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By Alfred W. G. Wilson

THE state of development of its iron and steel industries serves as a 1eading index to the general condition of a nation's business affairs. In this paper, the authors present an economic study of the progress of this group of industries in Canada for the decade 1927-1936. The statistical data and most of the tables which accompany this article have been com-piled by John Casey, Statistician, Bureau of Mines; the text and some of the computations have been prepared by the seni0r author. The principal source of statistical information has been the publications of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics; where other sources have been consulted, they are noted in the text. All weights are given in short tons. Records for the years 1913 and 1918 are also presented in the group of tables dealing with iron ore and pig iron; they will serve as a basis for comparison with nearly normal years in the two decades prior to 1927-36, which included the abnorma1 years of the Great War. GENERAL REVIEW At the beginning of the decade under review, this group of industries had returned to almost normal production, as determined by pre-war conditions. Iron ore consumption showed a steady increase between 1927 and 1930; a marked decline began in 1930 and reached its culmination in 1932, when the recorded consumption of ore was 293,353 to11s, about 16 per cent of the average consumption during the first four years of the decade; the last four years of the decade show a gradual increase in consumption; the amount of ore used in 1936 was still slightly below the amount used ten years before, in 1927 (see Table 1, top).

Jan 1, 1938

By Fei Dai

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a group of painful disorders that affect muscles, tendons, nerves, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. They are a serious problem among the workforce in the United States. In the construction industry, high physically demanding tasks expose construction workers to a number of well recognized MSDs risk factors such as repetitive motion, high force exertion, and awkward body posture. Finding ways to effectively identify and evaluate risks of MSDs can significantly alleviate this problem. To this end, this paper reviews state of practice and research in the assessment of risks of MSDs among construction workers, in which a number of biomechanical models have been developed to evaluate joint and tissue loading with the aid of state-of-the-art remote sensing technologies. Findings from the review reveal that despite the advances in tracking human motion and muscle activities, current remote sensing approaches still involve sophisticated instrumentation and expensive experiment setup. These factors greatly limited the applicability of such approaches in real construction settings. How can we detect and evaluate the construction worker?s MSDs risk in real work environments? In this paper, strategies by utilizing video surveillance systems are presented, to set the stage for addressing the above question and discussing future research in real-time, marker-less, and costeffective MSDs risk assessment.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. F. Ameur, M. Habak, H. Aouici, M. Kenane

Present study interest by aluminium alloy (Al 7175-T5173) drilled without cooling fluid. The influence of the machining parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) on the holes quality was analyzed. Drilling tools are made of carbide (WC); high speed steel (HSS) and TiN coated carbide (WC-Ti).The Experiment design was reinforced by the application of statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA).The results show that the thrust force is influenced principally by the spindle speed and feed rate. Though, both feed rate and tool materials have statistical significance on the surface roughness. In addition, the objective of correlations between spindle speed and feed rate with the evolution of the machining parameters was established. These correlations were obtained by quadratic regression using the response surface methodology. Finally, useful to select optimum values of drilling parameters, that would minimize thrust force, torque, cutting temperature and surface roughness.

Jan 1, 2015

By M. Dupuis, V. Bojarevics

It is well known that horizontal current density in the metal pad contributes greatly to the generation of MHD driven bath-metal interface wave. It is possible to compute very accurately the metal pad current density using a very detailed finite element model [1], but a MHD model must be compatible to this level of mesh refinement and to recalculate the current distribution at each time step, including the full busbar supply system. The accuracy of the instability prediction of the cell depends on the accuracy of the metal pad current density calculation. This study presents the comparison of the metal pad current density calculation of the detailed finite element model and the MHD-Valdis model for different metal pad heights and ledge thickness. It also presents the corresponding cell MHD stability predictions.

