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By Gusttavo Reis Leite Matos

Neste trabalho, a resistência à corrosão das ligas Ti-35Nb(0,0;0,5;1,0;1,5) Si e os metais puros, foram investigados em meio à saliva artificial fluoretada. Para tal, curvas de polarização, impedância eletroquímica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia óptica (MO) e difração de raios-X (DRX) foram realizadas. O MEV e MO indicam que as amostras que contém Si apresentam maior ataque comparado aos metais puros. Esse fato foi confirmado através dos ensaios eletroquímicos onde foi possível observar que as ligas com a presença do Si apresentam menor resistência de polarização (Rp) e não passivam a superfície do material.

Oct 30, 2017

By Estanislao Dunin

Aunque el Perú disponga de un potencial carbonífero suficiente, no ha logrado posicionarse como principal productor de carbón. Dicha crisis es atribuida al fracaso gubernamental en el manejo de difusión y gestión del carbón peruano. Por ello, el presente texto analiza este problema a través de la tenencia de yacimientos de carbón, entidades nacionales relacionadas con el carbón y así buscar un adecuado fomento de la minería en el carbón.

Nov 1, 1982

By P. James

"INTRODUCTION Control of target stream acidity is widely used in MIW (mining influenced water). Tailoring pH (a measure of acidity) finds application for controlling key chemistry in both process and waste streams. Traditional lime addition for neutralization and precipitation is most often used but has high reagent costs and results in large amounts of mixed metal sludge requiring costly disposal. A new adaptation of BPS’s patented DEMET™ technology (Dynamic Electrolytic Metal Effluent Treatment) platform offers a potentially improved and “reagentless” alternative to traditional chemical addition for pH adjustment. Electricity rather than chemical addition utilized in BPS’s proprietary approach controllably tailors target stream pH. The method offers a simple, low-cost processing technique yielding cleaner treatment chemistry. BPS’s “green” approach may yield lower operating (OPEX) and life cycle costs and significant reductions (up to 50%) in sludge generation compared to conventional lime treatment. It can also allow new opportunities to generate revenue via selective recovery of valuable processing byproducts. Specific savings and revenues depend on the target site chemistries, details, and processing goals. A more detailed discussion of the process and its operational principles may be found in Reference One.[1] Here application of the BPS treatment to POx (Pressure Oxidation) leaching as an alternative to traditional chemical addition is examined. An example operation process flow for gold mining is considered.[2] Promising processing points for potentially replacing conventional processes with DEMET are noted. The possibilities for lowering OPEX costs, lessening sludge creation, and capturing various valuable byproducts and residuals are examined. Financial life cycle benefit estimates of the principal gains provided by DEMET application to the example operation are noted. Extension and generalization of the analyses to a wider range of scenarios is explored."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. D. Smith

The Bureau of Mines (BOM) evaluated the technology, capital investment, and annual operating costs of emission control for further reductions of lead in ambient air at the East Helena, Montana, smelter, and the Glover, Herculaneum, and Buick smelter-refineries in Missouri. This study seeks to analyze the technology available to the domestic primary lead industry for attempting to further reduce lead emissions below 1985 levels. Through enclosure of concentrate unloading and handling areas and all lead-processing buildings, followed by venting these enclosures to the atmosphere through baghouses and the application of appropriate local controls, emissions can theoretically be reduced by a total of 2,424 pounds of lead per day from 1985 levels at the three Missouri operations. Using conventional technology, aggregated additional capital costs of $250,014,000 and annual operating costs of $18,507,800 are estimated for the four operations, resulting in a total cost of $0.063 per pound of refined lead. Continuous drossing techniques would assist in meeting OSHA standards in process areas. Continuous drossing would change capital and operating costs to $258,344,800 and $16,104,700, respectively, for a total cost of $0.062 per pound of refined lead. First quarter, 1986 open market price for refined lead was $0.184 per pound.

