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By W. J. Loring

It is proposed to describe in this paper as accurately as possible the present practice at the Utica mills, of which I am superintendent. The Utica Company operates three mills, the Madison (40 stamps), the Utica (60 stamps), and the Stickle (60 stamps). My description will be based on the last-named, in which I have experimented more than in either of the other two; but the practice is the same, under the same management, in all three. Everything is run by water-power, under about 420 feet fall at the Utica mill, and 425 feet at the Stickle mill, giving a pressure of about 185 pounds to the square inch. The Madison mill is situated about three-quarters of a mile below the Utica and Stickle mills, and has only some 100 feet fall from one place, and 38 feet fall from the other. The water that runs the Utica and Stickle mills, and all machinery connected with the corresponding mines, is conveyed through ditch and pipe to the Madison mine and mill, where it develops power for the air-compressor and the 40-stamp mill. The mill is run by a

Jan 1, 1899

By J. M. Toguri, H. Flood

The application of the mass action law to the thermodynamic treatment of metal-slag equilibria is discussed. The consideration of the reactions essentially as ionic exchange equilibria is shown to be both an advantage and an aid for the elucidation of the theoretical treatment. This is illustrated by several examples. In general two different methods of application of the mass action law to metal-slag equilibria have been used by different groups of investigators. These could be called the oxide reaction and the ionic reaction approach respectively. At the recent discussion in the metallurgical section of the I.U.P.A.C. Congress in Montreal, 1961,' divergent opinions prevailed regarding the most rational way of applying the mass action law to metal-slag equilibria. This question is of fundamental importance in the treatment and understanding of theoretical chemical metallurgy. Consequently, the following is an attempt to contribute towards its clarification. As an example, the distribution of iron and manganese between molten iron and slag will be considered. I) THE OXIDE EXCHANGE REACTION APPROACH The equilibrium between iron and manganese between molten iron and slag is frequently formulated as an oxide metal exchange reaction as follows:

Jan 1, 1963

By R. Hoffmann

THE Waelz process produces oxides of volatilizable metals from ores, metalliferous products and residues. The process was originally used for recovering zinc and lead, where tailings and residues containing those metals had accumulated at mines or smelters, but it is applicable for obtaining tin, arsenic or other volatilizable metals. It is useful when other methods of obtaining the metals from the ores or residues are too difficult or expensive or show too low a recovery. FIG. 1.-DAILY CAPACITY OF WAELZ PLANTS RUNNING OR BEING ERECTED. The Waelz process was developed in 1923 for the treatment of large calamine dumps in Upper-Silesia, which showed zinc contents of 8 to 10 per cent. and lead contents up to 3 per cent. The rapid development of the process, from the first trials up to the plants now working or in course of erection, is shown in Fig. 1. -The first industrial Waelz plant was started in 1925. Within two years the capacity of the working plants reached 700 tons material per day of 24 hr. During the year 1928 the daily capacity of the plants now at work or in course of erection will rise

Jan 1, 1928

PUGET SOUND SECTION SIMON H. ASH, Chairman, I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman, CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Sec.-Treas., 425 Lyon Building, Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT. The Puget Sound Section met at the Arctic Club, Oct. 28, 1916, for the annual meeting. Those present were: Chairman Glenville A. Collins, Vice-Chairman H. L. Manley, Sec.-Treas. Amos Slater, Chester F. Lee, R. P. Tarr, G. E. Rockefeller, Simon Ash, Geo. W. Evans, Joseph Daniels, I. F. Laucks, F. C. Greene, Darsie C. Bard, Marcel Daly, Milnor Roberts, F. A. Hill, Percy E. Wright, and as guest, Mr. Coates of British Columbia. After dinner had been served, Chairman Collins called the meeting to order. The reading of the minutes of the last meeting were suspended upon request of the Secretary. The Secretary read the report from the Committee on the Associated Engineering Societies of Seattle. Upon motion, duly seconded, the report was adopted and placed on file. Mr. Lee, Chairman of the Committee. on the Mining Men's Convention to be held this coming winter, gave his report orally, and upon motion the committee was continued. The report of the Secretary-Treasurer was read, received, and placed on file.