Jan 1, 2006

By L. B. Hale

"Introduction This paper will discuss the current operations of Westar Mining Ltd. and give a brief history of the company and of the Crowsnest Pass area. Westar is an integrated company involved in mining, processing and marketing coal from its mines in southeastern British Columbia and shipping coal from Westshore Terminals at Roberts Bank, located just south of Vancouver, B.C. It is two-thirds owned by the B.C. Resources Investment Corporation and one-third owned by the Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan and a consortium of Japanese coal consumers. Operations in southeast British Columbia consist of four coal mines and two processing facilities (Fig. 1). The Elkview Coal Processing Plant near Sparwood, B.C. receives its raw coal from Balmer operations (Harmer open pit), Balmer South (Panel 6) an underground hydraulic mine, and Balmer North an underground room-and-pillar mine. The fourth mine, Greenhills, an open-pit operation, is located near Elkford, B.C. and has its own processing plant. The Balmer mining and processing complex is the largest metallurgical coal facility in Canada producing up to 7 .5 million tonnes of clean coal per year. The Greenhills operation, completed in mid-1983, has a capacity of 2.8 million tonnes. The high-grade metallurgical and thermal coal produced is primarily for export markets. The major customers are Japan, Korea, Brazil, Pakistan, Chile and Taiwan.Our coal and that produced by other mines in Alberta and British Columbia is shipped to the international markets through Westshore Terminals Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary. Westshore will have an annual capacity of 22 million tonnes of coal and accommodate ships of up to 250,000 dead weight tonnes by 1984 when its current expansion program is completed."

Jan 1, 1985

By R. G. Helberg, S. M. Rebelo

"Copper and cadmium are removed from the zinc sulphate solution in primary purification by cementation reaction followed by filtration. The solids are sent to the cake leach section where zinc and cadmium are recovered from the copper rich slurry. The copper solids from cake leach are filtered, bagged and sold. In order to achieve a lower cadmium copper cake, an altered process flow is suggested. It is proposed the primary purification be split into two steps for individual removal of copper and cadmium. INTRODUCTIONCopper cake is a product of primary purification, also known as copper and cadmium removal. Copper and cadmium are removed by cementation reaction in four stirred reaction tanks. The slurry is then filtered through Shriver manual plate and frame presses with the solution advancing to the next stage of purification, hot zinc purification (HZP). The solids from primary purification are further processed at the cake leach section where zinc and cadmium are separated from the copper rich slurry. Cadmium and zinc are dissolved in the cold cake leach tanks using spent electrolyte. Cadmium is recovered from this cadmium rich solution by cadmium sponging, leaching and electro-winning circuits. The residue from this cold leach step is further leached using spent electrolyte at a temperature of 85°C. The copper rich solids from hot cake leach are filtered on a drum filter and bagged in 1 ton bulk bags for shipping to buyers.Current assays of copper cake are shown in Table 1. The goal is to produce a copper cake product that is below 0.5% cadmium."

Jan 1, 2012

By Kretschmar. U. H.

Fieldwork in the Meguma of Nova Scotia and Archean equivalents shows that bedding-parallel quartz lode gold veins (LVs) commonly occur at the top of graded elastic sequences. We define a "gold cycle" (GC) by analogy with Bouma turbidites and show that most "shear zones" and "lamprophyres" correspond to the upper pelagic-pelitic (E) division. We describe GCs from Archean Chester Twp, ON; Elmhirst, ON; Bourlamaque, QC; "intrusions" and interpret them as crystal tuffs and tuff-breccias. Extensive early Archean pyroclastic volcanism is implied: the genesis of trondjhemite-tonalite-granodiorite (TTG) rocks must be re-examined. The geopetal nature and asymmetric alteration of LVs indicates genesis from sea-floor hydrothermal vents. Textures suggest that often quartz was deposited as a gel. Vent geometry (fracture, point source or diffuse seep), bottom topography and vent spacing is reflected in wade-thickness plots. GC facing directions survive metamorphism. The Bourlamaque batholith was a flat-lying sheet of quartz-feldspar-hornblende crystal tuff, and isoclinal folding has repeated one or more gold-bearing horizons. Syngenesis clarifies and simplifies LV formation with major implications for models. Exploration becomes more cost-effective. Basin analysis, whole rock geochemistry, ore lens geometry and vent spacing can be used.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. J. Munday