Jan 1, 1986

By A. K. Andersen

One of the prime examples of the versatility of the MARCONAFLO system, which is a body of technology comprising the means to handle, store, load, transport, discharge and reclaim mineral commodities in slurry form, is the direct application of this process to leaching ores. The initial approach was to provide a much improved materials handling system for the transport of copper ores; however, an extensive development program, inclusive of prototype and pilot plant tests, has established that a new leaching concept is possible with this system. Data are presented from the leaching operation of a 25 TPD pilot plant utilizing a copper-oxide ore, mainly chrysocolla. This pilot plant was designed to incorporate true countercurrent flow where the ore is actually in motion, as contrary to vat leaching operations, and the ore being successfully leached is fine crushed ore (3/8-inch x o), contrary to agitation leach circuits. Extractions in excess of 85% of the soluble values are common with only 15 hours of retention time in the MARCONAFLO leaching system.

Jan 1, 1975

By ANGELA NAIR AVELAR, Reiner Neumann, PAULO R. G. BRANDÃO

The understanding of the influence of the different types of apatite on the performance of mineral processing of igneous phosphate ores is still a challenge due to the difficulty to explain why some types of apatite floats in the froth flotation cell and others do not under the same conditions. Three types of apatite were identified by means of cathodoluminescence (CL) images in flotation concentrate and tailing samples from the Catalão mine: predominantly blue apatite, followed by green apatite and less frequently yellow apatite. The chemical composition of these types of apatite was determined by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) and LA-ICP-MS. Blue and green apatite respond well to the process, thus remaining in the concentrate, while yellow apatite remained in the tailings. Yellow apatite is the one bearing the lowest P2O5 content and the largest anionic and cationic sites substitution, followed by green apatite, whereas blue apatite is the most homogeneous, with highest P and Ca grades and lowest substitution level. A negative correlation of the amount of phosphorus with fluorine was observed. Furthermore, impregnation of iron oxide-hydroxides in the yellow apatite was also observed. Therefore, the low flotation behaviour is due to low crystallinity coupled with impregnation onto its surface.

Jan 31, 2022

By A Gibbs

The mining sector has been a leader in investing in safety improvement initiatives, yet relatively few mining organisations can accurately track the positive effects of these initiatives or identify areas that may require more attention. The consequences of not taking safety seriously are severe, and unfortunately injuries and fatalities are continuing to occur across the mining sector (Brady, 2019). There is a tendency to turn to lag indicators such as All Injury Frequency Rate (AIFR), Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate (TRIFR), and Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR) to track these outcomes. As outlined below these approaches are inherently flawed and a renewed focus is needed on indicators within the control of leaders, indicators that have high predictive validity for future events and data that is used in a way to enable learning and change.

May 5, 2022

By J. Currie, J. McManus, R. Chenier

"Cominco Copper Division's Valley Mine is located in the Highland Valley of British Columbia, approximately 275 km by air northeast of Vancouver. The nearest towns are Logan Lake, located IS km to the east and Ashcroft, located about 50 km to the northwest.Preproduction stripping of rock and overburden at the Valley Mine's Lake Zone Pit began in mid-1982 following a decision to discontinue mining in the adjacent Jersey Pit. Equipment and mining methods were carried over from the Bethlehem Copper operations which, with Valley Copper Mines, were merged into Cominco in December 1982.Blasting practices, as carried over from the Bethlehem pits, were designed to provide the fine fragmentation required to meet production requirements using the Bethlehem crusher. However, after mining the first few benches of the Lake Zone Pit, it became apparent that overblasting at the pit limits was causing a number of bench failures, as well as contributing to an over-all reduction of the material strength of the rock mass forming the southwest wall of the pit.With present ultimate pit plans calling for the southwest wall to be as high as 300 m, Valley staff realized that potential slope stability problems should be dealt with as early as possible. This philosophy would enable experimentation on phase pit walls in order to attain the optimum slope angle on the ultimate pit wall.As part of an over-a ll slope stability program, a controlled blasting program was initiated at the Lake Zone Pit in March 1983. In this program, Valley engineering and production staff worked together with Golder Associates in establishing design criteria and evaluating the results. This program resulted in a marked improvement in the soundness of pit walls while maintaining the required degree of fragmentation."

