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By N S Melkoumian

While improvements in occupational health and safety (OHS) in the mining industry have decreased fatalities and accidents, little attention has been paid to the cultural confound of 'safety' in the increasingly multicultural mining industry. Occupational health and safety processes often contain assumptions of cultural understanding that may not be shared or understood by mining employees. There are potentially dangerous and costly implications of cultural difference in the mining environment. Some people have been enculturated with high levels of anxiety concerning catastrophe and uncertainty while others have a more laissez faire attitude to accidents and disaster. The level of cultural anxiety about uncertainty can be a major factor in the acceptance of OHS processes. OHS manuals based on a comprehensive set of rules and procedures may assume that the authority of 'rules' is shared by all employees regardless of a variety of cultural understandings when this may not be the case. Similarly, cross-cultural employees may not share a background or acceptance of expensive technological innovation and so resist/avoid the application of new safety equipment. Then too, OHS staff may not realise the significance of religious belief or personal responsibility on employees' attitudes to safety in the workplace environment. A lack of consideration of these cultural elements could have fatal and expensive results. This paper explores the impact of cultural difference in the understanding of OHS in the Mining Industry, presents a model to improve the understanding of the cultural confound in safety, improves analysis of OHS in practical multicultural situations, provides assistance for those involved in OHS training and may become a basis for developing OHS policy and procedure.

Dec 6, 2010

1. Book reviews Nonparametric geostatistics, by S. Henley. London, Applied Science Publishers, 1981. xiv + 145 pp. Reviewer: Douglas M. Hawkins Mineral deposits and global tectonic settings, by A. H. G. Mitchell and M. S. Garison. London, Academic Press, Geology Series, 198!. Reviewer: J. Lurie The mining and mineral laws of South Africa, by B. L. S. Franklin and M. Kaplan. Durban, Butterworths, 1982. Cloth, 240 X 150 mm, Lxxcii + 853 pp. R197,50 + GST. Reviewer: M. J. Martinson Aluminium- Volume II, by M. H. Govett and J. Larsen. Sydney, Australian Mineral Economics (Pty) Ltd, 1982. Reviewer: D. G. Maxwell International technology for the nonferrous smelting industry, by Noyes Data Corporation. Reviewer: D. A. Viljoen 2. New publications Coaltransport- an analysis of technical and economic factors, by Dag Pike. London, Financial Times, 1982. £86 (D.K.), D.S. $175 (overseas including first class airmail postage). Small solute concentration differences determined by interferometry, by H.E.L.G. Schweigart. Pretoria, CERG-CSIR (P.O. Box 395, Pretoria), 1982. 3. Mintek reports Report M8A determination, using solid zirconia electrolytes, of the activities of chromium oxide in ferrochromium alloys and slags at 1650°C. Report M31Software for the design of multivariable control systems by use of the Inverse Nyquist Array. Report M37A literature survey of the metallurgical aspects of minerals in Witwatersrand gold ores.This survey reviews the information in the literature Report M 39 The use of masking agents in the determination, by hydride generation and atomicabsorption spectrophotometry, of arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and bismuth in the presence of noble metals. Report M40 The use of X -ray-fluorescence spectrometry in the determination of uranium, cobalt, and sulphur in materials from mine dumps. Report M44 A n on-line dilution system for spectrometry ustng an inductively coupled plasma source. Report M47 The separation of trace elements from iron, and the analysis of iron-rock ores for use as reference materials. Report M49 A programme in BASIC for the appending of computer files. Australian coal The editors of World Coal and World Mining have announced plans to sponsor the IVth International Coal Exploration Symposium. The symposium will be held in Sydney (Australia) from 15th to 19th May, 1983. Small mine economics The editors of World Mining and World Coal have announced plans to sponsor the Second International Symposium on Small Mine Economics and Expansion in Helsinki, Finland, from 12th to 16th June, 1983. The first symposium was held in Taxco, Mexico, in May 1981.