Although uranium deposits in northern Saskatchewan are clustered around the Athabasca basin, basement lithostructure determines their distribution. Basal Wollaston Group pelites are invariably graphitic and carry uraninite in felsic segregations and biotitic pegmatite. Where these intersect the Athabasca Formation, remobilized uranium concentrated as pitchblende. Uranium is also concentrated in silicified and hematized sandstone where the Athabasca Formation overlies post-orogenic faults. Presumably, pregnant solutions associated with the fault were stripped of their metals as they emerged into the contrasting physico-chemical environment of the sandstone basin. Both these types of mineralization correlate with a Grenvillian (-1,000 m.y.) heating event and associated diabase intrusions. However, the rich pitchblende veins at Uranium City appear to predate the Athabasca Formation, but display spatial correlation with the Martin Formation. They are tentatively associated with a syn- to post-D3 retrograde metamorphic event which thoroughly leached crystalline basement and generated uraniferous fluids which escaped, and precipitated metals, into fractures associated with faults that define the grabens in which the Martin Formation was deposited. Remobilization events allowed some of this uranium to move upward into fractures within Martin sediments.

Jan 1, 1979

By Frederik H. Kriel, John Ralston, Craig Priest

"Stream-based microfluidic solvent extraction offers a novel alternative to bulk-scale mixer-settler operations. However present maximum throughputs are restrictive and there are engineering challenges that need to be overcome before the technology is robust. This is especially the case for mineral processing, where circuits must be able to handle variable feed streams with long retention times and where maintenance should be minimized. This paper highlights research directed at investigating and evaluating these challenges for actual mineral leach solutions of metal ions. Molecular and particulate channel fouling is discussed. Most extraction systems studied to date show no effects that would preclude use of the technology. For rare earth elements (REE) with fast extraction rates, scale-up of volumetric throughput to 100 L/h using suitable arrays of channels, microfluidic chips and modules is shown to be achievable using a small contactor (approx. 2 m3) platform. This requires only 2–3 % of the typical aqueous phase inventory and residence time used in an equivalent mixer-settler. For a circuit with 100 contactors, the overall residence time would be less than 1 h, using an aqueous inventory of 40 L.INTRODUCTIONHydrometallurgy is of pivotal importance in many mineral processing circuits around the world, with liquid-liquid solvent extraction (SX) a key step in the separation of many base metals (e.g. Cu and Ni), radioisotopes, precious metals, and the ‘technology’ metals, such as rare earth elements (REEs) (Ritcey & Ashbrook, 1979). The standard equipment for SX in mineral processing is the mixer-settler, in which liquid dispersions are created, by agitation, to increase the surface-to-bulk ratio and, thus increase the mass transfer rate between the liquid phases. In stream-based microfluidic SX (microSX), these high surface-to-volume ratios are achieved by contacting microscopic streams (Ciceri, Perera, & Stevens, 2014), rather than forming small droplets, so that phase disengagement can be accelerated (essentially instantaneous via branching of the two streams of liquid at a channel junction). MicroSX is profoundly different from bulk mixer-settler SX operations and offers exciting opportunities for processing hydrometallurgy solutions (Kriel, Holzner, Grant, Ash, Woollam, Ralston, & Priest, 2015; Priest, Zhou, Klink, Sedev, & Ralston, 2012). Nonetheless, the advantages of using microfluidic environments are presently balanced by very significant challenges relating to throughput, process control, coupling of stages, flow stability, and fouling. If these challenges can be met using smart chip designs, process control and clever engineering, high-value/low-volume SX processes stand to benefit greatly."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. M. Muir