Jan 1, 1985

By Shu Fan Chau, Innes Duncan, Harry Asche, Bill Newns

The North Auckland Line (NAL) in Northland, New Zealand, is being upgraded to pass Hi-Cube containers. The line includes many tunnels and bridges which need to be refurbished to improve structural clearances and line capacity. Tunnel 2 along the line, the Makarau Tunnel, has posed special challenges. Opened in 1898, the tunnel suffered multiple collapses during construction and has shown significant distortion during operation. The tunnel has been repaired many times since opening. Successfully enlarging this delicate and distressed structure has involved historical research, advanced analysis and design, and careful construction. The results provide lessons for dealing with brick lined tunnels and poor ground conditions

Jun 13, 2021

By Dean Millar

Clean, green, cheap compressed air can be produced efficiently and renewably by modernization of a 19th century technology ?The hydraulic air compressor has no moving parts ?After commissioning, the Ragged Chutes HAC operated for 70 years, only being stopped twice for repairs to the intake heads ?Operates using hydropower from Montreal river ?Produced air for ~29 silver mines in Cobalt, 20 km distant

May 1, 2013

By Neussias Inocêncio Henrique

O processo de coqueificação em uma Coqueria do tipo Heat Recovery é baseado na queima da matéria volátil presente no carvão, principal combustível para aquecimento dos fornos. A Combustão dos gases tem que ocorre dentro da câmara primaria (interior do forno) e na câmara secundaria (Sole Flue). Devido a algumas interferências no processo de coqueificação não ocorre a queima completa dos gases no forno e com isso a combustão terciária ocorre nos coletores de gases (equipamento destinado apenas para transporte dos gases de combustão). Com a queima dos gases nos coletores temos o aumento de temperatura no interior do duto e como a estrutura refratária não foi projetada para suportar esse limite máximo de temperatura acontece a contração e posteriormente colapso do refratário causando perdas em todo o processo. Os principais benefícios após a aplicação dessa técnica é a redução no tempo de reparo, aumento do rendimento de aplicação da massa refratária e prolongamento na vida útil desse equipamento.

Aug 17, 2017

By T. Gupta, T. Ghosh

"Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and their compounds are essential for numerous modern high tech applications such as renewable energy technologies, catalysts and defense applications. The destabilization of REE pricing owing to the global demand and supply deficit has forced many countries to re-evaluate the possibility of indigenous production of REEs. Cost effective and eco-friendly opportunities are being widely explored for extraction of REEs from non-conventional mineral sources such as coal and coal byproducts to stabilize the supply chain. Coal from Central Alaska (Healy Coal Mine) and Southern Alaska-Cook Inlet (Wishbone Hill) province have been found to possess elevated REE concentrations as compared to average world coal estimates. The objective of the study is to enrich the REEs in the fine size fraction (-75 Microns) from Healy and Wishbone Hill by froth flotation technique. A Box-Behnken design was applied for modeling and optimization of some operating variables on the flotation to maximize REE enrichment. The variables studies were frother dosage, pulp density (% Solids) and collector dosage. Experiments were carried out using a statistical design and the main and interaction effects on response variable was evaluated by analyzing 3D response surfaces. Based on the experimental results the optimum flotation conditions for maximum REE enrichment in the froth fraction was obtained at 4.2% Solids and 32.7 ppm of frother dosage for Healy coal sample and 10% Solids and 37.9 ppm of frother dosage for Wishbone Hill coal sample. The quadratic equation for modelling and optimizing the response variable is found to be independent of collector dosage for both the coal samples. INTRODUCTION Alaskan coal deposits are distributed in three major coal provinces and are in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks. The climate, vegetation type and sedimentation process has attributed to low sulfur content (averaging 0.3 percent) in Alaskan coals compared to other coal deposits found across the globe. In Central Alaska-Nenana and Southern Alaska-Cook Inlet coal province coal resources are contained in Tertiary rocks while bulk of the Coal resource in North Slope coal province is contained in Cretaceous and Tertiary coal bearing rocks [1]. Coals from Central Alaska- Nenana (Healy) and Southern Alaska-Cook Inlet province (Wishbone Hill) have been found to possess elevated concentrations of critical REEs as compared to the amounts present in world coals (Figure 1). The Wishbone Hill deposit is considered a relatively small deposit, with about 14 million tons of identified reserves, compared to Healy which has over 500 million tons identified [2]. The REE concentrations up to 286 ppm and 524 ppm on ash basis have been reported by Gupta et al. in 2016 with elevated concentrations Ce, La, Y and Nd which are expressed to be of critical importance by US Department of Energy. Accordingly, the two coal samples possess the potential to be used as a REE resource in the near future under favorable socio-economic and geo-political scenarios. [3, 4]"

