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By Charles A. Ashburner

The existence of natural gas-springs in Pennsylvania and the adjoining States west of the crest of the Allegheny Mountains was known to the earliest settlers. Possibly the first gas obtained from a well was at Fredonia, Chautauqua County, N. Y., where a well was sunk on the bank of Canadaway Creek, near the Main Street bridge, in 1821, and sufficient gas obtained for 30 burners, the inn having been illuminated by the gas when General Lafayette passed through the village about 1821. In 1858 another well was drilled, which supplied 200 burners. A still larger one was drilled to a depth of 1200 feet in 1871. According to Mr. E. J. Crissey, Secretary of the Fredonia Natural Gas Light Company, the average monthly supply of these wells in 1880 was 110,000 cubic feet. Since 1859, when the drilling of oil-wells in Western Pennsyl-

Jan 1, 1886

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of June, 1913: Members. ANGERER, VICTOR, Vice-Prest. and Genl. Mgr., Wm. Wharton, Jr. &, Co., Inc., 25th St. and Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BULLOCK, ALLYN, Min. Engr., Hazleton, Pa. CUNNINGHAM, NOEL Met. Engr. Hollinger Gold Mines Ltd., Timmins, Ont Canada ESTABROOK, EDWARD L., Supt. of Colliery 426 Center St., Ashland, PA. GATES A. O. Instructor Purdue Univ. La Fayette Ind. 1 LUDLUM, ALBERT C., Prest., New York Engrg. Co., ,2 Rector St., New York, N. Y. MILLER, HERBERT F., Met. Engr P. O. Box 142, Verona, Pa. MORTON, ELMER T., Min. Engr Clifton, Ariz. MURFIT, RICHARD H.. Fdv. Asst Hess Steel Castings Co., Bridgeton, N.J. QUAYLE, THEODORE W., Chief Sampler, Metcalf Mines, Arizona Copper Co., Metcalf, Ariz.

Jan 7, 1913

By C. Edward Capes

Fine particles in liquid suspension can be agglomerated by a number of mechanisms. Well-known methods include the addition of electrolyte to reduce the zeta potential and allow mutual adhesion arid the use of polymeric flocculants to bridge between the particles. A more recent technique, "spherical Agglomeration", is the subject of this paper. The process involves the addition of a second liquid which is immiscible with the suspending liquid and preferentially wets the particles to cause particle adhesion by capillary liquid bridges. Progress in the application of spherical agglomeration to a number of distinct technological fields is reviewed in this paper. The areas of interest include the formation of dense, highly spherical agglomerates, the separation of solids from suspension and the fractionation of complex, multi-component solids mixtures, such as ores. Some of the more interesting recent applications in the energy and environmental fields, such as the beneficiation of' coal and tar sands, are highlighted.

Jan 1, 1977

By AIME AIME

As already announced in the January Bulletin, this publication will be issued during the coming year monthly instead of bi-monthly as heretofore. Among other reasons for this change, it is desired to effect thereby the earlier transmission to members of important papers, lists of candidates for membership, and other items of timely information. Spokane Meeting and Excursions. Further details of the' 97th meeting of the Institute have been sent to members in the Circular of May 8, 1909. For, convenience of the members a summary of the additional in¬formation is here presented. A special train of Pullman cars will leave Chicago about September 15. This train will be side-tracked at all places visited, and the sleepers will be available for lodging and the dining-car for meals during the entire trip, except during the Yellowstone Park tour. The general. cost of the trip per member will be $300, which includes transportation, berth, and meals for the entire trip from Chicago back to Chicago, almost 6,000 miles, and the tour through Yellowstone Park, occupying in all about 30 days. Special accommodations on the train will be furnished at the following, rates

May 1, 1909

By Owen S. Roberts

During the design phases of a conveyor system, the question arises regarding the type of drive required for each application. The paper shows that the correct drive for any particular application is the one that satisfies the criteria established for that application in the most economical manner consistent with such considerations as site location, availability of spare parts, area environmental conditions, power supplies available, etc. Following discussions of various mechanical arrangements for the drives, motor types and their characteristics are considered along with the control means of modifying these characteristics to satisfy individual requirements. These characteristics are all illustrated graphically. After selecting the motor and its starter, control accessories and interlocking arrangements as applied to material handling systems are discussed.