Many plants produce iron(II)/(III) waste liquors which must be treated by neutralisation and precipitation to remove the iron. Iron can be precipitated as crystalline goethite or jarosite by controlled oxidation at low pH and as magnetite by controlled oxidation at high pH, but only at elevated temperatures (>70°C). This study focuses on the characterisation and settling properties of the iron oxides produced at ambient temperatures using various neutralising agents in order to improve the performance of thickeners. It was found that two-stage addition of caustic to FeC12 solutions produced a fast settling material characterised by Mossbauer spectroscopy and XRD as maghemite and magnetite. However, lime and magnesia additions resulted in more ferrihydrite formation and much lower settling rates because of the enhanced oxidation of Fe(II) by air. Settling rates decreased significantly as the proportion of Fe(III) to Fe(II) in the liquor increased. The mechanism of iron oxide precipitation is discussed together with some reasons for the different behaviour of the neutralising agents.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. Budac, E. Krause, C. L. Stewart, D. Wrana, S. W. Laundry

"As part of an over-all arsenic management strategy, Inco has developed a novel process that converts a by-product high moisture copper/arsenic sulphide precipitate into a crystalline copper arsenate suitable for the manufacture of wood preservation chemicals.The copper/arsenic sulphide precipitate is atmospherically leached with oxygen and sulphuric acid, producing a crude (blue) copper arsenate precipitate, elemental sulphur, and a copper and nickel containing solution. The blue copper arsenate is dissolved with sulphuric acid, the molar Cu/As ratio is raised to 2, and a crystalline copper arsenate (olivenite) is precipitated by the addition of sodium carbonate. Dissolved copper is recovered using metallic nickel (or matte) and elemental sulphur, to produce a low-moisture (low-arsenic) precipitate suitable for standard nickel-copper processing.The process was successfully piloted at Inco's Manitoba Division between September 1990 and June 1991. The copper arsenate product typically analyzed 43% Cu and 25% As, and the moisture content was about 10%."

Jan 1, 1995

By C. M. Bartley

Fluorspar, in addition to its familiar uses as a metallurgical flux and as a source of the electrolyte for aluminum production, has become important as an essential raw material in the rapidly growing fluorine chemical industry. The unique ability of fluorine to react and form compounds with al-most all other chemicals has made it one of the important elements in modern chemistry. Research and development over the past thirty years have resulted in a current annual production of fluorine chemicals that is both technically and economically important to industry. Because many of these chemicals and products are relatively new, and most have properties that are not duplicated by other materials, the present uses are expanding rapidly and new applications are being reported continually. Fluorspar, the only immediate and practical source of fluorine, is therefore an important mineral. This fact has been recognized in major industrial areas such as the United States and Western Europe, but has received little attention in Canada.

Jan 1, 1962

By Ralph W. Edie

"IntroductionTHIS PAPER presents some analyses of diabases from a number of metallogenic provinces in Canada and the United States. It is intended as a contribution to the literature on the genesis of mineral deposits associated with diabase.As it has been in the past, opinion today on the origin of the cobaltnickel- native silver and associated pitchblende type of deposit is sharply divided. Some geologists hold that this type of deposit is in some way genetically related to intrusive diabase; others are of the opinion that the deposits are related to granite. The controversy, like others of a similar nature, probably will not be settled satisfactorily for many years to come, •but in the meantime it is recognized that, with respect to most deposits of the type referred to, altogether too few facts are known for accurate conclusions on genesis to be drawn. To contribute in a small way to factual data on this whole .problem, the writer analyzed diabase from several districts in Canada in which deposits of the aforementioned type occur. For comparative purposes, the copper, cobalt, and nickel content of diabase from Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and of norite from the Sudbury basin of Ontario, was also determined.Insofar as is known, none of the analytical work undertaken had been previously carried out."