Jan 1, 1982

By Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior

A new step in the Bayer process has been used to recover NaOH and to reduce its content in red mud. After digestion, the residue is separated from the Bayer liquor and goes through press filters, which enables the recovery of NaOH and decreases the moisture content. It is well known that red mud is one of the most important sources of scandium. For this reason, the goal of this work was to characterize a Brazilian red mud (BRM) for scandium recovery. The sample was collected after the press filter system process. Analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed. Microwave digestion using an acid mixture was carried out to determine the concentration of the main elements. Fe2O3 represented 40% of the BRM, and the Sc concentration was 43 mg/kg. The SiO2 content was 24%, which is the highest value found in the literature, whereas the sodium concentration was the lowest. A literature review was carried out to compare results with BRM, as well as the current studies for recovery of scandium by the leaching/ion-exchange process. Scandium recovery using a leaching/ion exchange process may be possible with efficiency higher than 90%. The greatest challenge is the occurrence of silica gel formation during leaching.

Oct 19, 2020

By F. W. Gray

A GEOLOGICAL study seeking to determine, for economic purposes, the value of the Sydney coalfield as a source of coal supply. Limitations of the coalfield come under two main heads: (a) Areal extent of the undersea coalfield. (b) The distance from shore at which coal can be mined at a cost of production permitting its profitable sale. Conclusions reached are that the areal extent of seams below the Phalen seam is of. small economic importance, and that non-persistence of these seams in full thickness and quality in the undersea extension of the coalfield will put an end to profitable mining before any limitations connected with distance from the shore-line become operative. With respect to the Phalen seam, non-persistence or deterioration of the seam will become effective in the western part of the coalfield, and less certainly in the eastern part of the coalfield, before operation of limitations by distance from shore. In the central portion of the coalfield, the seam probably persists in commercially workable thickness and quality to beyond the limit of mining set by distance from the shore-line. With respect to the seams above the Phalen seam between the Mountain fault on the extreme western boundary of the coalfield and the assumed termination of the deposition area on the eastern extremity of the field near South Head of Morien, there appear to be only such limitations as arise from engineering approach, distance from shore, sufficiency of strata cover between the sea-floor and the upper coal seams, and quality of the coal (with certain reservations as to the continuity of the upper seams under Sydney harbour and in the Sydney Mines-Little Bras d'Or district). Some of these seams have fragmentary land outcroppings from which their persistence seaward is assumed, and there may be other and still higher seams in the strata column which are entirely submarine.

Jan 1, 1941

By M. Misra

Improved liberation and flotation of kerogen from eastern oil shale were accomplished with high-temperature grinding and a1 so with the addition of fuel oil during the grinding stage. Liberation measurements indicated that possible coalescence and aggregation phenomenon of kerogen particles during grinding may reflect this behavior. Additionally, ultrasonic treatment of the rougher concentrate prior to cleaning improved the quality of separation.

Jan 1, 1984

By B. K. Cantrell

The U.S. Bureau of Mines and others have conducted a number of occupational exposure surveys since the publication of the International Agency for Research on Cancer report of 1989, which labeled diesel exhaust as a probable human carcinogen. These surveys have assessed diesel exhaust exposure using measurement of diesel aerosol and/or specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as indicators of exposure. This paper reviews present diesel emission standards, available diesel exhaust aerosol measurement techniques, and the results of the occupational exposure surveys. In the surveys, diesel aerosol was emphasized because it is a major component of diesel exhaust, is suspected to contribute to the health hazard, and is readily measurable. Three primary aerosol measurement techniques were used: respirable combustible dust, size-selective sampling, and measurement of the elemental carbon fraction. Occupations surveyed included mine workers, railroad workers, forklift operators, fire fighters and truck drivers. The studies found mean diesel aerosol concentration levels in the range of 0.004 to 1.74 mg/m3? Highest aerosol exposures were in confined spaces such as mines where heavy diesel equipment is used. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons typically are found at very low concentration levels and are not unique to diesel exhaust.