Jan 3, 1917

Jan 1, 1970

By J. F. Wilson

Steady-state flow theory, previously applied to displacements with two mobile phases, is extended to cover down-structure flow involving three mobile phases: oil, gas and water. When used with normal reservoir fluid properties, the theory predicts the existence of four distinct flow regimes and the conditions under which each regime exists. The predicted behavior is verified by a parallel-plate model study. INTRODUCTION Special problems exist when a water flood is contemplated in a dipping reservoir having a substantial gas cap. Normally, the gas-cap region is one of very low oil saturation. If oil is moved into the gas cap during the flood, a loss in recovery results. Efficient recovery of the oil underlying the gas is therefore difficult. In two reported field water floods, injection into the gas cap has been used to solve these problems. At the West Norfolk Garr Sand Unit, injection into the upstructure region of the reservoir was made for the stated purpose of filling up the gas cap with water.' The purpose in the Sholem Alechem Fault Block "A" Sims Sand Unit was to form a continuous water barrier between the gas cap and oil band.' A laboratory model study preceded this flood and was described in the same publication. Both of these gas-cap water injections gave satisfactory results, but the published data are insufficient to allow generalizing to other field conditions. The present investigation was also undertaken to obtain results for a specific field problem. However, these results will be shown to be in agreement with an extension of the Dietz3-5 mathematical model to three-phase flowing systems. The agreement between the theory and the model studies indicates that the mathematical model can be used to describe completely the flowing system under some conditions, and to indicate the general type of flow to be expected under all conditions. FLOW THEORY The Dietz equations for two-phase flow are derived "' for the case of constant-velocity linear flow in a homog- eneous porous medium. The transition zone between the fluids is assumed to be of negligible extent so that the displaced and displacing fluids are separated by a sharply defined interface, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The density and mobility of the displacing fluid are constant over the region behind the interface, and the same properties of the displaced fluid are constant over the region ahead of the interface. To extend the Dietz equations to three-phase systems, we postulate the flowing system shown in Fig. 2 and determine the conditions under which it can exist. The

By Philip D. Pearson

CALAND Ore Co.'s dredging program has reached the halfway mark. The goal is to remove more than 160 million cu yd of lake bottom material overlying the iron orebody in Falls Bay of Steep Rock Lake, Ont. Two large dredges were constructed to remove this overburden, a layer of soil about 90 pct varved clay some 400 ft thick. Moisture content of the clay is high-approximately at the liquid limit of the soil. A few years ago, searching for additional reserves of ore, Inland Steel Co. looked toward Canada and the newly developed Steep Rock iron range. To this end an option agreement was signed Dec. 30, 1949, between Steep Rock Mines Ltd. and Caland Ore Co. Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Inland Steel. Several drilling programs were conducted between this date and Jan. 1, 1953, when a 99-year lease was signed covering an area of 1249 acres. This lease calls for ore production to begin in 1960, with full production of 3 million tons per year by 1969.

Jan 8, 1957

By Charles White Merrill

Mankind's progress is measured in minerals. Man's emergence from prehistory is marked by passage through a Stone Age and a Bronze Age and into the present era, sometimes called the Iron Age or the Age of Metals. With the evolution of civilization and the development of a modem industrial economy, minerals become more and more important. Structures, roads, and machines are built largely of minerals; the energy to heat the structures and to drive the machines is mostly mineral; agricultural fertility is maintained by mineral fertilizers and water; and military strength is provided by fortresses, armaments, and munitions, largely of mineral origin. Thus in the material world, in the productivity of the economy, access to minerals has paramount importance. Every evidence indicates increasing dependence on minerals in the modem economy, particularly on the mineral fuels as energy sources to provide the power base for advancing industrialization. Both the total and the per capita consumption of almost every mineral is increasing in the industrialized nations. Moreover, nations with predominantly agrarian economies call themselves underdeveloped and universally strive to industrialize. Most mineral consumption trends in the more advanced economies have been greatly exceeding population growth-which itself has been advancing at an accelerating rate-and sometimes have surpassed the growth in real income. Some minerals have only recently been adopted or grown to importance in use. Titanium metal did not appear as a commercial product until 1948, and even coal seriously displaced wood as a source of heat less than two centuries ago. On the other hand, minerals have always played an important role in construction. The prehistoric megaliths that form the dolmens of Salisbury Plain are stone; the pyramids are andesite faced with limestone; and many other ancient structures are built of mineral materials. In modem times the whole course of architecture has been redirected by new building materials, mostly mineral. Most conspicuous is the sky-