Jan 1, 1973

By H. K. Work

THE instrument for the rapid determination of carbon in steel, described in this paper, was developed originally to facilitate the opera-tion of the pilot-sized open-hearth furnace in the Jones & Laughlin Research and Development Laboratory. In this small furnace, with its shallow bath, the drop in carbon is accelerated, and a rapid, reliable test for carbon content is indispensable. This problem becomes rather acute when it is desired to finish heats at a carbon content higher than can be estimated with any degree of accuracy by the fracture test. Several independent methods for determining carbon were investigated, therefore, and it was found that a relatively simple magnetic device could be made to give reproducible results. A laboratory instrument was designed and set up for the use of the furnace operators. It was tested exhaustively in the laboratory and was used with considerable success for following the carbon content in the furnace bath. As soon as suffi-cient data had been compiled to indicate that the instrument might have a wider application, a more rugged model was constructed and placed in the mill to be tested on commercial heats. Finally, about a year ago, instruments were furnished to the plant open-hearth shops, and these have been in use since that time. As a matter of convenience, the instrument has been named the "Carbanalyzer," and will be referred to by this designation in the following pages. ?

Jan 1, 1939

Jan 1, 1902

By J. H. Johnson, H. J. Schock

The cases of no auxiliary ventilation and ventilation with tubing were mathematically modeled, using a turbulent dispersion model. The Scooptram® used to load is modeled as a variable-speed, variable-strength source of pollutants moving in and out of the dead-ended drift. Model predictions are compared to experimental measurements. A parametric analysis was performed to determine If a relationship existed between C02 and NO levels. It was concluded from this analysis that when modeling a load-haul-dump cycle, it is necessary to use a model that can predict changes in source strength as well as source location. Carbon dioxide was used as a tracer to calibrate the model since, knowing the fuel flow rate, it is possible to calculate C02 production. The model was then verified after this calibration process using additional experimental results. With the calibrated model, it is possible to predict pollutant concentrations at any location in the heading using an engine map and the previously calculated flow field.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. B. Mather

GEOLOGICAL studies have revealed the occurrence of hundreds of pegmatite dikes in north- east Brazil, Fig. 1, in the three states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, and Ceara. Heretofore data have not been available on the possible production of lithium minerals from these areas, and in March, April, and May 1953 the author undertook a reconnaissance survey covering a cross-section of the pegmatites. Sixty-one pegmatites were examined. The pegmatites of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba are located in an arid region (Seratao), and except in the most southerly portion there is a mini- mum of vegetation and overburden. The region is easily prospected and relatively accessible by jeep or truck. The pegmatites examined in Ceara are in an area of lush vegetation along the flanks of the Jaqueribe River valley. It is therefore more difficult to prospect, and the dirt roads, as a means of access, leave much to be desired. For all practical purposes rail transportation, except in Ceara, is not available. The rocks of the area1-4 are composed of Pre-Cambrian schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marbles. They have been intruded by granites, monzonites, and diorites and cut by quartz veins and pegmatites.

Jan 9, 1954

By Vincent Carlsson

A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken to clarify how pellets are affected by alkali circulating in the blast furnace. The investigation has been performed with acid and basic pellets in a special furnace. Experiments were carried out to ascertain the influence of potassium on swelling and reducibility when added at different stages of reduction. After that, the significance of the quantity of potassium added in the hematite stage was studied. A parallel experiment with sodium as the alkali component was also con- ducted. Besides these vaporization experiments the effect of alkali on softening and reduction characteristics at high temperatures was investigated. The results showed that alkali always increases swelling, especially when added in the hematite stage. The addition of alkali increases reducibility of acid pellets during reduction from wustite to 70 % reduction. The softening temperature is significantly lowered by the addition of alkali and is, in any case, lower for acid pellets than for basic pellets. The microscopic studies showed that alkali ferrites can be formed irrespective of the influence of alkali on the slag phase.

Jan 1, 1977

By R. W. Raymond

By the death of Prof. Pettee the Institute has lost one of its earliest, most distinguished, most useful and most beloved members. Among those who survive him there are few who have rendered services of equal professional value or unselfish devotion. The warrant for this statement will be amply furnished in the present brief notice of his life and work. William Henry Pettee was born, January 13,1838, at Newton Upper Falls, Mass., where hie childhood and youth were spent. His father, Otis Pettee, a manufacturer of cotton cloth and of cotton-mill machinery, died in 1853. Up to that time, the son had been educated mainly in the district school; but, being inclined by temperament and constitution rather to books and study than to physical exertion, he had been wisely rest,rained in mental activity, and required, for a season, to work regularly in the foundry and machine-shop of his father. Unquestionably, this discipline not only benefited his health, but also constituted a valoable preparation for his subsequent professional career. In 1857, after suitable preliminary study at various New England academies, he entered Harvard College, where he took high rank in the classical course then required, was selected in his Junior gear to deliver a Latin oration; was elected a mem-

