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By Wallace Pratt

THE Philippine Islands. have produced no oil commercially, nevertheless, oil is known to be present at various places in the islands.1 Although all attempts to produce oil commercially have failed, no intelligent, persistent exploration has been carried out. The Richmond Petroleum Corpn. a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Co. of California) and a syndicate, headed by Ralph Arnold are at present engaged in exploring Bondoc Peninsula in Tayabas Province, one of the promising Philippine areas, in a manner that promises to test the petroleum possibilities adequately and intelligently. How can the petroleum resources of an entirely undeveloped area like the Philippines be estimated, where not even the areal extent of the various geologic formations is known? Obviously no calculated figure for assured future production can be derived. Yet a study of the evidence of the occurrence of petroleum, the character of the possible reservoir beds, the probable source rocks, the character and size of favorable structures, and the area over which petroleum-bearing rocks are known to occur, will throw some light on the question. The fact that rocks of the same geologic age and similar composition have been explored and are producing in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the south and in Formosa and Japan to the north also affect the problem, so that one can obtain some idea of the quantity of petroleum that may reasonably be expected from the Philippines. It is this measure of the possibilities rather than a definite calculation of petroleum reserves that is presented herewith. This paper will not attempt to describe, nor even to enumerate in detail, the occurrences of petroleum in the Philippines as such data have already been published. Fig. 1 indicates the localities where

Jan 7, 1922

By A. D. Hill, R. S. Schechter, M. P. Walsh, I. H. Silberberg, M. J. Humenick

There are many uranium deposits which are too deep, too poor in quality or too small in extent to be economically strip mined. It now appears that this uranium can be mined using in situ leaching processes. A number of field tests have been, are being or will be conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of In site leaching. Preliminary results are encouraging, but a major question concerns the restoration of the mine site, which is generally contained within an aquifer. It is necessary to ensure that the quality of the water is not adversely affected by the mining operation. One component of the lixiviant is necessarily a cation and, during the course of mining, the ion exchange sites of the minerals in the mine zone become saturated with this cation. Ammonium is the cation now commonly used. Clearly, any restoration procedure or question involving the rate of cation migration with the groundwater all necessarily involve the process of ion exchange coupled with flow in porous media. The equations describing this process are presented in this paper and numerical solutions obtained. Preliminary results showing the effect of isotherm shape, cation exchange capacity, flow and dispersion are presented. These results demonstrate that in many situations cation migration in ground water will be slow.

Jan 1, 1979

By Kenneth L. Cook

The five serpentine masses exposed within the northern half of Riley County, Fig. 1, constitute a major part of the few exposures of igneous rock in Kansas. Although not many subsurface data are available for this part of Riley County, six deep wells indicate that the basement complex lies between 2500 and 3000 ft below the earth's surface. A northwestward-trending ridge in the present basement surface, which extends across the northern half of Riley County, is indicated on Mettner's contour map. The serpentine masses lie in a region that was active during Pennsylvanian and Permian time along two main tectonic trends, which may, in part at least, have developed contemporaneously. One trend is northeasterly, as evidenced by the Nemaha anticline, the Abilene anticline, the Voshell anticline, and many other smaller northeastward-trending folds. The other trend is northwesterly, as evidenced by the central Kansas uplift, the Salina basin syncline, and smaller northwestward-trending folds. The area of the Abilene anticline was actively deformed during much of this time, and the present surface rocks, for the most part Permian in age, show many normal faults