Jan 1, 1996

1. Book reviews Tungsten: 1982. London, Mining Journal Books Ltd, 1982. 179 pp. Reviewer: G.A. Brown The geology of industrial minerals in Canada, edited by G.R. Guillet and Wendy Martin. Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, special volume 29. Reviewer: R.W.O. Kersten Foam flotation - theory and applications, by Ann N. Clarke and David J. Wilson. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1984. 418 pp. Reviewer: B.K. Loveday Industrial and financial indicators of the steel industry, by Patrick Genevaz. Paris, La Chambre des Cartes, 1982. 2 vols. Vol I: Analysis and conclusions, FF3500. Vol. 11: Tables, FF4000. Reviewer: R.J. Dippenaar An encyclopaedia of metallurgy and materials, by C.R. Tottle. Plymouth, Macdonald and Evans and The Metals Society, 1984. 481 pp. RI44,50. Reviewer: P. T. Wedepohl The role of crack growth in metal fatigue, by LP. Pook. London, The Metals Society. Reviewer: C.A. Boothroyd Hydraulic coalmining - new technology and its geological and industrial significance, by H.C. Siebert. Hamm, Zentraldruckerei BAG, 1984. 33 pp. Hydraulic coalmining - hydromining update: potential impact on coal deposits and coal mining industry, by H.C. Siebert. Hamm, Zentraldruckerei BAG, 1984. 130 pp. Victoria's brown coal. A huge fortune in chancery, edited by J .T. Woodcock. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1984. 204 pp. Reviewer: J.J. Versluis 2. Canadian publications The following reviews of the activity and developments during 1982 in respect to the chief minerals produced or consumed in Canada are now available. Zirconium. An important mineral commodity. Mineral Policy Sector, Mineral Bulletin MR 202, $6.60. Canadian minerals yearbook 1982. Mineral Policy Sector, Mineral Report 32, $40.75. Canadian reserves of copper, nickel lead, zinc, molybdenum, silver and gold as of January 1, 1983, by W.H. Laughin. $4.20. Mineral Policy Sector, Mineral Bulletin MR 201. Sulphur market profile, by B.W. Boyd. Mineral Policy Sector, MRI 84/5. 3. Mintek publications Report M123 The use of of activated charcoal in a NIMCIX column for the recovery of gold from cyanide solutions. Report M150 Energy transfer in the hearths of submerged-arc furnaces. Report M151 A preliminary investigation of the initiation of pitting corrosion in austenitic stainless steels and nickel-based alloys. Report M154 The reduction of Winterveld chrome spinel at 1300°C under an argon atmosphere in the presence of carbon. Report M165 The development of an improved on-line gold analyser. Report MI67 three nebulizers for use with an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. 4. New publications Mineral Industry Consultants Association (as at 31st March, 1984). Parkville (Australia), The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1984. 112 pp. Philosophical and procedural guidelines for the planning professions. Johannesburg, the Environmental Planning Professions Interdisciplinary Committee (EPPIC, P.O. Box 61019, Marshalltown 2107), R2.50. Directiona//y solidified materials for high temperature service, by M. McLean. London, the Metals Society, 1983. 337 pp. Tin and its uses no. 142. Greenford (England), International Tin Research Institute, 1984. Metals engineering International Symposia & Exhibitions Ltd - a subsidiary of Industrial Newspapers PLC - are pleased to announce that they will be organizing a mammoth engineering event, entitled Metals Engineering 86, comprising five important exhibitions in 1986:. Agglomeration A major symposium on agglomeration is being organized in Toronto for the 2nd to 5th of June, 1985. Speakers from around the world (Canada, U.S.A., Brazil, Australia, Japan, West Germany, Italy, India, China, Switzerland, Poland, Yugoslavia, and France) will address delegates on various aspects of agglomeration relative to iron ore, coal, coke, and fuels. Plenary theme papers will also be presented by speakers from Japan, the U.K., and the Netherlands.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. S. Olson

The operation of a series wash thickener-two stage filtration circuit determines the soluble loss in many hydrometallurgical operations A study of this circuit yielded expressions which permit calculation of soluble loss for almost any condition of operation. The soluble loss over a range of the circuit variables is presented to illustrate and evaluate circuit performance, The interrelation of factors affecting filter performance and some of the wash circuit, variables are quantatively described. Filter wash, which is governed by wash zone size, filter pulp level and filter feed pulp density, has the greatest affect on soluble loss. Excepting clothing blinding and flocculation the factors which decrease filter capacity also decrease soluble loss. Repulping with water, under some circumstances, can bean important means of soluble loss reduction. Water for primary filter wash, leach pulp density repulp density and wash thickener underflow density have little effect on soluble loss. The dilution of both o the filter pulps with wash solutions is suggested as a means of reducing soluble loss, and at the same, time, controlling the performance of the filters. Blowback and filter cloth blinding seriously increase soluble loss.

Jan 1, 1962

By Daniel I. Naupari Escobar

El presente texto señala las técnicas de campo empleadas en la mina Cobriza para el estudio base del sistema de ventilación desde el punto de vista psicrométrico, así como la evaluación del comportamiento termodinámico del sistema y las acciones realizadas para la mejora del mismo. Así también se realiza una introducción del análisis para la aplicación de sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire masivos.

