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By Thomas M. Garland

A field study was made by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with oil companies to determine the feasibility of changing the injection profile of water-input wells after water breakthrough at producing oil wells. A secondary objective was to study the particle size and quantity of plugging material required to change the input profile and the methods of applying these materials. Fifty-three injection wells were treated with various amounts and types of plugging materials and the injection profile was definitely changed in most of the wells treated. Increased efficiency of water injection after treatment was indicated by tracer surveys and injection-well performance. There were some indications that the rate of water production was reduced and the rate of oil production was increased as a result of selective-plugging treatments, but ,s found that an immediate change in the rate of oil and water production did not normally occur. In many cases, beneficial results from a treatment may never be observed in the rate of oil or water production due to the many factors that affect the performance of producing and injection wells.

Jan 1, 1966

"There seems to be some confusion between the terms carbon black and lamp black, although in American lampblack is generally understood to be a soot formed by the smudge process. In this process oil, coal tar, resin or some solid, or carbonaceous substance is burned in an insufficient quantity of air, while on the other hand carbon black is a product resulting from the incomplete combustion of gas and is deposited by actual contact of flame upon a metallic surface.The various carbons, such as gas retort coke, oil retort coke, graphite, carbon black, lampblack, vine black, wood-pulp,black, willow charcoal, and blacks made from refuse material such as leather have different characteristics as to flocculence strength of color, and physical structure. These blacks are made by one of the following methods:(1) Formation by direct contact of a flame upon a depositing surface.(2) Production by combustion of an oil, tar, etc., in an inadequate supply of air; the soot is allowed to slowly settle out on the floors and the walls of the collecting chambers.(3) Carbonization of solids and subsequent reduction to a state of small subdivision.(4) Production by heating carbonaceous vapors or gases to a decomposition temperature by external heating with or without air in the forming chamber. This is usually referred to as cracking or thermal decomposition."

Mar 1, 1920

By R. M. G. Machunter

The presence of ultra-fine particles affects the separation performance of wet gravity separation equipment. Several studies have been undertaken to establish the maximum level of these particulates that can be tolerated by spiral separators and it has been found that unless the ultra-fine material is effectively processed, relatively low proportions in the ROM material combined with high feed rates can result in degradation in plant performance and/or excessive water consumption. The maximum level of particulate material in the process water has been determined by examination of separation performance of spiral separators under varying slime loading. This work has been conducted utilizing various feed sources and a robust ‘rule-of-thumb’ has been derived.

Jan 1, 2005

By Brian T. Brady

The year 1991 recorded unprecedented change throughout the world; war in the Middle East, economic recession in key industrial nations, upheaval in Eastern Europe, and the disintegration of the former U.S.S.R. These issues and growing environmental concerns will affect the entire world mining industry. Environmental issues continue to have an ever greater effect on industrial minerals. In the United States, major issues involving the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and the recent Stormwater Rule by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) affect many types of mineral operations. Significant developments include an important decision in 1991 by a Federal Appellate Court to overturn EPA's asbestos ban on certain products, partly on environmental grounds, and proposed legislation that would overhaul or abandon the 1872 Mining Act. On a global scale, prominent issues include environmental concerns over mining in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and a cutback in plans to clean up the Kola Peninsula in the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.).

Jan 1, 1993

By William T. Folwell

The Lucky Friday mine east of Mullan, Idaho, is an outstanding example of a property in the Coeur d’Alene district where a small and insignificant- appearing silver-lead-zinc vein at the surface has changed at depth into a large vein of great importance. The Lucky Friday vein has little if any surface expression and above the 1200 level the ore shoots are small and discontinuous. Between the 1200 level and 2450 level, the lowest developed level, the main ore shoot has shown remarkable improvement on each succeeding lower level, and today the mine is one of the major lead-silver producers in the Coeur d'Alene district. History: The Lucky Friday property is on the north side of the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River in sections 25, 26 and 35, T. 48 N., R. 5 E., Hunter mining district, Shoshone County, Idaho. This is about one mile east of the town of Mullan, which serves the eastern portion of the Coeur d'Alene district. The southern part of the property is crossed by a branch line of the Northern Pacific Ry. and by U. S. Highway 10. This highway is the principal road crossing the panhandle of Idaho and connects the district with Spokane, Wash., on the west and Missoula, Mont., on the east. The main portal and surface plant of the Lucky Friday mine is at an elevation of 3365 ft, only a short distance above the valley floor and a few hundred feet from U. S. Highway 10, so the mine is readily accessible for year-round operation.