Jan 1, 1953

By G. M. Carr-Harris

"THE SUBJECT of permanent molding has received a great deal of attention in the technical press as illustrated by the many excellent articles in the bibliography which follows. In general, this covers the period 1940-1958 and is merely representative of what is available. Numbers in •brackets refer to items in the bibliography.It may be desirable at the outset to give a few definitions covering those terms directly related to this subject. The following is a definition of permanent-mold casting as given by J. W. Meier in a paper, ""The Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys"", read before the Ottawa Valley Chapt.er of the American Society for Metals:""Permanent Mold Casting is used where a large number of castings of the same part are required and higher mechanical properties, greater density and closer tolerances are essential. Since metallic mold s are very expensive, the number of castings must be sufficient to, defray, at least partially, the added expense. Molds are usually made from a good quality cast iron, 1but other mold materials, such as the aluminum and copper alloys, graphite, ceramics, etc., are being used in certain cases. Important factors in permanent mold casting are the mold temperature; the proper mold dressing; and, as in all other casting methods, the mold geometry, that is to say, the design of spruces, gates, risers and vents""."

Jan 1, 1960

By R. H. Seraphim

"The Phoenix Camp, in the Boundary Creek district of southern British Columbia, produced before 1920 about 15 million tons of ore averaging more than l ·5 per cent copper, about 0.03 ounces per ton in gold, and 0·5 ounces per ton in silver. Attwood Copper Mines Ltd. conducted an exploration program in the Phoenix area from 1951to1953.Publications on the camp are listed in the bibliography. Brock's work was not sufficiently detailed to unravel the structural and stratigraphic pro bl.ems. The work of LeRoy and McNaughton is referred to later.The stratigraphic column is as follows:Tertiary.Midway Formation: Volcanics and hypabyssals; dacitic to basaltic flows, with associated dykes and sills of syenite (pulaskite in part) and augite porphyry.Jura-Cretaceous.Intrusives of quartz diorite and diorite (nearest outcrop two miles from Phoenix).Late Palaeozoic or Triassic (Attwood Series).Brooklyn Formation: Sharps tone conglomerate, limestone, grey-wacke and/ or andesitic tuff, with minor shale and basalt. Rawhide Formation: shale with minor conglomerate.Early Palaeozoic.Knob Hill Formation: Chert and andesite, with minor limestone, shale, and serpentine.This column differs from that of LeRoy in two important respects: (I) Attwood's work indicates that the Rawhide shale is basal to, rather than stratigraphically above, the Brooklyn formation. The shale contains conglomerate lenses, which become more abundant and thicker toward the top, and grades upward into Brooklyn conglomerate. Ripple marks indicate that the shale is right side up."

Jan 1, 1949

By Karl J. C. Harries

"9.1. INTRODUCTIONIn Chapter 5 of Volume I royalties are dealt with and several topics would appear to be duplicated in this Volume. However, Volume I may be looked upon as a general guide, whereas this Volume is a reference volume. It deals in considerable detail with specific provisions and concepts relating to royalties between private parties. This does not, however, mean that Chapter 5 can be ignored. It should be looked upon as a source of general information concerning royalties between private parties and as a negotiating aid intended to give an overview of various topics. You may well find that in its general approach it will lead you to ask a question which, hopefully, will be dealt with in this Volume .It should be remembered that royalty agreements are agreements with a particular focus, and so the concepts set forth in Chapter 1 apply to them. This chapter addresses a few considerations specific to royalties that will usually form part of an agreement rather than a stand-alone agreement.9.2. FORMAT FOR ROYALTY PROVISIONSIn many of the cases where royalties arise, they are adjunct to, or part of, other arrangements. For example, a royalty may form part or all of the consideration to be given to an owner upon purchase of his property, or it may arise if a joint venturer ceases to contribute to the venture and has his interest converted to a royalty.1 It is with such situations that this section primarily deals; if the royalty is contained in an agreement that is singularly, or primarily, concerned with creating it, then it is just a normal agreement.Commonly, by the time the right to receive the royalty arises, at least some of the other provisions of the agreement have been performed and/or become redundant. For example, in an option agreement the royalty will be a continuing obligation of the optionee, usually arising only after the option has been exercised.2 In a joint venture agreement, a royalty will often arise where the interest of a non-participating venturer has been diluted and converted to a royalty, in which case the recipient will usually become a passive party, entitled only to his royalty, and most of the rights that he enjoyed as an active venturer will cease to be effective."