Jan 1, 1905

By W. J. Nelson, R. B. Nance

Detailed underground geologic mapping at a scale of 1:1200 has been carried out at the Crown II Mine of Freeman United Coal Mining Co., which operates in the Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member. The roof sequence, upward from the coal, includes (1) soft, medium -to dark-gray shale; (2) hard, black, fissile shale; (3) argillaceous nodular- bedded limestone, and (4) fine-pined, shaly, water-bearing sandstone. The first unit is highly lenticular, and any or all may be missing at a given locality. The sandstone has a sheet facies and a channel facies. The Herrin Coal is eroded in channels near the Crown II Mine. Structural features mapped at Crown II include normal and strike-slip faults and limestone "bosses." Less stable roof and wet conditions are encountered where the limestone is thin or missing or where it is broken by natural fractures or by artificial openings that intersect the water-bearing strata above the limestone. Geologic mapping of the underground workings has allowed us to predict faults, fracture zones, and channels ahead of the face for this mine. Some lithologic and structural pattern apparently are random and cannot now be projected. Conventional exploratory drilling is entirely inadequate to map faults or lithology of the roof, but it does indicate the range of lithologic variability, which can be used to project needs for roof supports. Drilling also is useful in locating channels and in mapping regional variation in thickness and facies of the sandstone.

Jan 1, 1983

By Michel Daghert, Michel David

In the exploitation of large porphyry type deposits where a cut-off has to be applied and where "internal waste" exists, planning people ask the geologist for the estimated grade of small blocks. Comparison with actual production figures and blast hole assays shows that any kind of weighted average of neighboring DDH (diamond drill hole) samples provides an excessingly smooth picture of reality, resulting most of the time in overevaluation of tons of ore. Solutions based on examination of Past production data exist14 but it would be necessary to have a solution which can be applied before production starts as the preceeding problem also results in an overestimation of the total reserves, often by as much as 20%, thus changing the mine life accordingly and destroying any "optimum planning" which could have been done. The proposed alternative is to forecast the grade distribution of small blocks in a larger block, sufficiently well documented. Several Possible ways to estimate these distributions are reviewed and emphasis is placed on recently developed methods (source G. Matheron) where the coefficients of the orthogonal polynomial series expansion of the distribution of any size of block are directly estimated by kriging. The efficiency of the technique is tested on a level of the Cyprus Pima open pit where the predicted recovery is compared to actual production figures.

Jan 1, 1980

Within the last century, and largely during the latter half of it, the increase of our knowledge of the development of man, both in his search for a livelihood and for power, and in the growth of his reason and conscience, has been greater than all we had known before. The great interest in all kinds of archaeological work and the many excavations made of buried and long forgotten places has put at our disposal historical records not available, and in many cases not known before, and a study of these and other records of human progress from paleontological and geological sources has given us a much broader view of what we call "civilization" than was possible even a short time ago. The old idea that men were created with fully developed minds, speech and reason has yielded to the view that in the upward progress of the human race the development of the mind and reason has been a comparatively recent occurrence, as we think of the half million, and probably more, years that have passed since our earliest records of man were made. The traits that come to us without effort

Jan 1, 1935

By R. S. Shoemaker, D. L. Harris

Past investigations into the possibility of concentrating the low-grade iron ores of the Gogebic Range in Wisconsin have been hampered by the complex association of the constituent minerals. In part the problem arises from the fact that the iron occurs essentially as two minerals, hematite and goethite, having nearly the same chemical composition but exhibiting different physical properties. Individual grains of these minerals are usually so small that the ore must be ground to a size finer than 325 mesh if substantial liberation of the minerals is to be secured. Appraisal of beneficiation tests on this iron ore requires, therefore, some method of determining quantitatively the contents of constituent minerals in the various products of the beneficiation. Because of the chemical similarity of the two iron minerals, chemical analyses do not provide a means of differentiation. Although the minerals are different physically, they are both opaque and friable, and as the ore must be ground to a very fine size for liberation to be secured, quantitative microscopic methods of analysis are extremely difficult at best. In an effort to overcome these analytical problems, a quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis method has been developed at the University of Wisconsin for the research program on iron ore beneficiation.

