on the Bevcon claims. During the period 1946-1948 a shaft was sunk to 1,000 feet and considerable development undertaken from the 500-foot to the 1,000-foot levels. Between 1947 and 1950 approximately 24,000 tons of dump ore and 48,000 tons of ore by stoping were milled at Perron Gold Mines. The favourable results of these tests prompted the decision to construct a milling plant at Bevcon. The mill began operating in July 1952, and presently has a capacity of 800 tons per day. In 1953 the shaft was deepened to 1,600 feet and is currently (1955) being driven to 2,225 feet.Total production of gold to the end of 1954 has been 101,024 ounces from the milling of 697,427 tons of ore of an average grade of 0·163 ounces per ton.GeologyThe Bevcon orebodies occur in a granodiorite stock which has an east-west length of approximately 4 miles and a maximum width of 1 1/2 miles. The property covers the central portion of the stock and its contacts with the Keewatin volcanics. Approximately one-third of the northern contact and one-half of the southern contact are contained within the Bevcon claims. The granodiorite has been cut by acid (feldspar porphyry) and basic dykes trending east-west. A younger diabase dyke, 300 feet wide, strikes northeasterly across the property 1,000 feet east of the shaft.The main ore zone, striking east-west, lies between the more northerly porphyry dyke and the north granodiorite-greenstone contact. It has been extensively sheared, fractured, altered, and mineralized by gold-bearing solutions. It is approximately 2,000 feet Jong from the west boundary towards the diabase dyke. The shaft is centrally located and passes through the south contact of the ore zone at the 500-foot level. The zone increases in width and trends northerly with depth, due to the porphyry and greenstone contacts having average dips of 80 degrees and 70 degrees respectively to the north. Thus on the uppermost or 500-foot level the width is 150 to 200 feet, and at the present bottom level at 1,600 feet the width is 400 to 500 feet.Another gold-bearing zone has been indicated 200 to 400 feet south of the main ore zone by limited surface drilling."

Jan 1, 1949

By E. Zucker

In this paper, as in the 1960 CIM paper of the same name, s1gmf1cant new developments in electrical-mechanical mining equipment are briefly described. These include static thyristor-supplied D.C. drives for mine hoists, load-haul-dump systems, process controls with small and medium-size computers, and several other new items of equipment and Concepts. All the new hardware descriptions are given in the context of over-all process integration. This means the actual mechanical linking together of two or more processes and the preliminary step in the development of production-line mining.

Jan 1, 1969

By T. L. Tanton

Introduction Sturgeon River area, on the east side of lake Nipigon, Ontario, was the scene of a gold rush in 1934. According to press reports, the active staking during the latter part of the summer spread out rapidly from the early holdings until it embraced practically all of the lower basin of Sturgeon river in a belt up to ten miles wide extending west from Kinghorn for 35 miles to lake Nipigon. And, before winter set in, active prospecting and claim staking reached beyond lake Nipigon to areas where belts of ancient schists were known, notably west of Obonga lake. The writer's familiarity in past years with the areas to which attention has been directed admits of some observations on means of access in the field, the general geology, and the progress that has been made in identifying formations favourable for the occurrence of gold. Canoe Routes From the writer's observations in Sturgeon River area in 1917 and in the Obonga Lake area in 1933, it is recalled that there is, locally, a striking dif~ ference in the accessibility of the two areas by travel along canoe routes. Sturgeon River area is easily accessible from Kinghorn or Jellicoe stations on the Canadian National railways. Many small lakes, commonly of the linear type and with elongations east and west, occur among the forested rocky ridges near Jellicoe (Figure 1) and to the east and west along, or adjacent to, Sturgeon river. This stream has long stretches with gentle current between the falls and rapids. The drainage system provides excellent canoe routes (Figure 2), and the interruptions to travel (Figure 3) are remembered .as scenic features that were passed by portages with firm footing. West of Obonga lake, the streams flowing easterly to lake Nipigon may be followed through scenic canyons to a plateau of law relief characterized by extensive muskegs and shallow, brown-water lakes; and along small streams, where beaver dams have been destroyed, there are muck ponds where the usual alternatives of paddling or portaging can be dismissed in favour of the 'moosing' method of progress with the canoe (Figure 4).

Jan 1, 1935

By M. R. Hegge

The Jabiluka One and Two uranium deposits occur in Lower Proterozoic metasediments of the Cahill Formation, which is part of the Pine Creek Geosyncline in the East Alligator River area, Nothern Territory. The Jabiluka One deposit coincides with a "window" through unconformably overlying Middle Proterozoic sandstone of the Kombolgie Formation; Jabiluka Two is completely covered by that sandstone. The observed part of the Cahill Formation exhibits four horizons which are favourable hosts for uranium mineralization. These have been folded into an east-southeast-striking, gently plunging, open asymmetric syncline-anticline structure. The host rocks are mainly chlorite and/or graphite schists and their brecciated equivalents which have undergone initial regional prograde metamorphism to the amphibolite facies, then retrograde metamorphism to the greenschist facies. Mineralization consists of pitchblende, mainly filling open spaces and to a lesser extent in disseminated form. Chlorite, pyrite and quartz are commonly associated with the uranium mineralization. A portion of the Jabiluka Two deposit contains economic concentrations of gold. Structural preparation with low-pressure conditions at these sites appears to be the most significant ore control. Genetic hypotheses favour initial deposition in Lower Proterozoic sediments, followed by remobilization during later orogenic events. The deposits bear a marked similarity to some pitchblende deposits in central Canada.