Jan 12, 1958

By J. R. Maxwell

The development, commercial installation, and operating performance of large capacity Maxwell Flotation Cells. Volumes ranging from 300 cubic feet to 2,000 cubic feet per flotation mechanism.

Jan 1, 1971

By T. V. Philip, Paul A. Beck

IN a previous note1 it was pointed out that the available information suggests a distinct correlation between the occurrence of the CsCl-type ordered structures formed in equi-atomic binary alloys of transition elements and the location of the components in the periodic table. A definite increase in the bond strength between unlike atoms, as compared with that between like atoms, is indicated when, in binary alloys of iron group elements, the other component is changed from chromium to vanadium or tantalum, to titanium. Laves and Wallbaum,2 eported a CsCl-type ordered structure for the stable intermediate phase at the equi-atomic composition in the Ti-Fe system (and also in the Ti-Ru and Ti-Os systems). On the other hand, Tagaya, Nenno, and Nishiyama8 found no ordering of this kind in the body-centered-cubic solid solutions in the Cr-Fe system. It was concluded' that the occurrence of a CsC1-type ordered phase of intermediate stability may be expected in the V-Fe system. Preliminary results were described: suggesting that at least some degree of order does exist in the equi-atomic alloy VFe, annealed at 1200° C and quenched in cold water. Using CrK radiation, at least one weak superlattice line was found in the X-ray diffraction pattern which could be indexed as (100). and which disappeared, as expected, when FeK radiation was used. It was found more recently that the impurity phase (presumably VN), previously giving rise to additional X-ray diffraction lines and thus preventing definite indentification of the (111) superlattice line,' can be eliminated by preparing the alloy by arc melting in a helium atmosphere. The alloy specimen melted in this manner had clean surfaces and showed very littte, if any, nitride phase in the microstructure after annealing in vacuum at 1250°C and quenching. The relative intensity of the (100). superlattice line with CrK radiation was greatly increased and, in addition, a fairly strong (Ill) , superlattice line and even a detectable (210) , super- lattice line was obtained, when the powder produced by filing from the 1250°C annealed and quenched specimen was reannealed in vacuum at 625°C for 1 hr. By using a cellulose acetate film as a filter in front of the photographic film in order to absorb the soft radiation resulting from air fluorescence, the background intensity could be reduced considerably in relation to the intensity of the diffraction lines. All three superlattice lines, (100),, (111)., and (210)a, disappeared, as expected, when a radiation other than CrK, was used.1 For the powder reannealed at 625ºC, the strongest lines of the s pattern also appeared weakly, indicating that during an: nealing at 625°C a small amount of transformation took place from the body-centered-cubic to the u phase. However, since all superlattice lines to be expected in the 0 angle range used were actually very clearly present, it was evident that the high temperature body-centered-cubic phase had transformed into a CsCl-type ordered structure before much s phase could form. Reannealing filings for 1 hr at 700°C resulted in complete transformation into the u phase. After 1 hr at 650°C the transformation into IT was not quite complete, the strongest body-centered-cubic diffraction lines were still present, although fairly weak, and only the (100), super-lattice line was detectable (extremely weak). These findings not only confirm the previous conclusionsL as to the existence of a CsCl-type ordered structure in the Fe-V system, but they also indicate that this metastable ordered structure forms at about 600°C preceding the formation of the stable s phase, while at 1250°C the disordered body-centered-cubic phase is stable. The faint (loo) , super-lattice line previously observed in specimens quenched from 1200°C was probably due to the fact that the quenching of the powder in an evacuated fuse:! quartz capsule was not fast enough to prevent completely the ordering reaction on cooling. The present results conform with the suggestion that the A-B bond, in relation to the A-A and B-B bonds, increases in strength from CrFe to VFe to TiFc. It is, therefore, of interest to compare the measured values of the average atomic diameter for these three alloys with the corresponding average atomic diameters calculated from the atomic radii of the elements concerned. ASSUming A-B contacts