Jan 1, 1964

By Eduardo Martinez Baca

Although Mexico has always been justly considered by the whole world essentially a mining country, this reputation is due principally to the richness of the deposits which have been worked. In reality, the majority of the States have been little

Jan 1, 1902

By C. E. Wood, E. P. Barrett, T. L. Joseph

The United States Bureau of Mines has been studying the blastfurnace process for about ten years. An experimental furnace was developed by the Burcau in cooperation with the Minnesota School of Mines Experiment Station, University of Minnesota. Many data have been obtained and published.' Royster, Joseph and Kinney §(48) found that the particle size of ore had an important effect upon the blast-furnace process. Kinne(28) stated: Economy in blast-furnace practice depends largely upon efficient gas-solid contact in the shaft of the furnace. If efficient work is not done in the shaft, the hearth and bosh will not function properly. A condition may be readily imagined where the particles of ore in the shaft are so large that the time entailed in the descent of these materials into the bosh is not sufficient to permit proper reduction and preparation prior to the time the ore enters the bosh of the furnace. Another condition may be pictured where the density of theatock column and the flow of stock is such that the ore will take one course and the gas another. Both of these examples will result in insufficient contact between the gas and the ore. Unreduced ore will reach the hearth, and the gas which has not been efficiently oxidized will reach the stock line. The result is the use of an excess of carbon in the smelting process. It is obvious that fine ore particles occurring in the ore as charged, or formed in the furnace due to heat and mechanical action, place a definite limitation upon the efficiency of the operation. There is also an economic loss of fine material as dust. Effect of Size of Material Kinney reported (p. 83(29)) the reduction of iron oxides between planes at three furnaces as given in Table 1. The Chicago furnace was operated on Lake ores. Distribution of gas was not good and much of the charge passed into the hearth before the iron oxide was reduced. The Holt furnace was operated on coarse ore. Distribution of gas was fairly uni-

Jan 1, 1930

By O. L. Culberson, J. J. McKetta

Experimental and smoothed data are presented for the solubility of methane in water for temperatures of 77, 100, 160. 220. 280, and 340°F at prejsures to 10.000 psia. The minimum solubility phenomenon exists within this temperature range to pressures of 10.000 psia. INTRODUCTION The study of hydrocarhon-water systems has been extended to the determination of the solubility of methane in water at pressures to 10.000 psia. The experimental apparatus, and the technique. are the same as that previously reported.' - In the determination of the solubility of methane in water, only two phases were present at temperatures between 100 and 340°F. these being the vapor phase and the water-rich. liquid phase. The determinations involved the agitation of methane and water in an equilibrium cell. withdrawal of a sample from the liquid phase, and the analysis of the sample. The experimental value; determined in this manner are pre9ented in Table I and in Fig. 1. Since experimental and analytical techniques have improved since the initial experiments with this equipment, it was decided to repeat the 77°F isotherm determinations.' Fig. I shows that the individual results for this isotherm are much

Jan 1, 1951

By J. J. McKetta, O. L. Culberson

Experimental and smoothed data are presented for the solubility of methane in water for temperatures of 77, 100, 160. 220. 280, and 340°F at prejsures to 10.000 psia. The minimum solubility phenomenon exists within this temperature range to pressures of 10.000 psia. INTRODUCTION The study of hydrocarhon-water systems has been extended to the determination of the solubility of methane in water at pressures to 10.000 psia. The experimental apparatus, and the technique. are the same as that previously reported.' - In the determination of the solubility of methane in water, only two phases were present at temperatures between 100 and 340°F. these being the vapor phase and the water-rich. liquid phase. The determinations involved the agitation of methane and water in an equilibrium cell. withdrawal of a sample from the liquid phase, and the analysis of the sample. The experimental value; determined in this manner are pre9ented in Table I and in Fig. 1. Since experimental and analytical techniques have improved since the initial experiments with this equipment, it was decided to repeat the 77°F isotherm determinations.' Fig. I shows that the individual results for this isotherm are much