Dec 1, 2014

By William H. McCracken, William G. Holroyd

"The People's Republic of China could very well be considered the largest untapped mineral and metal resource in the world. The proven reserves of antimony, barite, bauxite, fluorspar, graphite, lithium, magnesite, mercury, molybdenum, phosphate, pyrite, rare earths, talc, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium and zinc are among the largest in the world.Any company involved in the purchase or supply of industrial raw materials has undoubtedly followed the phenomenal growth of some of the Chinese mineral commodities, where growths in production of more than 200010 have occurred during the past ten years, for commodities like barite, cement, gold, gympsum silver and talc. Others, like bauxite and phosphate, experienced production increases in one year alone of over 45%, from 1986 through 1987!A popular rationale in the United States during the past two years has been the acknowledgment by Professor David Calleo, of Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Studies, that ""America is not sinking-the rest of the world is rising"". While we recognized this rise to be that of economic power for Japan, Korea, Brazil, Taiwan and, more recently, the newly-combined Germanies, China has also successfully completed her own modern five year development binge. But with each boom there is also a bust, and the start of the 1990sfor China shows signs of economic distress. China posted a budget deficit equivalent of US$1.9 billion in 1989 coupled with official inflation at 18010. Projections for 1990 are for US$1.8 billion deficit and inflation as high as 24%. However, government spending in the first seven months of the year climbed 16.4%, outpacing an 11.6% rise in revenue. Spending increases have been related to the government policy to keep prices on domestic goods artificially low, through subsidies, and to bailout inefficient state companies."

Jan 1, 1991

By F. D. Fox

Abandoned mill tailings deposits can be found scattered throughout the Northern Black Hills of South Dakota, indicative of past mining activities that originated during the great gold [ERRATA SHEET RESTORATION OF GOLD MILL TAILINGS, BLACK HILL, SOUTH DAKOTA 84-119 F. D. Fox Under subtitle Prospects Related to Present and Future Tailings Disposal Practices, include reference No. 12 in paragraph seven after "construction of the Grizzly Gulch tailings disposal project,"12 Reference 12 should read: Jeffries, Lawrence F. and Tczap, Andrew, "Homestake's Grizzly Gulch Tailings Disposal Project," paper presented at 1978 International Mining Show, October 11, 1978.]

Jan 1, 1984

By K. S. Radcliffe

Results are presented for the first phase of an experimental program to study the feasibility of using acoustic velocity for predicting the state of stress in a rock mass. Compressional wave velocities were determined axially in cylindrical samples during uniaxial compression for several rock types conditioned in dry and water-saturated environments. Results indicate that in rocks containing compressible voids or cracks, substantial velocity change occurs with the application of stress in the lower (below 100 MPa) stress regime. The effect norm- ally is nonlinear, however, and diminishes to asymptotic values when cracks or voids become closed or with saturation. Empirical prediction equations were derived for each rock type by linear and nonlinear regression analyses, and correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the equations that best fit the stress- velocity data. The operational range for predicting stress using compressional-wave velocity appears to be within the range of vertical stress expected in most shallow to intermediate depth mining operations (less than 1,000 m). Based on the experimental results to date and theoretical considerations, it appears that the technology can be advanced to predict in situ stress based on acoustic P-wave velocity determinations in most mining situations.

