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By William Gilman

IN the past five years, and without much fanfare, Turkey has emerged as a significant figure in the world mining picture. This has been accomplished by a five-year plan now in its last year. A second five-year plan is already under way, ahead of schedule. It will concentrate even more than the first in developing Turkish mines in order to increase present exports of coal, chrome ore, and copper, and to develop new mineral exports as well. To be fully understand the republicic?s mining program should be considered as something more than merely tapping rich resources in the East along the Aegean Sea, in the North among the mountains descending to the Black Sea, and in the West at the foot of the Taurus Mountains. It should also be viewed in the light of a strong nationalist policy with many aspects of state socialism. Turkey declares frankly that all mineral re- sources belong to the nation and all exploitation should be by the state for the twin purpose of modernizing the state and securing foreign exchange for the state by exports. Accordingly, the principal mines are state-operated and a few lesser enterprises, although not state-owned, have at least been put in the hands of Turkish capital.

Jan 1, 1938

By V. A. Luganov

The processing of pyrite concentrates may be accomplished with a preliminary enrichment due to withdrawal of iron sulfides from initial concentrate. The withdrawal of iron sulfides is possible with the help of magnetic separation when the magnetic iron sulfides (pyrrhotites) separate from non-magnetic fraction?the sulfides of non-ferrous metals. The conversion of non-magnetic pyrite to magnetic pyrrhotites of adjusted structure occurs because of roasting with the withdrawal a part of sulfur. The resultant pyrrhotites are strong ferromagnetic with hexagonal structure. This paper contains results of studying magnetic properties of pyrrhotites, findings of the de-composition of initial pyrite with the consequence homogenizing of product and hardening of product of decomposition in liquid nitrogen. Define the type of pyrrhotites super lattice structure, was established that at increasing of sulfur contention the magnetic properties of pyrrhotites are change ? pyrrhotite begin evince the properties of antiferromagnetic material and magnetic susceptibility of material is interruptive changing from 0 to 1.7×10-3~1.9×10-3 SI units/g system. The paper contains results of technological researching of pyrrhotizing-magnetizing roasting of pyrite concentrates in different condition: in unoxidizing, with the decreasing contention of oxygen and in autogenous regime in air atmosphere. Established that the magnetic susceptibility of products depend of pyrite degree dissociation and achieve 2×10-3~3×10-3 SI units/g system at 40%~45% desulphurization. Defined the conditions of steady regime autogenous roasting, at resultant products possess coefficient of magnetization, and this can be used magnetic separation for separating ferromagnetic pyrrhotites from gangues and non-magnetic sulfides of non-ferrous metals. This technology of pyrrhotizing roasting is recommended for effecting in industrial condition. The initial materials and products of roasting subjected to chemical, thermogravimetric, Moss-bauer spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, defined the magnetic properties.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Krasowska

Dynamics of collision and kinetics of the bubble attachment to hydrophobic solid plates (Teflon) of different surface roughness were investigated. The experiments were carried out in such a way that probability of the collision and probability that the detachment will not occur were equal always 100%. Thus, it was possible to determine effect of the surface roughness on the bubble attachment (three phase contact formation, TPC) only. A high-speed camera (1182 Hz) was used to record the velocity variations, bouncing and time of attachment of the bubble colliding with Teflon plates having different surface roughness (5 different plates). Roughness of the plate surfaces was modified in a mechanical way using different abrasive papers. It was found that the roughness had a crucial influence on the time-scale of the TPC formation and attachment of the bubble colliding with the Teflon plates. Despite high hydrophobicity of all plates (contact angles 1100 -115º) it was observed that at the smoothest surfaces (called "Teflon I" and "Teflon II" and having surface roughness below 1 um) there was no attachment during the bubble first collisions. Prior to the attachment four or more "approach?bouncing" cycles of the colliding bubble were observed there and simultaneously the bubble shape varied rapidly within time intervals below 0.85 ms. Time of contact of the colliding bubble with the Teflon plates was very short; 2-3 ms. These results indicate that during that short time of the collision the liquid layer separating the colliding bubble and the solid surface did not reach a critical thickness of its rupture.