Jan 5, 1955

By K. Hodgson, N. C. Joughin

The detailed mechanism of rockbursts and other forms of damage due to rock failure in underground mining is as yet unknown. Studies of the energy changes which necessarily occur when an excavation is made underground seem to provide the best understanding of the phenomena leading to rock failure and damage (see Cook 1). It is common knowledge that the damage and rockburst hazard increases with depth and is greatest at remnants and in regions mined in an irregular manner. The rate at which energy is released as an excavation is enlarged provides an objective parameter to describe mining geometry in terms which are significant to studies of rock failure. In this paper, it is shown empirically that the rate of energy release per unit area increase in the size of an excavation is closely related to seismicity and incidence of damage in the mine. Consequently, it is suggested that the energy release rate is an important parameter in the design of underground mine layouts. Observations were made at two mines: the East Rand Proprietary Mines, Ltd. (E.R.P.M.), at a depth of about 9000 ft, and at Harmony Gold Mining Co., Ltd., at a depth of about 5000 ft. At both of these mines continuous recording seismic networks were in operation. (See Cook and Joughin.3) DESCRIPTION At E.R.P.M. the gold-bearing reef dips at approximately 35 degrees and is presently being mined at depths from 8000 ft to 11,000 ft below surface. The rock surrounding the excavation consists of a very homogeneous quartzite extending far into the hangingwall and footwall. The stoping width is approximately 40 in.

Jan 1, 1967

By O. B. Hopkins

Activity in the oil industry in Peru during 1930 was confined almost entirely to the three old producing fields in the northern coastal area. In the eastern part of Peru, in the valleys of the Maranon, Ueayali and Huallaga rivers, additional geologic work was carried on, but no drilling was undertaken. The Peruvian Government granted a concession on June 27, 1930, to W. R. Davis and associates for the building of a railroad from the west coast at Bayovar to Yurimaguas on the Huallaga River. This concession contemplates the construction of 800 to 900 km. of railroad across the Andes and carries with it a grant to the concessionaire of 12,500,000 acres of land with oil and mineral rights. A similar concession was granted in 1926 but after several extensions was rescinded in July, 1929, on the grounds that the concessionaire had failed to begin work on the railroad within the time limits of the contract and its extensions. The production in barrels from the three coastal fields of Peru has been as follows: 1929 1930 International Petroleum Co.......................... 10,821,117 9,766,922 Lobitos Oilfields, Ltd................................ 2,508,091 2,613,511 Zorritos........................................... 75,000a 78,000a 13,404,208 12,459,060 a Estimated. No definite figures available. Although not large, the Peruvian production has been steady during the past years. The reduction of approximately 8 per cent. in 1930 as compared with 1929 is the result of the world's overproduction and the attempt on the part of the International to restrict the output to conform with the available market. International Petroleum Company International Petroleum Co. owns the oldest producing property in Peru. The first well was drilled there in 1872. The cumulative production from the property from 1900 to 1930 inclusive has been over 92,000,-000 bbl. from an area of 15,000 acres. The recovery per acre has varied

Jan 1, 1931

By Richard D. Call

In any open pit, some slope instability can be expected, varying from bench sloughing to large-scale slope movement. Major slope displacements are preceded by small, but measurable, displacements and by other indicators of instability, such as tension cracks, rock noise, and changes in groundwater levels. A comprehensive monitoring pro- gram, capable of measuring and assimilating displacement related data, is essential for sound pit operation. The objectives of a pit slope monitoring program are 1) to maintain safe operational procedures for the protection of personnel and equipment; 2) to provide advance notice of instability so that mine plans can be modified to minimize the impact of slope displacement; and 3) to provide geotechnical information for analyzing the slope failure mechanism, for designing appropriate remedial measures, and for conducting future re-design of the slope. Surface displacement measurement using conventional survey equipment and extensometers has been the most widely used method, and it is still the most cost-effective. Tiltmeters and borehole inclinometers are also useful tools, and there are promising developments in micro- seismic monitoring. A monitoring system should have redundancy in both type and number of measurements, and be capable of rapid and effective dissemination of displacement information to those affected.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. J. Rutledge