Jan 5, 1955

By G. Carman Ridland

IN conjunction with a geological investigation of the silver-bearing veins at Contact Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, a survey was made with a Geiger-Müller counter of the gamma-ray emissions from the rocks in the vicinity of the mine workings. Discontinuous pitchblende veins have been encountered occasionally in the silver-bearing fissures, and the geophysical survey was undertaken with the hope that abnormally high gamma-ray intensities, if detected, might lead to larger and more continuous pitchblende discoveries. Before the instrument was used at Contact Lake, preliminary tests were made, first with laboratory specimens at Princeton University, and later over known pitchblende deposits at the Eldorado property, LaBine Point, N.W.T. The Geiger-Müller counter, as adapted for field use, is described; the technique of transporting and operating the instrument is outlined; and the general precautions to be observed are discussed. The results obtained at Great Bear Lake show that the instrument is capable of detecting not only a pitchblende ore shoot in a shear zone, but also the mildly radioactive "host rock" at a considerable distance from the ore body. Hence, use of the Geiger-Müller counter is urged, not just for the detailed search for an ore body in a shear zone, but for the detection of possible radioactive "host rocks" in large-scale reconnaissance surveys of unexplored regions made by prospectors and members of federal geological survey parties.

Jan 1, 1943

IT is necessary that all men who wish to bring things to a certain end should think of the agents needed to attain this. Now whichever one of the above processes you wish to use you must consider the nature of the material and see whether it is disposed to render what you wish to extract. Then you must see whether you have the other agents sufficiently powerful and proportioned to attain this result, for if the things were not in harmony your work would be vain and very laborious. Therefore, if you should wish to make waters or oils by way of distilla-

Jan 1, 1942

By Hallan N. Marsh

The subject of this paper is apt to bring to mind wells ranging from 6000 to over 8000 ft. in depth. However, it is uncommon to pump wells at depths greater than about 5000 ft. Fig. 1 shows the number of wells being pumped at various depths by one company in Southern California. A few companies have a very few wells pumping at depths greater than this. This paper will deal with wells between 3000 and 5500 ft. in depth. Most California oils at these depths are between 25" and 35" gravity. The subject is so broad that it will be necessary to omit many interesting phases, and to treat others very briefly. Power, power transmission equipment, power efficiency, counterbalancing, sucker rods, pumps and volumetric efficiency will be discussed. Power As a source of power, the 50/20-hp. electric motor is generally preferred. Input is generally between 10 and 25 hp. Due to the uneven-ness of the load, an input of 20 hp. on the low range is generally about all that these motors will carry without overheating, in spite of their overload capacity. In some cases the capacity of the motor limits the speed

Jan 1, 1929

By R. Hogg, R. Schaller, P. Luckie

OVERVIEW This paper is a review of two fine particle processing unit operations - classification and mixing. It may appear that these two processes have nothing in common. In fact, the simplified symbols used to represent them on flowsheets - a tipped equilateral triangle such that the base lies along the vertical - are totally reversed. For classification, a splitting action, the apex of the tipped triangle is to the left of the vertical base. A horizontal flow arrow indicating input is drawn to the apex while two horizontal flow arrows indicating outputs are drawn from the top and bottom of the vertical base, respectively. On the other hand, for mixing, a blending action, the apex of the tipped triangle is to the right of the vertical base. Two horizontal flow arrows indicating inputs are drawn to the top and bottom of the vertical base, respectively, while a single horizontal flow arrow indicating output is drawn from the apex. Classification is the process whereby a collection of particles is separated into two or more portions differing in some physical or chemical property. Mixing is the process whereby two or more portions of particles differing in some physical or chemical property are combined into a collection of particles. The common bond that links them together in the same review is the fact that they both require dispersion of the particles in order to achieve successfully their individual objectives.

Jan 1, 1980

By Michael J. Fiannnaca, Michael M. Easdon

Disseminated epithermal gold metallization occurs within a breccia unit interpreted to be a submarine debris flow. Gold is associated with oxidized pyrite, fluorite, and jasperoidal silica. A minimum of 8 Mt (9 million st) of open-pittable mining reserves will be cyanide heap leached as run-of-mine ore at a rate of 0.9 Mt (1.0 million stpy 1. Careful evaluation of the combined results of successive sampling projects has established the pit plan, minable reserves, and process metallurgy of the operation. The sampling procedure utilized for a given test depended upon geological interpretation as well as the procedures, successes, and failures of previous tests. This paper summarizes the sampling and testing procedures of the development effort in light of the project goals and attendant problems in achieving them.

Jan 1, 1985