Jan 1, 2006

By T. W. Wlodek

Abstract A simplified method of fatigue testing full-dimension, as-rolled, non-machined, mining drill rods is very desirable to the mining and steel industries in the classification of steels available on the market, through the evaluation of their fatigue limits and endurance strength. In this paper one such simplified method is presented and analysed. The preliminary results show many advantages of this method, such as simplicity and constancy of loading. The type of loading applied more or less simulates the working conditions of the outside fibres of the mining drill rods. Additional advantages of this method are the possibility of testing under dry and wet conditions, its quietness, and its ease of operation. Specially designed adaptors and specially applied techniques of fixing and preparation of samples make possible the breaking of a quarter-octagon hollow drill rod in a free length of uniform section in a rotating beam machine. At first glance this seems to be difficult to achieve. In the first preliminary test three different lots of steel were used. S-N curves under dry conditions were determined. These curves permit of the classification of the drill rods on the basis of the fatigue limit and endurance strength of the outside fibres of the metal, which is dependent to a greater or lesser extent on the effect of surface decarburization, surface imperfections, and special surface treatments. The average slope of the S.N curve in the damaging zone, and the fatigue limit in equal tension-compression rotating bending, were determined for SAE 1080, chromium-molybdenum and nickel-chromium-molybdenum mining drill rods. INTRODUCTION The fatigue limit and the endurance strength of mining drill rod steels are of interest to both the mining and the steel industries. These industries are greatly interested in lowering the cost of mining by reducing the consumption of these steels per ton of ore exploited.

Jan 1, 1951

By H. G. Moulton

THE INCREASING scale of mining operations over the past decade, particularly in connection with the exploitation of large bodies of comparatively low-grade copper ores, has made necessary the study of the behavior of rock under failure. When extractions of as high as 40,000 tons a day are reached in steam-shovel operations and as high as 20,000 tons per day in underground mining operations, it is evident that excavations soon become of such size that the behavior of the rock will often be dependent on fundamental principles applicable to more or less homogeneous materials under stress, rather than on weathering or local planes of weakness. In the ordinary rock excavations encountered in civil-engineering practice, such as excavations for subways, highways, railroads, etc., rock faces are not carried to depths sufficient to develop any pressures, or consequently any failures, except those due to loose masses resulting from local planes of weakness. When, however, orebodies whose tonnage is measured by hundreds of thousands are to be extracted by steam-shovel operations in open pits, it is necessary to determine if possible in advance the slopes that the sides of the pits will assume, for these slopes influence the shape of the excavations and thereby the amount of ore that may be extracted by the open-pit method. When large orebodies are mined underground at depths of 300 to 500 ft. (91 to 152 m.) by caving methods, the surface subsiding as the ore is withdrawn, it is necessary to determine in advance the outermost limits of fracture in the subsiding surface, for on the delineation of these limits depends the location of surface improvements, mills, smelters, etc. and also the location of development work, such as hoisting shafts, main haulage levels, and all other underground openings that must remain undisturbed during the period of ore extraction. Heretofore, in civil-engineering practice, it has been assumed that earth and rock behave differently in failure. For the calculation of earth

Jan 2, 1920

By Palmer G, Dennis R, Clark A

The Ravenswood Mine in North Queensland is the first gold mine developed by Carpentaria Gold Pty Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of MIM Holdings Ltd. Carpentaria Exploration Pty Ltd began exploration at Ravenswood in 1978. However initial exploration of the main gold producing area (Buck Reef East) commenced in March 1987 when exploration rights to four key leases were secured. A rapid, co-ordinated exploration and development program produced gold from a heap leach operation nine months after the first costeans were dug at Buck Reef East. To treat higher grade ore found at depth in the Buck Reef East pit and the metallurgically more difficult Buck Reef West ore, a carbon in pulp plant was commissioned in May 1988. The mine is currently producing at a rate of approximately 40 000 ounces of gold per year. Ore at Ravenswood is hosted by hydrothermally altered diorites and tonalites of the Ravenswood Granodiorite complex. Alteration is controlled by planes of permeability formed by joints, shear zones and dilational breccias. The complex orebody geometry resulting from these controls required very detailed surface and drill exploration for adequate definition. Carpentaria's need for early cash flow meant that economic, mining and metallurgical considerations governed choices of exploration techniques, program timing, material and data collected. The initial reserve of 1.1 mt @ 2.87 g/t Au was defined by sectional polygonal methods. Grade control is based on geologic mapping and blast hole or channel sample assays. Ore is batched through the crusher and sampled to monitor grade control and mining performance. Minimal dilution has occurred. Gold content is greater than predicted by the reserve. Sprinkling of heaps commenced in November 1987. Changes have been made to the pad design and to the method of heap construction. Heap leach ore is treated at a rate of 400 000 tpa.