FULLY 60 per cent of the serious and fatal accidents in Maryland coal mines are due to falls of roof and side. Usually, the victim of the fall sustains a broken back, sometimes not only the vertebrae being fractured but the spinal cord also being severed. When the spinal cord has not been severed and yet the vertebrae have been broken or injured, it is often possible to rehabilitate the victim of the broken back. - Such accidents are classed as Permanent Total and the victim receives a certain compensation from the State Industrial Accident Commission; sometimes the amount is awarded in a lump sum, but usually it is paid weekly. When the amount allotted to the victim of such an accident has been expended, either in a lump sum or weekly payments, the victim of the accident is dependent on public charity. Some efforts have been made to physically rehabilitate the victims and make them at least partly self-supporting before the expiration of their compensation payments. The State Industrial Accident Com-mission has done some of this rehabilitation. The Maryland Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with R. C. Thompson, Supervisor of Vocational Rehabilitation, State Department of Education, and his assistants, has, through an informal cooperative arrangement, placed several of the victims in hospitals in Baltimore for treatment. Six years ago, through the efforts of the Maryland Bureau of Mines, a dozen or more broken-back victims were examined by an orthopedic surgeon and report was made to the Bureau regarding such cases and the possibility of their rehabilitation. This paper details the result of such examinations.

Jan 1, 1936

By Arthur Knapp

The law of supply and demand is, in general terms, that law which governs the price of any commodity in an unrestricted competitive market. There are several variables which, for the purpose of this discussion, will be defined only as they apply to the petroleum industry: Production: The volume of petroleum that is moved from leases. Stocks: The volume of petroleum that is in the hands of the tank farm and pipeline companies. Inventory: The value of the stocks at the market. Consumption: The indicated delivery of oil to others than those who hold stocks. Demand: The potential absorbing power of the consuming market. Demand is the expression of the needs of the consumer and may depend on the economic value of the oil to the consumer. In times of low prices, the demand is the same as the consumption but during periods of high prices or deficiency in supply, the demand may be greater than consumption. A general expression of the law is as follows: production or consumption Some relation between stocks and or controls price or demand inventory The Law as Applied to Crude-oil Market The above general expression of the law shows that there are six relations between variables that must be investigated in any attempt to establish the exact status of price control at any time. Production vs. Consumption If stocks of crude oil were very low, so that the flow of oil to the market was directly from the producer to the consumer and not, in a large measure, through stocks, some relation between production and consumption would be proportional to price changes. We have no criterion whereby we can tell, at present, what volume of stocks and production

Jan 1, 1924

On Wednesday evening, Jan. 27, 1915, were held in the auditorium of the Engineering Societies Building the inaugural exercises of The Engineering Foundation, established by the United Engineering Society. The initial gift to the Foundation of $200,000, made by Ambrose Swasey, Past President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, was formally accepted at this time. So far as known this is the first instance of a foundation devoted to engineering purposes. This meeting con-stituted also an appropriate tribute to the generous gift made to the Foundation and gave opportunity for expression of the satisfaction and approval which are felt by engineers everywhere at the establishment of a means of promoting the good of mankind through the work of the engineer along the broadest lines. Gano Dunn, President of the United Engineering Society and Past President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, acted as presiding officer, and on the platform were seated representatives of the three societies constituting the United Engineering Society, and of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Members of the four societies and many other friends interested in the profession composed the audience.

Jan 3, 1915

By J. W. Gilbert

DuriNG the sinking of the Needmore shaft, on one of the leases of the Eagle-Picher Mining and Smelting Co north of Webb City, Missouri, a very strong flow of water was encountered at a depth of 140 ft. Because OF the speed at which the water rose in the shaft after pumping was discontinued, and in order to speed up sinking operations, a new type of shaft bar and drilling equiprnent was devised, which saved approximately one hour on each shift This bar is made of an ordinary scren type shaft bar with a common drill arm attached to the bar by clamps and welded Into place To this drill arm is attached an ordinary arm clamp with set collar below Through this clamp is attached another drill bar of ordinary length so constructed that it slides back and forth and rotates around the perimeter of the shaft on the set collar A tripod saddle with legs removed is welded to the rotating bar, which enables the drill operator to drill holes at any angle completely around the shaft and also, after an arm extension, permits the drilling of the corner holes without removal of the rig from the saddle Upon completion of the drilling of a shaft round, all that is necessary for the complete removal of the drill machine and shaft bar is to engage the hoist hook through a. ¾-in. eye provided for that purpose on top of the bar and disconnect the air and water lines from the machine, thereby making it possible to pull the whole apparatus out in one piece. At no time is it necessary to remove the machine from the saddle Screw jacks are installed on the vertical bar to further ensure the rigidity of the shaft and bar arm. The accompanying sketch illustrates the details and method of setting up.