Jan 1, 1951

By James H. Courtright, Kenyon Richard

TOQUEPALA is a porphyry copper deposit in which mineralization is localized by a large breccia pipe formed in close genetic relation to intrusive rocks. The deposit is in southern Peru, 55 airline miles north of the small city of Tacna and the same distance inland from the port of 110. Quellaveco and Cuajone, geologically similar deposits, lie 12 and 19 miles north of Toquepala. Chuquicamata is 400 miles to the south. The deposit is high on the southwestern slope about 20 miles from the crest of the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes Chain. It lies in a mountainous desert where the steep southwesterly slope of the Andes is dissected by a succession of rapidly downcutting, deep canyons. Local topography is moderately rugged with a dendritic drainage pattern and an elevation of 8000 to 14,000 ft. Volcanic peaks along the crest of the Cordillera rise over 19,000 ft. Local precipitation, including a little snow, amounts to about 10 in. during January and February, but general runoff in the region is slight. Throughout southern Peru the springs and streams are widely separated. Crude canals irrigate small farms on terraced slopes along the streams and provide sparse subsistence to the semi-nomadic inhabitants. During the past decade, engineering and geological explorations of the region, as well as the mineral deposits themselves, have required construction of a network of several hundred miles of roads. Before this, roads extended only a few miles inland. Many areas still can be reached only by trail. Toquepala was briefly described in 19th century geographical literature as a copper deposit, and it received desultory attention from Chilean prospectors early in the present century. It was first recognized as a mineralized zone of possible real importance by geologist O.C. Schmedeman during an exploration trip for Cerro de Paso Copper Corp. in 1937. The discovery was late as compared to earlier recognition of Chuquicamata, Potrerillos, and Braden of Chile and Cerro Verde of southern Peru. This was due partly to the region's difficult accessibility but principally to the obscure character of the outcrop evidence of copper. From 1938 until 1942 Cerro de Pasco Copper Corp. partially explored the deposit by adits and diamond drillholes. This campaign was supplied by a 60-mule pack train continuously shuttling over a 30-mile trail. Northern Peru Mining & Smelting Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of American Smelting & Refining Co., undertook regional engineering stud- ies in 1945 and drill exploration in 1949. According to published data1 the deposit contains 400 million tons of open pit ore averaging a little over 1 pct Cu. It is currently undergoing large-scale development by Southern Peru Copper Corp., which is owned by American Smelting & Refining, Phelps Dodge, Cerro de Pasco, and Newmont Mining. Summary of Geology: The deposit is situated in a terrane composed of Mesozoic(?) and Tertiary volcanic rocks intruded by dioritic apophyses of the Andean Batholith. These formations are exposed in a northwesterly trending belt about 15 miles wide. Along the northeast they are unconformably overlain by Plio-Pleistocene pyroclastic rocks, which occupy much of the crest of the Andes, and along the southwest they are covered by the Moquegua formation of Pliocene(?) age. The mineralized area, oblong in shape and about 2 miles long, has been a locus of intense igneous activity. Several small intrusive bodies having irregular forms occur within and adjacent to a centrally located, large breccia pipe. The mushroom-shaped orebody consists of a flat-lying enriched zone of predominant chalcocite with a stem-like extension of hypogene chalcopyrite ore in depth within and around the pipe. This breccia pipe is relatively large and has been formed by repeated episodes of brecciation. Small satellitic pipes occur at random within a 2-mile radius of this central pipe. These too were individual sourceways of mineralization, although not always of ore grade. Within and around the zone of breccia pipes and mineralization there are a few faults and veins, but these are discontinuous random structures of minor significance. There are no regional or local systems of faults or other planar structures recognized which could account either for the mechanical development of the breccia pipes or for their localization as a group or as individuals. Hydrothermal alteration is pervasive in the zone of mineralization. Clay minerals appear to be abundant in places, but their percentages are undetermined. Quartz and sericite are the principal alteration products, and in many instances original rock textures are obliterated. The principal sulfides, hypogene pyrite and chalcopyrite and supergene chalcocite, occur mainly as vug fillings in the breccia and as small discrete grains scattered through all the altered rocks. Sulfide veinlets are relatively scarce. Sulfides are more abundant and alteration is more intense in certain rock units, such as the diorite and most of the breccias. Although the Toquepala mineral deposit is similar in most respects to the porphyry copper deposits of southwestern U. S., it most closely resembles the Braden deposit of Chile, as described by Lindgren