Jan 1, 2003

By M. Nzotta, L. Teng, S. Seetharaman, A. Chychko

The objective of the present work is to optimize the EAF practice towards Mo alloying with maximum retention of the alloying element in molten steel. During Mo additions, there were significant losses to the dust (ca 7 %) and to the slag phase (ca 2 %), which had serious economic and environmental impacts. The present work was aimed at designing a suitable Mo precursor, an alternative to ferromolybdenum, as the Mo source and a process sequence for optimal retention of Mo in the steel. The design of the Mo source should be in such a way that low cost raw materials such as MoO3 concentrate have to be used, stable during the addition so that the vapour phase losses as MoO3 are kept minimum and the dissolution of the precursor in molten steel is easy without loss to the slag phase. After thermodynamic considerations, three precursor materials were chosen, viz. CaMoO4, MgMoO4 and Fe2MoO4. Synthetic mixtures of the component oxides in each case as well as pure MoO3 were investigated by TGA and high temperature XRD in order to find out the temperature range in which the compounds were formed. Experiments were also conducted separately where the evolved gases were analyzed. All the three precursors were formed easily and the loss of MoO3 to the vapour phase was found to be extremely low. Addition of the oxide mixtures to steel melts were conducted in three different scales, viz. 16 g, 500 g and 3 tons (induction furnacle). Initial experiments showed that MgMoO4 was not suitable since the Mo yield in the steel melt was not very high. Fe2MoO4 was found to perform best, the Mo yield reaching 98 %. Further trials were conducted in the 65 ton Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) at Uddeholms AB in Hagfors. Mixtures of mill scale, MoO3 and carbon in suitable proportions were added in a pre-determined addition sequence. It was found that, in the actual practice, the Mo yield reached 99 %, equaling in performance the addition of ferromolybdenum. The process offers an effective use of cheaper raw materials and very high Mo yield avoiding a pre-treatment step like the production of ferromolybdenum. This is both cost effective and environmentally advantageous. The process has been patented and is being currently implemented at Uddeholms AB, Hagfors, Sweden.

Jan 1, 2011

By G. Tairova, M. Murchie, B. Esford, E. Lam

"The objective of this project is to investigate methods to lower the sulphate concentrations in the mill effluent. Currently, the concentration of sulphate in mill effluent is approximately 2 g/L. The high concentration of sulphate ion in the effluent has the potential to become a regulatory issue. The target sulphate concentration in mill effluent for this work was less than 500 mg/L. The pilot studies, using sulphate precipitation, were carried out at the mill. The results of the sulphate precipitation pilot study, using calcium hydroxide and sodium aluminate, indicated that:• The sulphate concentrations in effluent could be reduced to less than 500 mg/L.• The concentrations of most other elements of concern, such as selenium, arsenic, cobalt, nickel and vanadium, were also reduced.INTRODUCTIONHistorically, the concentration of sulphate, SO4 2-, in water has not generally been subject to regulation. However, with the increasing global consumption of water, stricter regulations on sulphate quantity may be imposed. Sulphate is a concern in process waters as it forms scale on process equipment and leads to operational problems. High sulphate concentrations may result in adverse health effects. The taste theshhold for the most sulphate salts in drinking water ranges from 250 to 500 mg/L.A literature search and review to identify methods to reduce sulphate concentration in the mill effluent was carried out. A number of methods were selected and tested in the lab. The experimental results indicated that the precipitation methods, using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compounds, barium compounds, as well as the ion exchange and the membrane methods, were effective for the removal of sulphate to below the required limits. Some other elements, such as vanadium, nickel, cobalt, selenium and molybdenum, were also removed.The process, using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compound for sulphate precipitation, similar to the Cost Effective Sulphate Removal (CESR), also known as “Walhalla” process, described in the Montana Tech report (“Demonstration Of Sulfate Removal” 1999), was selected for further consideration [1]. In the CESR process, the water is treated with lime for precipitation of gypsum, followed by the reaction with a proprietary aluminum compound for removal of a residual sulphate. The final pH adjustment is carried out using carbon dioxide. Results of a preliminary cost estimate indicated that the removal of sulphate using calcium hydroxide and aluminum compound was the preferred method of treatment, considering its low cost, availability of chemicals and minimal changes to the existing plant circuit."