Jan 1, 1986

1. Journals Marine Geotechnology, edited by R.C. Chaney. London, Taylor & Francis (Rankine Road, Basingstoke, Hants RG 24 OPR, OK), 1988. vol. 8, $50. Published quarterly. Mineral Resources Engineering, edited by C.T. Shaw. London, Taylor & Francis (address as above), 1988. vol. 1, $99. Published quarterly. 2. New publication World mining map of non-ferous metals (with 4 regional maps and a booklet). Reinhard Ryborsch (Postfach 2105, D-6053 Obertshausen bei Frankfurt am Main, West Germany). International edition: bilingual, English and German. 7 colour-print: Size (unfolded) 138 X 100 cm. US$ 19 (excl. mailing) for folded map with hard cover (Order No. 61-4); US$ 25 (excl. mailing) for unfolded (flat) map with hanging strip (Order No. 62-2). 3. Mintek reports Report M326 Crevice corosion and other localized corosion behaviour of 3CR12 corosion-resisting steel in synthetic minewaters, by D. Howarth. May 1988. 28 pp.Report M332 The carbon-regeneration furnaces at Mintek, by P.M. Cole and P.J. van Staden. Nov. 1987. 31 pp. Report M344 The flotation of pyrite with amine colectors, by R.D. Hil, E.W. Giesekke, and P.J. Haris. Mar.'1988. 25 pp.Report M345 The substitution for chromium in steels: Progress and trends, by M.B. Cortie. Mar. 1988. 14 pp.Report M346 The direct reduction of sulphur dioxide to elementalsulphur, by I. Henderson. Mar. 1988. 30 pp.Report M349 The optimization of a process using weak-base resin for the recovery of gold from plant solutions and pulps, by A. Mehmet. Apr. 1988. 17 pp. Report M353 The determination, by ion-interaction chromatography, of sulphur species in cyanide solutions, by Pohlandt-Watson, M.J. Hemmings, D.E. Barnes, and a.w. PansL Jun. 1988. 7 pp. Report M355 A laboratory-scale continuous-feed resistance furnace, by K.P.D. Pery, A.S.E. Kleyenstiber, andC.T. Logan. May 1988. 9 pp. Report M357 The determination of minor and trace elements in activated charcoal, by RT. Eddy and G.J. Wal. Jun. 1988. 14 pp. Report M358 The sensitive determination of germanium by atomicabsorption spectrophotometry using electrothermal atomization, by G.D. Marshal. Jun. 1988. 11 pp. Report M92D The recovery of tin and tungsten from various zones of the Van Roois Vley deposit, including setling and filtration, by C.F.B. Coetzee. First issued Apr. 1983; reissued Apr. 1988. 40 pp. World Environment Day Symposium* Mintek auditorium in Randburg was the venue on Thursday, 2nd June, 1988, for more than 200 interested delegates at the annual World Environment Day Symposium, organized jointly by the Federation of Societies of Professional Engineers (FSPE), The Environmental Planning Professions Inter-disciplinary Committee (EPPIC), The Habitat Council, and The Associated Scientific and Technical Societies of South Africa (AS&TS). The theme 'Cultural and Historical Conservation' was adapted from the theme of the Department of Environment Affairs for the 1988 Environment Week.

Jan 1, 1988

By Kobe HW, Balance PF, Black PM, Sporli KB, Smith IEM, Locke CA

The Hauraki Goldfield consists of a large number of volcanic-associated epithermal gold deposits within the Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ), North Island , New Zealand; it is the most accessible and most studied of the Southwest Pacific gold regions. The deposits occur generally as steeply dipping quartz veins and breccia sheets in faults and fractures.From a tectonic perspective, the CVZ is generally considered a Neogene convergent volcanic arc constructed under an extensional tectonic regime; the common tectonic setting for epithermal mineralisation. The gold deposits are mostly hosted in subaerial andesitic arc-type volcanic rocks. Temporally, however, mineralisation is associated with rhyolitic rocks of a bimodal volcanic suite that may represent a back-arc environment. Rifting and calderas may be important components of the latter regime, but this is not yet clear; the general structural framework controlling the location of CVZ gold deposits remains poorly understood. Geophysics, particularly aeromagnetics, has a role in mapping regional fault patterns in the CVZ

Jan 1, 1990

By W. H. Coghill, F. D. DeVaney

"Introduction Numerous investigators have studied grinding. Each has contributed his bit to a literature that is difficult to correlate. Too many of the results have been transformed into curves with no many ""inflection points"" and ""counterflexures"" that they obscure the issue.Some of the investigators have neglected the very essence of the problem, namely, the power and the amount of material to which a known amount of work was applied. The purpose of this paper is to show the ease with which results can be interpreted when these quantities are duly recognized. Some grinding tests will be given for illustration.Grinding studies are of two kinds: (1) Study of the character of the ore and (2) study of the performance of the machines. Several ores may be crushed by a given machine, or several machines may be used on a given ore. The illustrations given in this report cover both objectives.Grindability Characteristics When the ores are being studied the information sought is grindability characteristics (grain-size distribution) and the grindability (work required to produce new surface) of a group of ores.When the study is of the machines, several machines are used for a given ore or given types of ores, and the grinding performances of the machines are compared by a grain-size study.Table 1 gives the grindability characteristics and grindability of six substances, one of which is coal. The substances are arranged from left to right in progressing order of tons per horsepower-hour. Curves and graphs are not needed for elucidation. The secret of the ease of interpretation is the order mentioned and the similarity of the sizing analyses. Power records must be complete in grinding studies.The grinding device was a ball, plunger, and mortar called the drop weight.' It may be used to advantage when the amount of material to be tested is too small for the orthodox machines.The upper part of table 1 shows the grindability characteristics by the cumulative-sizing analyses. Note how closely the percentage weights agree for a given sieve size. The lower part shows the grindability in terms defined elsewhere. The present paper should be read in conjunction with that paper."