Jan 1, 2017

By Richard Harrison, Frank Lim

"Lifting of slurry from the seabed mining machine to the surface production vessel is a critical element of any deepwater seabed mining system. A Vertical Transport System (VTS) comprises pump(s), riser string, connectors and hang-off assembly as its main components, but it is the pipe material, riser configuration and installation method that often attract the most discussions.This presentation will feature important VTS design work 2H has done over the years for different stakeholders, and highlight the work carried out as a partner to the EU funded Blue Mining Joint Industry Project.The key challenges faced by a deepwater VTS are:??High riser payload??Large deck space for storing riser joints??Long time to deploy and retrieve riser??Uncertain metocean conditions??Vortex induced vibrations??Weld and connector fatigueIncreasing the water depth further sees the longer and increasingly ‘springy’ riser experiencing axial resonance caused by wave induced vessel heave motions being close to the riser resonant period. This can lead to snatch loading and fatigue failure in the riser.The presentation will discuss the above design issues, analysis requirements and provide guidance on pump/riser selection. Solutions to mitigate the resonant response issues will also be proposed.."

Jan 1, 2017

By V. T. BERNER

THIS apparatus was designed primarily to meet the demand for a quick, efficient stopping to seal off the burning area temporarily during a mine fire, but it can be used in any circumstance where an immediate brattice is required for ventilation control. In using the old style brattice, mine-rescue workers have found it difficult, in smoke-laden drifts and stopes, to erect an effective stopping with wooden frame and canvas. Stulls must first be cut to the proper length, the canvas tacked in place, and the numerous irregularities of the walls and back must be caulked. This operation requires the employment of axes, saws, and hammers, which cannot easily and safely be handled in dense smoke. The fire fighters have often been forced to abandon their brattice, unfinished, because of the rapid approach of the fire, or because of the exhausted sup- ply of oxygen in their breathing apparatus. It is neces-

Jan 1, 1930

By H. R. Babitzke, H. Kato, M. D. Carver

A number of columbium and tantalum alloys were investigated to determine their suitability for use at elevated temperatures . Columbium-vanadium , tantalum-vanadium , and tantalum-hafnium alloys , and also columbium- 10 wt pct titanium alloys modified with additions of 0.1 to 2 mole pct ZrO2 , TiO2 , ZrB₂ , TiB , ZrC, or TiC were prepared and examined . Workability , tensile properties , and oxidation resistance were tested . Of the columbium alloys studied , the columbium- 12 at . pct vanadium exhibited the best properties ; it compared closely with the columbium- 10 at . pct vanadium alloy studied in a previous investigation.

Jan 1, 1964

By Adrian C. Dorenfeld

Concentradora "Dana Aida" (100 t/d capacity) was built in 1971-1972 to treat dumps and ores containing mixed oxide-sulfide copper-gold-silver minerals from two veins. The veins, Don Felipe and aria are about 150 m apart, but are distinctly different mineralogically. The deposit is near San Juan de Guadalupe, Durango. Mexico. All new process equipment was manufactured locally, in or near Torreon, Coahuila. Sampling, ore testing, flowsheet design, plant design, drawings purchasing, financing, etc. was planned and directed by two engineers. Construction was executed by local miners and common labor (largely agricultural). The paper presents detailed costs for equipment and construction. The subsequent breaking-in operation is discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