Jan 1, 1946

By Walter S. Weeks

THE process of cooling air by allowing it to expand and do work in an engine is well known, but the theory of obtaining cold air by free expansion without the aid of an engine operating with cutoff has been little discussed. Case 1 If compressed air is allowed to expand to the atmospheric pressure through an orifice in an sir line that is supplied by a running compressor, no cooling results except the negligible one due to the Joule-Thompson effect, which will not be considered in this discussion. The effect of moisture will also be neglected. Symbols P1 Absolute pressure in pipe line, lb. per sq. ft. P3 Atmospheric pressure, lb. per sq. ft. V1 Volume occupied by 1 lb. air in pipe. V3 Volume occupied by 1 lb. air at P3. Cv Specific heat of air at constant volume, B.t.u. per lb. per deg. F. Cp Specific heat at constant pressure, B.t.u. per lb. per deg. F. T1 Absolute temperature of air in pipe, deg. F. T3 Absolute temperature of air outside after expansion and mixing and coming to rest. J Mechanical equivalent of heat (778 ft. lb.) R Gas constant for air, ft-lb. per deg. F. = 53.3. Formulas Consider 1 lb. of air moving out of a pipe. The air behind it does work on it to the extent of P1V1 ft-lb. This work is really done by the thrust of the piston of the compressor and does not come from any energy that exists in the air in the pipe. The pound of air contains

Jan 1, 1937

By Clarence Hicks

THE labor policy, of the Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) is founded. first of all on paying at least the prevailing scale of wages in the community; on, the eight-hour day, with time and one-half for overtime; one day's rest in seven; sanitary and up-to-date working conditions; just treatment assured each employee; payment of accident benefits beyond the amount prescribed by the State compensation law; health supervision by a competent medical staff; payment of sickness benefits after one year's service; cooperation with employee in promoting thrift and better social and housing conditions; and assurance for a generous annuity at the age of 65, guaranteed for life after 20 years of service. Most of these features have been a part of the company's policy for many years, but it is only during the past two years that the cooperation of employees in determining these matters has been definitely assured through industrial representation. Industrial representation, in the Standard Oil Co., is a principle rather than a procedure. It is built upon the belief that personal association of those interested in any problem leads to a mutual understanding and a fair decision as to what is right. Fully believing in this, principle, representatives of employees and representatives of management evolved a simple plan, the basis of which is that it gives every individual employee representation at joint conferences on problems and fundamental principles affecting all those interested in the industry. It is based on cooperation, not antagonism; its operation makes perfectly clear both to management and to employees that their interests are identical, that mutual understanding and cooperation insure progress and success for all. Furthermore, experience has definitely shown that representatives of the employees are not only alert for the employees' interests but are as keen as the representatives of the management in determining and insisting upon fairness to the employer.

Jan 3, 1920

By C. W. Mallett

The distribution and properties of interseam and overburden rocks in coal mines is largely controlled by conditions at the time of their original deposition. Within the developed areas of the Bowen Basin, depositional environments range from fluvial through upper and lower detaic, to marginal marine and intertidal facies. Each environment has a characteristic association of lithologies with specific range of properties, and each lithology has a characteristic geometry. Fragmentation problems are associated with ancient sand channel systems, where the difficulties encountered depend on the dimension and shape of channels, their continuity, orientation to mining face and associated sediment bodies formed as levees or interdistributary muds. Stability problems in spoil, pit floor and highwalls are usually associated with mudstones which contain swelling clays derived from the original Permian volcanic source. This clay problem is aggravated by deep Tertiary weathering. Case studies are presented of detailed analyses and prediction of geomechanical properties on a mine site scale. These are used in investigating or forecasting fragmentation and stability hazards. The studies incorporate detailed field mapping, bore log data and computer data processing. They allow the development of detailed depositional models for specific interseam intervals within mines. As areas of depositional environment are identified they allow the construction of maps of similar mining conditions and the determination of the most suitable mining techniques.