Jan 1, 1989

By S. Frederick Ravitz

IN most applied sciences there are two distinct methods of carrying out research and development work. One of these, the theoretical, attempts to solve problems that may arise and to predict facts of practical importance by the application of the various laws of science, the other, the experimental method, attempts to each the 'same goal by obtaining data and trying out various processes in the laboratory. Since individuals frequently find themselves better adapted for one or the other type of procedure, it is natural that -two groups should 'arise, both working toward the sane objective but with somewhat different points of view, although many in each group are thoroughly competent in both fields. Metallurgy, in particular, offers an excellent opportunity for a comparison of the two methods.

Jan 1, 1935

By I. L. Sills

Introduction So many minerals and mineral products are used in the glass industry that it would require an unduly long paper to deal adequately with all of them. Only those that go to make up the batch for the more common types of glass will be discussed here, and even with these only, the list is a lengthy one. It is true that for the body of the glass comparatively few materials are required-as silica sand, soda-ash, lime, and feldspar. The others are used mainly to colour or decolorize the glass, or to give it some other desired characteristic, such as high lustre, greater physical strength, or opalescence; but, although they may be present in very small quantities, they are just as in-dispensable to the glass industry as are the main constituents of the batch. Sand Sand is essentially quartz, the dioxide of silicon, Si02. Most glass contains from 71J to 75 per cent silica. Sand for use in the glass industry, or 'glass sand', is obtained both from deposits of unconsolidated material, commonly referred to as 'sand', and from solid rock-sandstone, quartz, or quartzite. For the manufacture of glass, the material must possess a high degree of purity, as noted below, so that, although sand is widespread in most parts of the world, and sandstone, quartz, and quartzite are not at all uncommon, it is only in certain places that suitable deposits are found. At the present time, most of the glass sand used in Canada is imported from France, Belgium, and the United States. The French material, from Fontainebleau, near Paris, is known the world over as a very high quality glass sand. That from Belgium is nearly as good and is lower is price.

Jan 1, 1934

By Howarth W. J, Sowerby B. D, Watt J. S

On-line analysis systems have found widespread application in the metalliferous mineral and coal industries. The continuous analysis and rapid response of these systems has led to improved control of mining, processing and blending operations, with increased recovery of valuable minerals and coal combustibles.The paper reviews developments in on-line analysis by CSIRO and Mineral Control Instrumentation Ltd which led to the award of the Australia Prize 1992. These commercialised systems analyse mineral and coal slurries; determine the ash and moisture contents of coal on conveyors, and the moisture content of coke on conveyors; and determine the carbon content of fly ash. These gauges are estimated to have resulted in productivity increases valued at $50 million per year to Australia.

Jan 1, 1993

By F. W. Petersen

Slurry reactors are being used extensively throughout the chemical, biochemical and mineral processing industries. This paper describes the interaction between fine ore particles and granular porous adsorbents such as activated carbon and ion-exchange resins in a stirred tank reactor. Gold and silver cyanides were used as adsorbates to detect changes in the mass transfer characteristics of the adsorbents, which were ashed to determine the loading of ore particles. A simple kinetic model incorporating film diffusion, intrapanicle diffusion ~d the adsorption equilibrium, was used to interpret kinetic data and to estimate the effect of slurry conditions on the diffusion parameters. It was observed that the equilibrium loading of fines in the adsorbents was independent of their concentration in the slurry. Furthermore, the presence of these panicles inside an adsorbent decreases the effective diffusion of gold or silver cyanides into the adsorbent matrix. When fine suspended solids are present in the reactor, a decrease in the effective availability of the superficial surface of the pre-saturated adsorbent panicles for mass transfer from the liquid phase was observed. This newly defined surface availability factor was dependent on the concentration, panicle size, and the zeta potential of the fine particles in suspension.

