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By Frank Firmstone

IN the early decades of the past century the method of starting iron blast-furnaces by "scaffolding-down" seems to have been in universal use for coke-furnaces and, at least in this country, for charcoal-furnaces also. It was likewise used at some of the early anthracite-furnaces, as is stated in the important "Reminiscences" printed by the late Samuel Thomas. I It had been generally superseded in Great Britain as early as 1850, by some variations of the plan now used, and was rarely used when Percy wrote.' On the Continent it was still followed in the 60's,3 and was elaborately described by Valerius in 1852. I have never read any statement as to when and by whom '4 scaffolding" was first dispensed with, but the following extracts from journals of my father seem to fix an authentic date for an instance in this country:

Mar 1, 1907

By Robert D. Pehlke, Kazuhisa Okajima

ThE prediction of the activity coefficient for a solute in a multicomponent liquid metallic solution based on measurements in the related binary systems has been the object of study for some time, particularly in iron-base alloys.1,2 Very few measurements, however, have been made on nonferrous systems; furthermore, measurements made for the specific purpose of testing various prediction equations are almost nonexistent. The measurements here described of the activity coefficient of cadmium in liquid lead alloys were directed toward this goal. One of the most direct means by which the activity coefficient can be calculated has been based on the independent influences of each solute. When solute metals i,j, k, and so forth are present, the activity coefficient, y, of one of these (i for example) may be expressed as a product of factors which represent the effects of each of the other components:

Jan 1, 1964

By M. C. Fuerstenau, D. W. Fuerstenau

Long-Chained aliphatic amine salts have been used for the separation of sylvite (KC1) from halite (NaC1) by flotation. It is puzzling how these two minerals, which are so similar chemically and crystallographically, can be separated by this method. Gaudin as postulated that the difference in floatability of halite and sylvite with salts of primary amines depends on ionic size: In the case of amine flotation, the cation would attach itself to the chloride. I have a speculation there, which I cannot prove, that the ammonium group, that is the –NH3 group in the amine, floats potassium chloride because the dimensions of this group as it has been measured in other compounds is almost identically the dimensions of the potassium ion, quite different from the sodium ion, and so it fits where potassium had been, in place of it and not attached to it.

Mar 1, 1956

By J. E. Pogue

That the domestic consumption of gasoline displays a marked seasonal variation, with a low in the winter and a high in the summer, is well known. It is logical to expect that the nature of the variation has itself been undergoing a change as a result of improvement in roads, general employment of closed cars, and growth of mass haulage; but so far as I am aware the change in seasonal variation has never been investigated and measured. It is the purpose of this paper to present the method and results of such an investigation, undertaken as a contribution to the technique of planning operating schedules now so prominent in connection with the functioning of the industry under a Federal quota system. For the method employed I am indebted to the suggestions and help of Frederick R. Macaulay,1 who kindly looked over the work sheets; and

Jan 1, 1934

By Thomas Read

IN speaking of immaterial problems of industry I am using the word immaterial in its original sense, not consisting of matter; not in its derived sense, unimportant. There is nothing of a paradox in saying that immaterial problems are the most important in human life, for His a matter of everyday observation that much of the news in the daily papers, and most of the world's best literature and drama, deal with human conduct that has for its motive forces that are but little concerned with material things. The engineer's preoccupation with physical forces, in extending his control over them, has not blinded him to the impor-tance of forces that, for want of a better word, I call immaterial; but he has considered that dealing with the one is his job and the other is not. All the evidence of the past decade indicates that the latter are so in-extricably interwoven with the former in modern in-dustrial life that the engineer will have to concern himself with them whether he wants to or not. Some of the most important of the problems arising from the action of these forces relate to the mental hygiene of the workers in industry. Mental hygiene in industry was concisely defined, in terms of the best present knowledge, by Dr. C. Macfie Campbell, speaking last April before the executive com-mittee of the Associated Industries of Massachusetts, and as his statement can scarcely be bettered, I quote it below: "The term mental hygiene is apt to appear vague. The actual stuff with which mental hygiene deals may be briefly reviewed.

Jan 9, 1927

HAVING taught you to make aqua fortis and to cleanse and reduce it to perfection, before I teach you the work of parting on a large scale, I wish now to teach you how to make an assay of the amount of gold present in a quantity of silver, so that you may proceed to your work with open eyes in order to become aware of mistakes when you have erred yourself or have been deceived by someone else. Therefore it is necessary to know very exactly, before you take it out, how much gold should be in your cucurbits from the weight of the silver that you put in. Thus you may see the gain or loss, if you had to deliver it to someone else or if you had bought it. If you did not do this you would proceed blindly in your work.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. L. Tobie

Handling and storing ore at transfer points underground are encountered frequently. An ideal solution to these troubles is probably still to be found, but at the Mather mine "B" shaft a method incorporating scraping trenches has been developed giving better service, from the standpoint of safety and simplicity, than obtained from other schemes. When shaft pockets are used for storage, the size of the ground opening required to assure capacity is often prohibitive, and shaft depth below the last level can become excessive, particularly if a crushing station is used. Also, if the material being handled contains large amounts of wet fines, it is difficult, if not impossible, to hold the material with regular chute gates. In order to remedy these problems Cleveland-Cliffs' Mather "B" has utilized three types of trenches. Types I and I1 are now in service and the third is under construction.