Jan 1, 1983

By James J. Scott

INTRODUCTION This paper presents the basic principles which must be followed to create a truly inherently safe mining system. The need to relate the support mechanism to be employed to the ground reaction curve and basic rock mechanics principles will be pointed out. The support system must function in concert with the deformations that are inherent in the selected mining system. Following the support selection, the mechanics for installing support must be developed. This is best done through a cooperative effort between mine engineers, mine operators, safety personnel, equipment sup- pliers, and government inspectors both state and federal. Accident statistics, near miss statistics, review of equipment used by others, geologic features, etc. will necessarily have to be studied. The goal of equipment development and selection should be to develop inherent safety by removing the miner from the hazard area or by providing absolute protection for the miner if he must work in close proximity to the potential fall of ground. The role of good productivity in reducing the numbers of men exposed to hazards is emphasized as a good safety measure ROCK MECHANICS PRINCIPLES A thorough understanding of the ground reaction curve surrounding openings to be created is essential in the

Jan 1, 1982

AN extremely successful meeting, under the joint auspices of the Ohio Section and the Iron and Steel Committee, was held at Cleveland on April 19 and 20, about one-half of those in attendance being from the Cleveland district and the other half from a distance. The morning session on April 19, C. K. Leith presiding, was opened by the presentation of the ad-dress of which an excerpt is printed on the opposite page. In the subsequent discussion R. A. Allen pointed out that the meeting had not been called "to blow the lid off the tariff" since that is only one of the many problems connected with the wisest utilization of man-ganese, and it was the purpose of this meeting to con-sider all those interdependent problems. The purpose of the tariff was to develop an adequate domestic sup-ply, and that result had not been accomplished. An-other important problem, linked with the tariff, is the need for assuring, while we are at peace, an adequate war supply of manganese, and at present this country has no such policy. D. F. Hewett said that his 3-months' trip in Europe last summer had impressed him with the fact that England had once been in the position United States now is in, of being the principal world's producer of all the more important minerals and with a declining reserve had gone on a free-trade basis. No one pointed out that, with the exception of tin, the present relative position of England is due more to an increase in pro-duction in other countries, rather than to a decrease of domestic production. J. Sharshall Grasty referred to recent development work-in Virginia where of 30 per cent easily concen-trated manganese ore about 300,000 tons has been blocked out and possible and probable ore amounting to 700,000 tons more is indicated.

Jan 5, 1927

By A. Dorsey Lyon

INTRODUCTION A GREAT DEAL of attention has recently been given to the metallurgy of zinc, and much of that which has been said and written on this subject has been in the nature of a criticism. For instance, we are quite accustomed to hearing it said that the metallurgy of zinc has stood still, that it is antiquated, out of date, etc. We are, however, inclined to agree With George C. Stone1 When he says that, although there have been no such spectacular and radical changes as Were worked in the metallurgy of copper and iron by the introduction of converters, there has nevertheless been a decided and marked progress in the metallurgy of zinc, and especially during recent years. However, it must be admitted that, due to the fact that the chemistry of zinc is so different from that of the other metals, the retort process is the only process by which zinc is produced commercially; and, moreover, that losses which occur in the zinc industry-that is, in the mining, milling, and smelting of zinc ore-are very great, for it is stated' that probably less than 50 per cent. of the zinc mined, even

Jan 7, 1914

By J. P. Norris, W. T. Pettijohn

The Mufulira Copper Mine, Ltd., is in Northern Rhodesia, ten miles from the Belgian Congo border, and is one of the group of four operating mines comprising the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt. The ore deposits at Mufulira are on the limb of a large syncline striking NW.-SE. and dipping NE. at about 45 deg towards the Congo border. The host rocks are well-consolidated, highly-silicified, felspathic quarzites of the lower part of the pre-Cambrian Séries des Mines of the Katanga. The ore rocks are underlain, unconformably, by the older "Muva Series," in this case hard, green, metamorphosed quarzites. There are three superimposed orebodies, the first, or upper, orebody averaging 40-ft true thickness with a strike length of about 5000 ft, the second, or middle, orebody of about 50-ft true thickness with a strike length of about 6000 ft, and the third or lower orebody of around 60-ft true thickness with a strike length of 8000 ft. The orebodies are separated by varying widths of waste, or very low-grade ore, from a few feet up to 50 ft. The middle and lower orebodies are so close together for a strike length of 3000 ft that they are mined as one orebody. In all, the mineralized zone is about 200 ft in true thickness.