Jun 1, 1934

By P. B. Queneau

An operating problem encountered at the Moa Bay operation in Cuba, where nickeliferous laterite ore is processed by sulfuric acid pressure leaching, is the formation of alunite and hematite deposits on the autoclave walls. The AMPX Extractive Research & Development, Inc., metallurgical laboratory (Golden, Colorado) has made substantial improvements in the Moa Bay process in the areas of metal recovery, energy consumption, and feed versatility. One of the advantages of AMAX's process is its ability to treat substantial portions of nickel- and magnesium-rich serpentine while maintaining acid utilization efficiency. The process minimizes scale formation by combining staged acid addition with vigorous agitation and 270°C operation, but does not eliminate scaling. This paper describes how advantage can be taken of MgSO4?XH20 precipitation both to inhibit alunite scaling and to disperse hematite scale within the MgSO4?XH20 matrix. Cooling the autoclave from its 270°C operating temperature down to 180°C takes advantage of the reverse solubility of magnesium sulfate. The magnesium dissolves, liberating entrained hematite, thus providing a means for control of autoclave scale with minimum process disruption.

Jan 1, 1984

Jan 8, 1951

By Frank E. Cash

"INTRODUCTION The iron—ore ranges in the Lake Superior district are the Marquette in Michigan, Menominee and Gogebic in Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Cuyuna, Mesabi, and Vermilion in Minnesota. These ranges produce about 85 percent of the iron ore mined in the United States. Accident experience in connection with this production is better than that of the regions producing the remaining 15 percent. Production and shipments vary slightly from year to year but closely approximate each other over a period of years.This information circular supplements, continues, and combines the data in Information Circular 7321,2/ including figures of 1944 and 1945.During the 6—year period 1940 to 1945, inclusive, 481,485,475 long tons of iron ore was shipped from the Lake Superior district. 4/ Michigan and Wisconsin shipped 93,787,648 tons, or 19,5 percent of the total, and employed annually an average of approximately 14,300 men; Minnesota shipped 387,697,827 tons, or 80,5 percent, and employed annually an average of approximately 9,300 men. The tons produced per man employed is much greater in Minnesota than in Michigan and Wisconsin, owing to the large open-cut production in Minnesota."

Jul 1, 1947

By Alan J. Wianwright

Introduction ??New world-class Upper Devonian porphyry Cu-Au system located in south Mongolia ??6.5 km NNE-trending mineralized corridor ? 4 discrete deposits ??Southern Oyu deposits: Chalcopyrite, deposits: bornite ??Hugo Dummett: Zone: Hypogene chalcocite in addition to chalcopyrite and bornite ??Total resource exceeds ~2 Gt@ >1% Cu, >0.25 g/t Au (0.6% Cu equivalent cut-off) (Ivanhoe Mines press release, 2005)

May 1, 2006

By David K. Ingram

Research performed by the U.S. insurance industry has determined that mine subsidence is uninsurable. Consequently, the insurance industry has decided not to voluntarily offer mine subsidence insurance. The U.S. Department of the Interior has long been investigating the effects of mine subsidence. These investigations have resulted in Federal regulations and controls of mine subsidence. This U.S. Bureau of Mines report generally describes mine subsidence, the development of mine subsidence insurance programs, and the eight current mine subsidence insurance programs in the United States. The States that have these subsidence programs include Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Wyoming. Major aspects of the programs include history, administrative and operational procedures, insurable structures, recognition of mine subsidence, major exclusions, claims, insurance premiums, and the economic health of each program. Addresses of agencies involved with mine subsidence insurance are also given. Information within this report can be useful for residential and commercial property owners and mine operators. States that are considering starting or have an existing mine subsidence insurance program can also use this report as a model for initiating or modifying their programs.

Jan 1, 1993