Jan 1, 1993

By E. E. Creitz

Application of the usual chemical methods to the determination of beryllium in the mineral-dressing products of a spodumene pegmatite was found to be unsatisfactory as to speed, accuracy, sensitivity, and range of analysis. A spectrographic method is described for the determination of beryllium. Samples are ground, mixed with borax, high-purity, flake graphite, and an internal standard; then they are fused, reground, pelletized, and excited with a high-voltage-spark discharge. Investigation of several spectrographic techniques to overcome matrix effects are described. The method developed gives results for beryllium in the concentration range from 0.002 to 5.0 percent; the average probable error of duplicate determinations was below 3.0 percent of the quantity present. INTRODUCTION The main source of beryllium in pegmatite is the mineral, beryl. Many of the conventional methods for the determination of beryllium in beryl are not suitable for control purposes because of lack of speed and accuracy, especially in the range below a few tenths percent. Beryl resists the usual chemical attack and can be lost in a hurried chemical analysis.

Jan 1, 1958

By Edwin M. Murphy

Methods are described for filling underground cavities remotely with dry material pneumatically injected through a borehole to seal openings, prevent air movement, and reduce subsidence; this often brings underground fires under control by limiting the access of air. Large-scale tests were made in the Bureau of Mines Experimental Coal Mine, Bruceton, Pa., in an operating mine, and in an abandoned Pennsylvania mine. Supplemental trials were made aboveground in galleries and in the laboratory. The parameters studied include horizontal and inclined passageways, obstructions in the entry, water leakage into the borehole, dry material, and grout and slurry mixes. The materials studied were fly ash, crushed and pulverized limestone, and sand. Best results were obtained with dry fly ash, though satisfactory seals were obtained with the other materials. When a borehole is dry and ends at an open void, casing is not necessary. If more than 5 gpm of water flows in the borehole, if the void contains loose debris, or if coarse material is injected, a material feedpipe should be inserted through the borehole. Fly ash was most suitable for remote filling because of its low angle of repose (8°) and its good flow characteristics. The depth of borehole through which the fly ash is injected has no appreciable effect on the filling operation.

Jan 1, 1968

By J. O. Marsden, M. M. Botz

"Heap leaching is responsible for approximately 21 percent — 3.9 million metric tonnes — of copper production and 9 percent — 270 metric tonnes or 8.7 million ounces — of gold production worldwide. Given metal price assumptions of $2.25/lb for copper and $1,250/oz for gold, these portions of global production generate revenues of $19 billion and $11 billion, respectively. For heap leaching operations, small changes in metal extraction efficiency drive substantial changes in operating cash flow margins and affect project viability. Variances in actual metal production from budgetary forecast estimates can mean the difference between success (value creation) and failure (value destruction) for a heap leach project. Despite the importance of heap leaching for copper, gold and silver production worldwide, there are no clear standards or guidelines for developing heap leach metal production forecasts. There is considerable variation among copper and gold producers that apply heap leaching technology as to how such modeling and forecasting is applied at the operational level. There are a variety of different modeling approaches that can be utilized for this purpose. However, these vary in cost, complexity, time to implement, accuracy and credibility. This paper explores the options available for heap leach modeling, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and provides guidelines/recommendations for an effective approach to modeling metal production at existing or planned heap leach operations. The paper also provides expected ranges of variation between actual and modeled production.Introduction and backgroundHeap leaching is fundamentally different from other methods used in the processing and extraction of gold, silver, and copper and other base metals. Considered globally, the technique represents a relatively modest portion of production compared with the primary technologies applied for copper and gold recovery. Approximately 21 percent of copper production is attributable to heap leaching techniques, as opposed to 79 percent by conventional crushing, milling, flotation, smelting and refining. For gold, about 9 percent of global production is obtained from heap leaching, compared with over 90 percent by various combinations of crushing, milling, gravity concentration, flotation and/or agitated cyanide leaching processes or, in the case of placer deposits, by direct gravity concentration and/or amalgamation. In cases where heap leaching is the primary source of metal production, the ability to accurately forecast metal production may be the difference between commercial success and failure for a project or operation. Heap leaching — of crushed or run-of-mine ore — is also commonly applied as a secondary process to treat lower-grade ores from a given deposit, such as at Chuquicamata in Chile, Cerro Verde in Peru and Bagdad in Arizona for copper extraction and at Twin Creeks and Carlin, both in Nevada, for gold. In such cases, heap leaching provides incremental revenue to supplement the primary process. Variances between actual and forecast metal production from heap leaching as a secondary process are typically tolerated and absorbed within the overall site metallurgical balance. In either case, accurate production modeling and forecasting creates significant value for heap leaching projects, is essential for managing production expectations — timing and volumes — and is likely to be a critical success factor for most heap leach projects."