Jan 4, 1955

By F. L. Grammer

THE analyses given in Table I. were made several years ado at my request at a plant using Lake ores. The, are of two furnaces, one making basic, the other Bessemer pig-they gave 6 casts each in 24 hr., also two flushes of cinder between each cast. They- are offered simply for the sake of reference as, so far as I know, it is unusual to find so frequent fall analyses made and none are on record. The variations iii manganese-content in the first and second flushes on the basic furnace are interesting, if no more than a freak-the first flash being invariably higher in manganese. The iron-content of the two slugs from an. average of 12 flushes shows: Basic. Bessemer. Per Cent. Per Cent. Total iron 2.55 1.70 Combined iron 0.72 0.52 Free iron 2.13 7.15

Jan 3, 1913

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

The monoclinic Wolframite Group and the tetragonal Scheelite Group are included here. Wolframite Group WoIframite (Fe,Mn)W04 a : b : c = 0.8300 : 1 : 0.8678 B = 89' 22' Hiibnerite MnW04 048362 : 1 : 0.8668 89' 73' WOLFRAMITE. Monoclinic. Axes a : b : c = 0.8300 : 1 : 0.8678; B = 89' 22'. mm"', 110 A 1TO = 79" 23'. ay', 100 A 101 = 62' 54' at, 100 A 102 = 61" 54'. $', 011 A 011 = 81" 54'. Twins: (1) tw. axis c with a (100) as comp.-face; (2) tw. pl. k (023), Fig. 449, p. 171. Crystals commonly tabular (1 a (100); also prismatic. Faces in prismatic zone vertically striated. Often bladed, lamellar, coarse divergent columnar, granular. Cleavage: b (010) very perfect; also parting (1 a (100), and 11 t (102). Fract,ure uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-5.5. G. = 7.2-7.5. Luster submetallic. Color dark

Jan 1, 1922

By F. M. Drake

IN this paper I propose to describe a plant which I lately erected for the Mount Stewart Lead and Silver Mining Company of Leadville, New South Wales, Australia. I am indebted to Mr. W. F. Burrow, of the Roads and Bridges Department of New South Wales, for the drawings which I present herewith, he having reduced and assembled them from my working drawings. The works are situated on a sloping hillside, but sufficient fall mas not available to have the furnace as high as desired, and at the same time have a good slag-tip and sufficient depth on the ore-floor to store a supply of ore and flux. The ore is delivered on the ore-floor (which is of the full width of the furnace-building, and extends back into the hill a distance of seventy feet) by two overhead tramways (not shown in the drawings), one on each side. From these the ore-mixture is made up on one side, while it is being taken to the furnace from the other. The fuel also is delivered by these tramways. The fluxes are stored on a floor directly at the back of the boiler and engine room. The boiler is a Cornish one, 6 feet 6 inches in diameter by 25 feet long. Its flue is 3 feet in diameter and does not contain Galloway tubes. The working-pressure is 40 pounds per square inch. The engine is an old-fashioned one, with a cylinder 16 inches in diameter by 30 inches stroke. Both the engine and boiler had been part of the plant of a defunct gold-mining company. They were very extravagant in their consumption of fuel. The blast is supplied by a rotary pressure-blower, of the Baker pattern, made in England. It has a capacity of 60 cubic feet per revolution. The furnace, which has several novel points, is shown in detail in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. The jackets are of cast-iron, and are higher than those generally used. They are different, too, in that the feedwater inlet is through a hand-hole plate near the bottom. This plate is fastened to the jacket by stud-bolts, and is provided with a baffleplate, which prevents the cooling water from impinging against the inner plate. The outlet is by a goose-neck at the top, which dis-

Jan 1, 1893

By Lawrence K. Nordell

This paper reviews practices used In the selection and sizing of belt conveyors and stacker systems commonly used in crushing and grinding plant facilities. Historical and modern methods of sizing this equipment are presented. The new methods Include: 1) probability theory applications for establishing component reliability, 2) "Monte Carlo" simulation techniques used in evaluating alternative system designs and in establishing service factors and corresponding availability Indices of each system, 3) quantifying the system and component operating characteristics using computer assisted modeling tools simulating rigid body and elasto-mechanic behavior for starting and stopping large and/or complex belt conveyors.