Jan 1, 1959

By R. W. Smith, R. W. M. Lai, J. Leja

J. Leja (Professor, Dept. of Mineral Engineering, U.B.C. Vancouver, Canada) — I would like to offer some comments on the behavior of contact angle with time, treated in this paper. The authors should be congratulated for a clear exposition of these uncommon departures in the correlation between flotation and contact angle, in systems of importance to industrial practice. Some nine years ago Professor J. H. Schulman (presently at Columbia University, New York) and I reported on a similar study conducted at the Ernest Oppenheimer Laboratory, Cambridge, England.' The systems used by us had, how- ever, no direct practical application at that time, as mercury in solutions of xanthates was tested with a variety of alkyl-aryl polyoxyethylene frothers which were then new to flotation practice. Further, the paper dealt with findings contrary to the then widely held belief that the contact angle established in collector-solution is unaffected by the addition of a frother. Correlation with flotation, or lack thereof, was not sought, though we did suggest that in many cases the selectivity of frothers might be influenced by the dynamic contact angles. We also stated (on p. 243,

Jan 1, 1968

By P. H. Mell

CAN the auriferous slate deposits of the Southern mining region ever be successfully worked? is a question that has been often asked me by persons seeking investments in Southern mines. As the subject is one that has given me much thought during the past few years, I have decided to present my conclusions to the members of the Institute for their consideration. Those who have had the opportunity of exploring the region mentioned above, will readily recall to mind numerous localities, to which their attention was directed by would-be miners, as "rich and desirable properties," in which there were but few quartz seams running in every direction through fine-grained talcose slate. Most of the gold in sued formations was always found disseminated through the slate, and but a small percentage contained in the quartz. Such are the deposits I propose to discuss in this paper. Of course there are many excellent quartz mines in the South that are paying the owners good profits, and many more to my knowledge, that are not being worked for obvious reasons. But it is out of the question to suppose that these slate deposits can be practically

Jan 1, 1881

By John D. Morgan

Prior to World War I there was no Government stockpiling program. Prior to World War I1 relatively few items were included in Government stockpiling and the start of that war found most objectives for even these few materials far from complete. Profiting from the experience of materials shortages in two wars, Congress in 1946 passed the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act, which stated that it is the policy to decrease and prevent wherever possible a dangerous and costly dependence of the U. S. upon foreign nations for supplies of strategic and critical materials in times of national emergency. However, as of mid-1950 few stockpile objectives had been achieved. Shortly after the start of the Korean War it was obvious that in the absence of adequate stockpiles, the defense program could not be successfully carried out without broad authority to expand supplies of strategic and critical metals and minerals and at the same time to channel limited supplies of these materials to essential defense purposes. Accordingly, in September 1950 Congress passed the Defense Production Act, which provided broad powers for allocating materials and for making arrangements, including financial, to expand supplies.