Jan 1, 1977

By A Turek

The Lake Cinch deposit occurs in the Tazin gneisses on the footwall side of the Black Bay fault. Ore is localized by two faults, the Main Ore fault and the Cracking-stone River fault, occurring in shoots along the former and on tension fractures between the two faults. Faulting leading to the localization of the deposit is analyzed in detail and tied into the regional pattern. Pitchblende, the chief radioactive mineral, is investigated by X-ray and found to be of very small particle size. The relation-ships of U, Fe and Mn in the ore are established quantitatively, and Fe is found to bear a catalytic relation to U. The deposit is classed as belonging to Lindgren's mesothermal class. Mineralization is attributed to carbonate solutions, and the uranium is believed to have been trans-ported in the hexavalent state as the uranyl tricarbonate ion; analogy is drawn to a recently developed hydro-metallurgical technique for the production of uranium dioxide. Introduction THE Lake Cinch deposit is located in the Beaver-lodge Camp, Saskatchewan. The property was staked in 1948 and went into production in 1957

Jan 1, 1965

By G. Vibert Douglas

It has long been recognized that there are considerable difficulties connected with the physical and chemical explanation of shoots of ore. The literature of Mining Geology has frequent references to this subject; but the reasons given for the actual location of primary ore-shoots have been very tentative. In practice, the geologist or miner depends to a great extent on sampling and assaying to determine the boundaries of profitable ore within the mineralized zone. An ore-shoot is a portion of a mineralized zone which has a sufficient concentration of valuable minerals to make it ore. Ore deposits have been classified according to many schemes. There are classifications based on morphology and on genesis. However, it is also possible to classify hypo-gene hydrothermal ore-bodies in terms of ore-shoots or vice versa. A.-Ore-deposits in which the whole of the mineralized zone is ore, which is the same as saying that the ore-shoot extends throughout the mineralized zone. An example of this type of deposit would be the pyritic mineralization of Rio Tinto. B.-The second type would comprise those deposits in which the ore-shoots bear some relation to the geological structure of the area: all deposits in which 'bonanzas' occur in folds in the zone, at the intersection of veins along certain fault (or joint) features and other such controls. There are a great many examples of this type: (a) The Rhodesian copper lodes, where Bancroft and Gray have pointed out the association of the shoots of ore with drag folds. (b) A similar association has been pointed out by Faribault for some of the gold veins of Nova Scotia, e.g., Mount Uniacke. (c) The great bonanza of the Comstock lode in Nevada. C.-Deposits in which the localization of ore has been effected by the chemical character of the wall-rock. Examples of this type are the Fahlbands of Scandinavia, and the 'indicator' deposits of Ballarat, Australia. D.-Lastly, deposits in which there is apparently no structural and no chemical control.

Jan 1, 1934

By S. Kelebek, E. Yalcin

This paper reports bulk flotation characteristics of a pyritic gold ore sample from the Barry District, Quebec using isopropyl and amyl xanthates. The ore sample was highly floatable with particles showing tendencies for self-aggregation that was most apparent in the first stage of flotation. A possible reason for this is discussed. The gold concentrate grade-recovery performance with respect to the particle size is presented for the rougher-scavengers as well as for the cleaners. The effects of copper sulphate as an activator, fuel oil and NaSH as a sulphidising agent are discussed along with the recovery by size behaviour.

Jan 1, 2011

By Yihan Liu, Jintao Zhang, Chen Xiao, Xiaomeng Zhao, Guanglei Song

To estimate the performance of the inert anode materials based on NiFe2O4 spinel ceramic during it used for aluminum electrolysis, we investigated the wetting process of cryolite molten salt which is in composition of industrial aluminum electrolysis with carbon anode and NiFe2O4 based cermet materials, by means of determination the interface wetting angle between the molten cryolite electrolyte and the solid anodes interface. The results show that the wetting angle between the electrolyte and carbon anode is larger than 90 angulation, this means that they basically can not wetting; however the nickel ferrate spinel ceramics behaves much better. In regard to the NiFe2O4 matrix materials, their initial wetting angles is 76.9. The initial wetting angles for 1.0wt%MnO2, 2.5wt%TiO2 and 0.5wt%V2O5-doped samples are respectively 56.86°, 52.98° and 51.93°. However, after 50s later, all the wetting angles came down below 15°.

Jan 1, 2015