Jan 1, 2017

By Z. Bibak, S. Banisi, A. Ghasemi, E. Nematollahi

"The major importance of liners in grinding is their role in providing an appropriate trajectory for the charge. Since it is not possible to study the charge movement by direct observation in operating industrial mills, this task is accomplished by physical (laboratory), and/or, mathematical (software) methods. Because of the high cost and a longer time required for a physical analysis, mathematical simulations have become more common. Simulation of the effect of liner shape on the charge movement has provided a means to select a proper design based on the operational objectives and conditions. Furthermore, the liner shape changes due to wear and impact during operation, which will influence the charge trajectory. This adds more of an incentive to use simulation. These changes in liner could be predicted through liner profile measurements during operation and/or simulation. In this research, an inhouse developed DEM software called KMPCDEM © was used to simulate the charge movement in industrial plant SAG mills. A geometrical method of implementing the shell liners on SAG mills at the Sarcheshmeh (9.75×4.87 m) and the Gole-E-Ghohar (9×2.05 m) operations facilitated the software simulation. Point by point implementation of the measurements of liner profiles of these mills enabled the study to trend the change in the charge movement as the liners wear. Comparison of the simulation to a laboratory mill (1 m diameter) showed that the difference between the measured and predicted charge impact point, shoulder angle and toe angle were 6, 4 and 3°, respectively.INTRODUCTIONComminution is the most energy intensive operation constituting the major portion of operating and capital costs of a mineral processing plant. In the last decade, a vast number of research was aimed at studying various aspects of grinding with the aim of performance improvements (Davis, 1919; Mishra & Rajamani, 1990; kalala, Breetzke, & Moys, 2008). Mill liners transfer the input power to the charge and play a significant role in affecting the motion of the charge (Mclvor, 1983; Mishra & Rajamani, 1990; Radziszewski, 1997; Van Nierop, Glover, Hinde, & Moys, 2001; kalala et al., 2008). Lifters are usually used with mill liners to extend their life and to enhance the grinding and impact breakage efficiency. Mill lifters are used to raise the grinding media and ore to transfer the energy from the mill to the load (Rezaeizadeh, Fooladi, Powell, & Weerasekara, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Charles L. Kimbell

World political events that occurred subsequent to yearend 1989 but that bear heavily on the global mineral industry have been of such significance that they cannot be disregarded, and certainly they contribute to any type of "outlook?. However, to write of them simply as "forecasts" in an "outlook" section of this study would be to unjustly pretend to status as prophets. Thus, this section covers events that have occurred not as predictions but rather as history. The section also includes an element with some broad statistical information, but this is included last rather than first for two reasons: the information is subject to considerable re- vision as additional data become available and as preliminary returns are corrected; and the authors view it as less important than the events that govern the statistics. The Near East and the Crisis There.- Of all 1990 political events influencing the world's mineral industry, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the remarkable events that followed this aggression must head the list. The almost immediate imposition of economic sanctions, involving embargoes on shipment of virtually all goods into and out of Iraq, caused severe dislocations in the production and trade of mineral commodities, not only within the region itself, but with a ripple effect, into other world areas as well.

Jan 1, 1992

By K. A. Lewandowski

Heap leaching efficiency is reduced by poor solution flow characteristics (channeling and ponding), which result from compaction and fines migration. Agglomeration of the ore can prevent compaction and immobilize fines, but copper leaching requires an acid-resistant binder to stabilize the agglomerates. Until now, there has not been a satisfactory way to evaluate whether a binder was effective, other than squeezing a handful to see if it ?feels right.? Procedures have been developed to quantitatively determine whether a binder produces agglomerates that can withstand compaction in an acidic solution, and have identified several binders that will provide sufficiently compaction-resistant agglomerates for copper heap leaching. Keywords: Copper heap leaching, Binder performance, Compaction