Nov 1, 1955

By Carl D. Broadbent

In 1956, Kennecott Copper Corp. instituted a slope mechanics program. Its objective was to obtain effi-ient and safe pit slopes. Since then, Kennecott has onducted a great deal of research into the area, most otably at the Kimbley Pit. This paper, which describes the transitional work at this period and draws from the pertinent experimental work done by others, paves the way for the next step of the program: refining the design process and applying it for profit. The goal of slope mechanics is to achieve efficient and safe pit slopes. In the case of ultimate mine slopes, the objective is to minimize the stripping ratio by steepening the slopes to their maximum stable limit. On the other hand, the inclination of working slopes is normally established by operating space requirements and the function of slope mechanics should be the continuous surveillance of slope conditions to assure long-term stability and provide timely warning of impending slides so that corrective measures may be incorporated in production planning. In 1956, Kennecott instituted a program to provide

Jan 1, 1970

By Jasper Stuckey

THE object of this paper is to record and interpret field and laboratory observations made by the writers during five years of study of the barite deposits of North Carolina. Deposits of barite are known to occur in three localities in North Carolina (Fig. 1) two of which-the Hot Springs and Kings Mountain -contain material of economic value. The Hot Springs area begins near Bluff, some 6 miles south of Hot Springs, and continues northeast by Stackhouse; a total length of 7 miles. The Kings Mountain deposits lie along a belt that extends from the north end of Crowders Mountain in a southwestward direction, along the east side of this and Kings Mountain, to Kings Creek, South Carolina. The third locality is 3 1/2 miles southeast of Hillsboro, Orange County, a short distance west of the highway leading from Hillsboro to Chapel Hill. It is not known when barite was first discovered in North Carolina, but production from the Hot Springs area began some 50 years ago. The state has never produced large quantities of barite-usually there have been less than three producers-and definite figures are not available, but reasonably reliable estimates indicate a total production of 300,000 tons. From 1901 through 1920 barite mining was on a seemingly prosperous basis and a large tonnage. was shipped from the Hot Springs and Kings Mountain areas. With the depression of 1920 the industry began to decline and production practically ceased in 1926.

Jan 1, 1933

By M. G. Corson

INFORMATION regarding the use of manganese alloys has hitherto been incomplete and available only from widely scattered sources. This paper attempts a systematic description of properties .and uses of alloys other than manganese bronze, manganin and duralumin, which are probably the only non-ferrous alloys associated with manganese in the minds of most metallurgists.1 PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE Manganese can react either acid or basic; it is hard to obtain in the pure state; it has two different crystalline lattice structures, both of the cubic system, one stable above 850° C. and the other below 650° C., both coexisting in the intermediate range. Although the commercial product is hard and brittle, the pure metal seems to be ductile. In fact Zhemchuzhny, in Russia, was able to obtain ductile manganese and draw it to fine wires by the simple expedient of adding about 3 per cent. copper to the alumino-thermic product. Copper most probably brings the silicides, aluminides, nitrides and carbides present in the commercial product into a much less harmful form of distribution. One industrial use that can be foreseen for wrought manganese articles is as anodes for electrolytic processes in sulfate and nitrate solutions, particularly with high voltages. A practically insoluble skin of manganese peroxide is likely to form in such cases and an insoluble and strong anode material will be available.

Jan 1, 1927

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Feb. 10, 1916 to Mar. 10, 1916: D. A. S. Bell, Ottawa, Can. E. B. Latham, Santa Maria, Cal.. John Cooper, Exeter, Devonshire, Eng. H. N. Lawrie, Portland, Ore. I. Dally, Seattle, `Wash. L. A. Levensaler, Tacoma, Wash. George W. Evans, Seattle, Wash. George J. Lyon, Schenectady N. Y. Alexander Fyfe, London, Eng. Fred MacCoy, Antofagasta, Chile. F. C. Greene, Seattle, «rash. J. Mitchell-Roberts, London, Eng. I. Ishikawa, Tokio, Japan. Chas. W. A. Sultan, Yonkers, N. Y. William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich. R. B. Tinsley, Big Stone Gap, Va. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. Walter E. Trent, Reno Nev. Oscar Lachmund, Greenwood, B. C. Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ottawa, Can. J. S. Lane, New York City. Nelson Dickerman has resigned as general Manager of the Pato Mines (Colombia), Ltd., and The Nechi Mines (Colombia), Ltd., and will return from Colombia to San Francisco, Cal., the latter part of April. W. A. Prichard has been appointed as his successor.

Jan 4, 1916