Jan 6, 1950

By Joe L. Ratigan

INTRODUCTION Rock mechanics engineers are seldom concerned with obtaining the tensile or fracture strength of brittle rock at low mean stresses. The reason for this is two fold. Firstly, the behavior of many excavations in brittle rock is controlled by the inherent discontinuities in the rock mass. Because of the jointing and faulting, tensile strength is usually taken to be negligible. The second reason that tensile strength is seldom obtained in the laboratory is that the technology of utilizing this strength measure in design is undeveloped. Despite the fact that tensile strength of brittle rock is often ignored, there are a number of applications in rock mechanics wherein the knowledge of tensile strength is of fundamental importance. The apparent tensile strength must be known in a hydraulic fracture experiment if the state of in situ stress is to be determined from the initiation of the hydraulically induced fracture. In certain underground situations, the apparent tensile strength of intact rock beams defined by jointing or bedding planes is important in determining required rock bolting. Numerous other situations require a knowledge of apparent tensile strength including such high technology uses of underground space as geothermal energy extraction and LPG storage. Three observations are invariably made when intact rock samples are taken into the laboratory and tested to determine tensile strength. (1) The apparent tensile strength depends on the sample size (the 1 arger the specimen, the lower the tensile strength)

Jan 1, 1982

By A. J. Lanza

IN view of the immense amount of attention that silicosis has received in this country in the past few years, it is timely to review the status of the silicosis problem at present. Who gets silicosis? The individual exposed to the inhalation of free silica dust. The effects upon the individual depend upon the amount of silica inhaled or, in other words, the severity of exposure, rather than upon any special variation or susceptibility among those exposed. A considerable amount of study has been given to determine what may be the role of predisposing causes in the development of silicosis. To men-tion one instance, at the Picher Clinic careful records were kept of all previous illnesses of the men examined as well as abnormalities present at the time of examination. Examinations of over 27,000 miners were made during the years the clinic was conducted under governmental auspices-a very fair sized sample. The general conclusions from all this work were that the incidence of silicosis is not appreciably influenced by racial, structural, or other inherent qualities; it is influenced by acquired defects-particularly as these affect the lungs. That is to say, the average run of human beings respond similarly to similar exposures to silica dust and those whose lungs are already impaired by tuberculosis or other pulmonary disease acquire silicosis more readily than those with healthy lungs. It may well be, and there is some clinical evidence in support, that negroes acquire silicosis more readily than do whites, but the infection factor has not been so carefully studied among negroes exposed to silica as it has among whites. We know that tubercle infection is more prev-alent among negroes than among whites. There may be other factors concerned in the development of silicosis in negroes as compared to whites, but there is not available information upon which to base posi-tive statements.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. J. Mechin

IN the early part of 1934, the St. Joseph Lead Co. purchased from the Kadco Corporation three dust-removal units, two suitable for raise work, and the other for drifting operations. The equipment was installed at the Balmat mine, in St. Lawrence County, New York. The Kadco dust-control system can be briefly described as one in which hoods, through which the drill steel is drawn, control the dust at the drill hole, the dust is conveyed through rubber hose or pipe to a collector, where it is removed from the air stream, and the air is then available for recircula-tion in the working place. As during the last few years a number of studies had been completed for the purpose of determining whether or not the dust was effectively removed by the Kadco system, and as the dust counts taken in these tests apparently indicate that it was, the St. Joseph Lead Co. was only inter-ested in obtaining data to show the efficiency of drilling, expressed in terms of minutes per foot drilled, when -using Kadco equipment, in comparison with the former method of drilling dry in a raise and drilling wet in a drift. Comparative dust counts were taken at Balmat, however, by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. to show the difference in the dust content of the air in which the operators worked when drilling dry, wet, or with the Kadco equipment.

Jan 1, 1935