By T. A. Rickard

Slovenliness is as reprehensible in words as in clothes. Much writing that we recognize as poor in style is merely sloppy. Just as some students postpone the necessary shave or forget to change their collars, so young engineers in writing drop their articles, definite and indefinite, or omit prepositions where they are required, possibly to compensate for these they use unnecessarily The work will begin [on] Saturday. The work will begin [on] Saturday. `Influenza seriously affected many mines [during] the last three months. Flotation in America [during] the last two years has made tremendous strides. Construction of the mill started [on] August 12, 1915, at which time 75% of the excavation was completed. The idea I wish to convey is [that] there are mineral deposits to which the present law applies badly. For this reason, if there was [for] no other, the ownership of the ore below and [of] the surface above should go together. When a unit of mapping is furnished, be the unit a claim or [a] group of claims, it is necessary .. . A fully stocked store was started in Park City and all employees [were] sold merchandise on a strictly cost basis. The word "merchandise" is left without government or agreement. I suggest: ". . . and merchandise] was sold to all the employees on a strictly cash basis.". The verb `be' is serving concurrently both as a principal and as an auxiliary in the following: At first the work was interesting and [was] liked by most of the men. The sulphide ore was more complex or [was] milled at an increased cost. The failure to repeat tie auxiliary verb in successive clauses is a common error, as in The filter is filled with liquid allowed to empty, and then ignited.

Jan 1, 1931

By Rodrigo Cesar de Miranda

A importância de descrever o processo de beneficiamento por um modelo matemático tem sido apresentada por vários pesquisadores. O principal benefício é o controle e a otimização do processo dentro de uma situação industrial. O modelo seria capaz de prever determinada variável de controle do processo a partir de dados conhecidos. Assim, a simulação dinâmica representa um marco no campo da otimização de processos minerais. Essa tecnologia de simulação tem uma ampla aplicação no estudo de processos, o que permite a obtenção do seu conhecimento e domínio operacional. Além disso, possibilita melhores definições nas etapas de projeto, além de realizar uma análise de confiabilidade mais realista. O presente trabalho consiste em realizar uma análise de confiabilidade, através da simulação dinâmica, para entender como as paradas não-programadas influenciam a produção de uma planta de beneficiamento de ferro. Ainda, visa entender o desempenho fenomenológico dos equipamentos de acordo com a entrada de diferentes tipos de minérios e também como são suscetíveis a condições climáticas.

Aug 17, 2017

By Manuel Enrique Rodriguez Blanc

A média do tempo tap to tap para refino de uma corrida de ferroníquel era 280 minutos. O objetivo do projeto é alcançar média de 240 minutos. Realizado análise das principais perdas de tempo do processo de refino de ferroníquel, análise dos tempos e métodos do processo de amostragem de ferroníquel e brainstorming com os operadores. A partir destas informações foi realizada revisão na receita de refino de ferroníquel com a utilização de cálcio silício ao invés de alumínio para desoxidar a escória e teste com sensores de silício (sem utilização de CAPEX) e proposto para CAPEX utilização de espectrômetro de emissão atómica/óptica para reduzir tempo de espera por resultados de laboratório. A revisão da receita reduziu o tempo tap to tap de corridas sem sucata para 211 minutos.

Oct 30, 2017

By G. St. J. Perrott, G. W. Jones

"In cooperation with The Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston, Mass., a survey was conducted in 1929 and 1930 by the United States Bureau of Mines to determine the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes and other underground openings owned by this company. The territory served approximates 650 square miles and includes 46 cities and towns. The transmission and distribution systems are on overhead construction and underground wires and cables run in underground conduits and manholes. There are 17,000 manholes on the system, and also an area in Boston proper served by the Edison tube system. These conduits and manholes are laid in various types of streets from the most modern type of cement roadbed to the older type of loose macadam. The conditions as found could be considered as typical of any public utility in the electric-light and power field. The survey extended over a period of about a year beginning in June, 1929, and ending in July, 1930, and during this time 1,765 different manholes were tested and a total of 4,068 tests were made.Previous to starting the actual survey, one of the writers, G. W. Jones, spent considerable time in Boston determining the best methods of practical· test procedure. In this work cooperation was given by John Campbell, superintendent, special service department, who for a number of years has been making a study of explosions in underground street areas and preventive measures in Boston and various cities.After this preliminary investigation the tests were continued by employees of the Edisun Company. Copies of all records of tests were forwarded to the United States Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Experiment Station so that the writers were in close touch with the progress of the survey, and changes could be made in the test procedure whenever deemed necessary."

May 1, 1931