Jan 1, 2012

By J. O. G. Sanderson

THE Brazeau river is a relatively short foothills stream in western Alberta and its drainage area is limited to approximately 2,400 square miles. It rises near the head of the North Saskatchewan river, about two-thirds of the way from Banff to Jasper, and is confluent with the North Saskatchewan at a point about 40 miles north of Rocky Mountain House. It is not the purpose of this paper to describe the geology of all of this area. Only the central portion, which lies east of the outer limestone ranges and takes in the outer folds of the foothills belt, will be dealt with. This area is shown on Figure 1. A small portion of the area described lies in the drainage basin of Pembina river, which flows into Athabaska river. The area to be discussed may conveniently be termed the 'Brazeau area', since Brazeau is the name of the river basin referred to above, of an out-lying limestone range, and of the only large settlement or community in the region, the mining town Brazeau. One of the first Factors of the fur trading post of Rocky Mountain House in the early years of the nineteenth century was Louis Brazeau. Coal mining during the past 25 years, and more recently exploratory drilling for oil, have brought the district into some prominence. The Brazeau area was visited by D. B. Dowling for the Geological Survey of Canada in 1906 and 1907 (1). His traverses and reports dealt mainly with the Kootenay coal deposits. It is doubtful if he traversed the outer foothills area with which the present paper deals. His reports on rich coal deposits in the Bighorn Basin area attracted commercial interests, and in 1908 large tracts were leased as coal lands. James McEvoy mapped and studied the coal seams in that year, and G. S. Malloch, of the Geological Survey of Canada, made a complete survey of the whole of the Bighorn basin. His report (2), published by the Survey in 1911, describes the stratigraphical geology and names the formations. Further references to the geology of the district, mainly in relation to coal, are made by D. B. Dowling (3) and by J. S. Stewart ( 4). In the period between 1913 and 1920, the area was traversed by private interests in search of likely oil structures. A well was started in 1914 along the Saskatchewan river about 19 miles west of Rocky Mountain House, and drilling was undertaken by Imperial Oil, Limited, in 1921 at Coalspur.

Jan 1, 1939

By C. A. Lavery

A DISCUSSION is presented of natural gas production and field processing equipment as now utilized in the gas producing areas of the United States, with reference to use of such equipment in Canadian gas areas. The scope of the paper is confined to a general description of various types and methods of using surface production equipment. The discussion is divided under two general groups: well-head production equipment, and field processing. The first will be concerned primarily with indirect heaters, separators, knockouts, and special versions of this equipment. The second major group includes the field processing equipment for handling natural gas. A delineation should be made here as to the meaning of field processing as used in this discussion. We will limit our term to mean such processing equipment as may be used in producing fields to process gas or its by products in a manner that does not require conventional plant practices either in operation or supervision. This covers such equipment as is necessary to complete preparation of gas for sale to pipeline and/ or is necessary to recover valuable components. Under this heading we will discuss glycol dehydration, solid desiccant dehydration, low-temperature separation, mechanical refrigeration, and desorbtion-stabilization. These are all processes involved in preparing gas for final sale or disposal. They do not include the more conventional and large-scale plant process systems.

Jan 1, 1956