Jan 1, 1982

By S. C. Dhara

A process of solvent extraction and separation of platinum group metals (PGM) and gold using primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary organic amines has been briefly described. The effects of amine structures; the use of diluents; the principle of synergism and antisynergism in the mixed extractants; the oxidation states of metal ions are explained in the amine extraction process of precious metals.

Jan 1, 1984

By H. E. Howe, A. A. Smith

E. Schumacher.*—Mr. Smith has shown us once again how variable lead alloys can be. I have studied lead alloys for a good many years and know from experience that their behavior cannot be predicted by analogy with other alloys. I have always been interested in observing how the creep resistance of lead may be improved by the addition of as little as 0.03 per cent Ca. Without the presence of calcium the grains of extruded lead pipe are fairly equiaxed and motion can take place easily at the boundaries. The calcium addition of 0.03 per cent causes the grain boundaries to become very irregular and jagged, and results in creep resistance many times greater than that of pure lead. Mr. Smith showed that in the one per cent antimony-lead alloy creep is occasionally excessive even where low stresses are involved. We have observed this phenomenon many

Jan 1, 1945

By W. J. Reagan

Mr. Caine, members and friends of the AIME Electric Furnace Conference, as Chairman of the Executive Committee it is my pleasure to welcome you to this our fifth annual conference. I can assure you that the conference chairman and his committee have prepared a program of unusual and timely interest. Mr. Caine has spoken of the educational session. This part of our program was of unusual interest last year and I am sure that the subject of this year's discussion will prove to be just as interesting. The wide variety of subjects cover both the basic and the acid electric furnace and are in keeping with the usual high quality maintained on our programs in past years. As the papers and discussions will be published in the PROCEEDINS, you will in a short time be able to add another volume to the present series.

Jan 1, 1947

On Apr. 21, the Victory Liberty Loan was offered to the public. This Loan is made necessary by the expenditures incident to closing of the war. As in preceding Liberty Loans, an intensive campaign is being conducted, and this Committee is to obtain and record subscriptions from the Industry of which you are a part. I am sure you feel as I do in wishing the Mining Committee to make as good a showing as possible. By placing or recording your subscription through us will help your Committee to make its proper showing, and, as heretofore, your transaction can he carried out with any bank or trust company you may prefer to designate. Payment may be made in full or in six instalments. In either case, 10 per cent. will be required on or before May 10. Subscription blanks will be mailed to you as soon as available. CHARLES HAYDEN, Chairman.

Jan 5, 1919

By O. H. Banes

The electrolytic zinc plant of the American Zinc Company located at Sauget, Illinois started operations in April 1941. The plant had a designed capacity of 45(T) per day. The original flow sheet was quite simple, incorporating the low density process. Through the years the capacity of the plant has been increased to the current design of 214(T) cathodes per day. This paper describes the current operation along with typical metallurgical data.

Jan 1, 1970

By James R. Finlay

At first blush one is tempted to say that iron-mines are like any other mines, and that principles governing miniug-property in general will apply to them. But there are certain considerations which seem to repay reflection. Gold and copper are more or less independent of transportation. The proof of this is that those metals are profitably mined and shipped from the remotest corners of the earth. Their value is determined by the cost of production on the ground. This is quite true of gold, not quite so true of copper, not at all true of iron. If New York were a. fishing-village and Chicago a swamp, Calumet & Hecla might still be a bonanza. The main element of its value is the 60 lb. of fine copper per ton which it produced for years. But the Mesabi Range is absolutely dependent upon the industrial activity in the United States. Iron-manu-facture in Europe would give it no value whatever. If Chicago and New York had a population of Peruvians or Hindus, the Hull-Rust mine would be as worthless a bit of landscape as any tundra in Alaska. I have discussed these facts more or less casually and dimly in my book on the cost of mining and in my report to the Tax Commissioners of Michigan.1 I shall try here to bring them out in more detail. I have already referred to some differences in the problem of mining as between the more precious metals, e.g., gold, and the less precious and more abundant minerals, like iron and coal; but it is interesting to note that the literature of the eco-

Jan 1, 1914

By R. W. Raymond

THE specimen of anthracite which I exhibit is from the Ortiz Mine Grant, about fifteen miles southwest of Santa Fe. The beds belong to the lignitic formation of the Galisteo, which Hayden and

Jan 1, 1874

By R. W. Raymond

The specimen of anthracite which I exhibit is from the Ortiz Mine Grant, about fifteen miles southwest of Santa Fe. The beds belong to the lignitic formation of the Galisteo, which Hayden and

COUNCIL OF SECTION DELEGATES Jack A. Criehton. Chairman Allen T. Cole. Vice Chairman M I. Signer, Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE W. C. Leonard, North Pacific W. K. Beck, Cleveland W. W. Leonard, Southwest Texas

Jan 1, 1952