Jan 1, 1958

By K. J. Shoop

Coal-fired power plants in the U. S. produce approximately 20 million metric tons of Hue-gas desulfurization sludge every year. The sludge mainly consists of calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate. This can be converted to synthetic gypsum, which in principle could be a marketable commodity. However, many Hue-gas scrubbers produce sludges that do not meet the quality requirements of the gypsum industry, and so their sludges must be landfilled as a waste. If a suitable method can be developed for removing certain objectionable impurities from the sludge, it will then be possible to market the material instead of landfilling it. A sludge from a natural-oxidation scrubber was characterized, and the main contaminant was found to be calcium carbonate from unreacted limestone. Based on the particle size and the characteristics of the material, froth flotation was considered as a method for purifying the material. Since no flotation studies have ever been carried out to separate calcium carbonate particles from calcium sulfite or calcium sulfate particles, it was first necessary to select a suitable collecting reagent. Based on Zeta-potential studies, the most suitable reagent was found to be an octadecylamine-octadecylguanidine complex. Results are presented for flotation of calcium carbonate from scrubber sludge using this reagent, in a reverse-flotation process. The best results were obtained when the sludge was first pre-cleaned using a water-only cyclone to remove unfloatable coarse limestone, followed by froth flotation to remove fine limestone.

Jan 1, 1998

Aamot, Olav Crone, Chem. Engr., Norsk Elektrokemisk, Kongensgt. 18, Olso. Norway. '29 Abadilla.-Quirico A., Dir., Bureau of Mines Manila, P. I. '38 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., 1212 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abel, Raymond L., Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa. '29 Abel. Walter D., Cons. Engr 1839 Holmby Ave., W. Los Angeles. Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T R. F. D. 5. Susquehanna Trail, N., York. Pa. '31 Abell, Leo M., Ore Dressing Investigator, School of Mines Adelaide, S. Australia. '31 Abenius. Hakan V., Mine Supt., Bolidens Gruvaktiebolag Boliden, Sweden. '37 Aborn, Robert H., Asst Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp. Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abraham, W. E. V., East India United Service-Club, 16 St. James' Sq., London, S. W. 1, England. '28 Abrams. Charles Jackson 1624 17th St., Denver, Colo. '36 Abstein, Henry T., Engr. & Mgr., Profile-Tamarack Mines Co Yellow Pine, Idaho. '27

Jan 1, 1938

By James Herbert Bartlett

The MANUFACTURE of Iron in the PROVINCE of Quebec. The St. Maurice Forges.—The deposits of iron-ore in the St. Maurice district, in the rear of Three Rivers, were probably known to the Indians and .Jesuits, but it is not till 1667 that any discovery is reported. The affairs of the colony were then in the control of the " West India Company," who amongst other monopolies had a right to all mines and minerals." Specimens of the iron-ore were examined in Quebec. in 1668 by the Sieur la Potardière, who reported unfavorably on them. In 1671, Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac, was appointed governor of La Nouvelle France ; and in the original manuscripts relating to his administration some allusion is occasionally found to the St. Maurice iron mines.? In a letter to the Imperial Government, dated 2d November, 1672, he says: "The iron mine of which I have already spoken is of great consequence. I have visited it myself, in order that I may be enabled to give a more accurate account of its nature. I am gratified to learn that another mine has been discovered in Champlain, which is much richer than the Cap de la Madelaine mine, and the ore is in greater

Jan 1, 1886

By H. K. Lin

Elemental sulfur is founded to be the predominant sulfur-containing species in a leaching residue resulting from ferric chloride leaching, under given conditions, of a chalcopyrite concentrate. The mineralogical study of the leaching residue which consists of 52% elemental sulfur reveals that the sulfur formed at the end of leaching process is in the form of discrete crystal rather than coating film. Flotation has been applied to recover the sulfur successfully using xanthate as a collector. Dispersants arc needed to prevent the mechanical entrapment of silicate and quartz by sulfur. Very high recovery of sulfur with satisfactory grades can be achieved with a relatively simple notation scheme.