Jan 1, 2010

By Magella Pelletier

"IntroductionDepuis une vingtaine d'année, les nombreux travaux de géochimie effectués par l'industrie privée et les milieux gouvemementaux ont permis:• de découvrir de nombreuses zones minéralisées a valeur économique;• d'identifier et de vérifier certains patrons de dispersion géochimique au-dessu s de secteurs minéralises déjà connus;• de favoriser le développernent des techniques analytiques;• de forcer le développement d'une mise en carte des résultats d'analyse, qui soit plus adéquat afin de permettre une meilleure interprétation géochimique.L'une de ces cartes géochimiques qui permet le mieux de mettre en valeur les données analytiques et qui fut instaurée au debut des années 80, est la carte d'interprétation géochimique par pondération.Cette carte numérique semi-quantitative, qui est construite à partir des données de base et de l'importance des éléments indicateurs pour une substance donnée, permet d'identifier et de définir des zones possédants de fortes probabilités pour la recherché de sources minéralisées."

Jan 1, 1987

By S. S. Klima, H. Jiang, T. W. Beck, Y. Zheng

Researchers at NIOSH’s Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD) performed comparative testing of six different water sprays at pressures ranging from 689 kPa (100 psi) to 6,895 kPa (1,000 psi) in a 14.5-m3 (512-ft3) confined dust chamber. Testing was conducted to determine the effect of various pressures on each spray’s respirable coal dust knockdown ability. It is known that higher water pressures are typically preferred for lowering airborne dust concentrations, but it was important to determine at what pressure range the dust knockdown ability of each spray plateaus or reaches its minimum dust concentration. Results from this testing showed that several sprays saw up to 100% decrease in dust concentrations during the five-minute water spray testing period, with some occurring well below the maximum 6,895 kPa (1,000 psi) spray pressure.

Feb 1, 2023

By Wei Luo, Yuanbo Zhang, Zhixiong You, Zijian Su, Guanghui Li, Tao Jiang

"In this study, the appropriate sintering process parameters for low-grade ferromanganese ores were investigated. The results showed that, under the condition of natural basicity (R=0.03), the optimal parameters were obtained as follows: moisture of mixture 9 .1 %, coke powder 9 .9% and sintering negative pressure 7 KPa. And the corresponding yield, ISO tumbling index and utilization coefficient reached at 80.18%, 61.27% and 1.515t·m-2·h-1, respectively. Under the optimal parameters, the emission of harmful gases, such as S02 and NOx, were reduced evidently with 30% of coke powder replaced by biomass charcoal. Moreover, it was found that the basicity had obvious effects on the quality of the sinters when it changed between 0.03 and 2.4. The ISO tumbling index gradually decreased from 61.27% to 55.47% with the basicity increasing from 0.03 to 1.2, then, it began to increase after the basicity further increased to 2.4.IntroductionManganese is mainly consumed by steel and battery industries, particularly in the steel plants and ferroalloy units. The consumption of metal manganese in the ferroalloy industry accounts for 85%-90% of the total Mn [1-2]. Therefore, ensuring sufficient manganese alloys is essential to meet the rapid development of steel industry. Recently, rich-manganese slag containing high grade Mn (>40%), low Fe (1%) and P (<0.03%) is considered as superior raw materials for manganese alloys. While the sinters made from manganese ores are major raw materials for producing rich-manganese slag with the increasing exhaustion of natural rich manganese lump ores [3-5]."

Jan 1, 2013

By D. Harrington

Approximately 6,000 coal mines are operated in the United States. All of them have in some degree the elements that are likely to contribute to an explosion, hence it is surprising that explosion disasters are not more frequent and that many mines have been operated for years and finally worked out and abandoned without experiencing an explosion. The absence of coal-mine explosions does not always indicate that effective efforts have been made to prevent them but rather that the nine has been fortunate in that the combination of circumstances necessary to cause an explosion has not existed. In view of present knowledge of the methods of preventing explosions, disasters are inexcusable and discredit the mining industry. The methods of preventing mine explosions are known to experienced, well-informed persons engaged in coal mining, yet despite this knowledge far to many coal-mine operators continue to use practices and methods that they should know have resulted in numerous explosions. Moreover, many mine workers persist in following past procedure irrespective of consequences and in breaking safety rules or indulging in practices almost certain eventually to result in disaster. Continued failure to apply known common-sense methods of accident and explosion prevention unquestionably will cell for ultimate enforcement of law.

Jan 1, 1940