Jan 1, 1991

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast of southern Louisiana during the year of 1940 was subjected to an extensive exploration and development campaign, as a result of which 16 oil fields and about 38 new producing sands were found. Although this record of discovery appears in keeping with the rate of 1939 actually in amount of new proven reserves, it may fall short of that of the previous year. Only five or six of the discoveries rated as first-class or important fields at the close of the year. The most prominent new fields opened during the year were Neale field in Beaure-gard Parish, the West Cote Blanche field in St. Mary Parish, the Stella field and the West Bay field in Plaquemines Parish, and the Lake Salvador field in St. Charles Parish. There were many important oil-sand discoveries in proven fields, such as in the Bayou Perot field, the Golden Meadows field, the Iowa field, West Lake Verrett field, and the Venice field. During the year, 1047 weUs were drilled in southern Louisiana, of which 768 were completed as oil-producing wells, 17 as gas wells and 262 as dry holes. The Neale field in northwest Beauregard Parish is considered one of the most important discoveries of the year. The f~eld centers around the north half of sec. 26, 'Y.3 S., R.I I W., just north of the town of Neale. It was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Co., using reflection seismograph to locate the structure. Production was found in the second well drilled in the Wilcox sand on the downthrown side of a fault. The structure is known as the "Tepetate" type, being similar to that of the well-known Tepetate field. There were 12 oil wells and 3 dry holes drilled during the year. The Wilcox sand in this field occurs between 8350 and 8400 ft. and averages 30 ft. in thickness. The West Cote Blanche Bay field, in West Cote Blanche Bay, St. Mary Parish, is a 1940 discovery by the Texas Company, credited to reflection seismograph exploration. The oil is from two sands occurring at 3110 to 3140 ft. and from 4950 to 5020 it. Four wells were drilled during the year, three oil wells and one dry hole. The deepest hole drilled reached 9491 ft. without encountering salt or dome material. In Plaquemines Parish, south of New Orleans, the California company has a new field known as the Stella field. The sand was found at a depth of 7485 ft., and 5 ft. of perforations made a well capable of producing 486 bbl. of oil in 24 hr. through a 9.is-in. choke. The oil is 42" gravity. The discovery well was drilled to a total depth of 10,258 ft. and other producing sands were indicated. A good field appears assured, although only one well was completed within the year. The Lake Salvador field, in the center of Lake Salvador, St. Charles Parish, gives promise of being one of the most important discoveries of the year. The discovery well was perforated at 9775 to 9800 ft. making 850 bbl. of 33.7° gravity oil daily through a 1/4-in. choke. Three wells were completed in 1940 but few details have as yet been made available.he Gulf Oil Corporation apparently has a good field in its wildcat discovery in West Bay, Plaquemines Parish. This well found

Jan 1, 1941

By Larry A. Haas

The Bureau of Mines constructed a torsion effusion apparatus to measure the equilibrium vapor pressure of pure metals, alloys, and compounds at temperatures up to 1,500° K. The reliability of the apparatus was established by determining the vapor pressure of silver. The data obtained on solid and liquid silver in the temperature range 1,200° to 1,500° K can be expressed by the following equations:

Jan 1, 1965

By Raymond L. Lowrie

Coal deposits in the Boulder-Weld County coalfield in Colorado are analyzed in relation to economic factors governing the growth, stability, and competitive potential of the coal industry. Recoverable reserves, estimated to be 571 million tons, are discussed in detail, particularly those in the Erie and Frederick Quadrangles. Geology of the coal measures, quantity and quality of water resources, and chemical and physical properties of the coal are described. Coal production factors, including mining techniques and equipment, labor requirements, transportation facilities and rates, and markets, are considered for coal's position in competition with alternate fuels. Growth of the fuels market, through increasing thermal-electric power generation in the Denver Metropolitan Area, will stimulate coal production in Colorado. Reserves of the contiguous Boulder-Weld coalfield, if mined in a sustained, year-round, high-tonnage operation, could be used to supply much of that fuel demand.

Jan 1, 1966

By C. O. Swanson

"OUR INTEREST in estimates of world reserves of lead and zinc is focussed mainly on the information they give about the sufficiency of metal supplies for the future. However, we soon realize that the estimates can be interpreted in several different ways. Accordingly, it is necessary to have some under-standing of the elements represented by a compilation of world re-serves, and we will start by examining the accuracy of the estimates and what they attempt to measure.Variations in Estimates of the ReservesIf we study the estimates of world reserves that have been published in recent years, we note immenediately that they vary over a considerable range. For example, an article by Shea in 1947 gave world reserves as about 36 million tons of lead and 60 million tons of zinc. Shea did not in elude the United States but I have added to his totals the estimates made by the Bureau of Mines for that country in arriving at the foregoing figures. For approximately the same date, the American Zinc Institute and the Lead Industries Association reported world reserves as about 50 million tons of lead and 77 million tons of zinc. A comparison of the two sets of figures shows a mean variation of 30 per cent. For individual countries the difference between estimates can be even larger. A few years ago the estimate of Canada's reserves made by the United States Bureau of Mines was 7.4 million tons of lead and 14.0 million tons of zinc, while the Gordon Commission reported 1 O. 7 million tons of lead and 26.0 mil-lion tons of zinc. In this case the mean variation was 55 per cent."

Jan 1, 1960

By Thomas V. Falkie

Mining and exploration, in the year 1971, can be characterized as a year of politics and the beginning of an era of legislation. Certainly the activities of our state and federal lawmakers and international politicians over-shadowed technical developments, which are outlined in the following pages. The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry was the most far-reaching event of the year. Not only will it have an effect on international metal trade, but the nationalization will also affect the major mining companies in such a way as to cause strategic, managerial and technical adjustments in metal mining and exploration efforts in other parts of the world.

Jan 2, 1972

By L. M. Demers, D. C. Kuhn

"Kuhn, Douglas C., and Laurence M. Demers. Effect of surfactant on basal and silica-induced eicosanoid production by the alveolar macrophage. Am. J . Physiol. 269 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 13): L165-Ll 70, 1995.-Infiammation and fibrosis subsequent to the inhalation of certain mineral dust particles has been suggested to result from the activation of eicosanoid synthesis by the alveolar macrophage (AM). To determine if surfactant modifies dust-induced generation of eicosanoids by the AM, we evaluated the effect of the surfactant lipid dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) on the production of eicosanoids by rat AM exposed to respirable silica dust in vitro. During the first 24-h exposure period, DPL alone significantly increased basal production of eicosanoids but completely inhibited silica-induced thromboxane A2 synthesis. In contrast, leukotriene B4 (LTB4 ) production was only partially reduced by DPL. During a second 24-h exposure period, LTB4 production in response to the highest dose of silica remained significantly elevated in the presence of DPL. Similar results were obtained when the surfactant preparation Survanta was evaluated. These results suggest that 1 ) DPL and Survanta independently activate AM eicosanoid production, 2) DPL and Survanta modulate the response of the AM to silica dust, and 3) L TB4 may be the most important eicosanoid mediator of the long-term effects of silica dust exposure on lung pathophysiology. THE OXYGENATED METABOLITES of arachidonic acid (AA) (here collectively termed eicosanoids) have been implicated as important regulators of lung physiology and are thought to be involved in pathophysiological sequelae such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, and the pulmonary complications of sepsis (20). This role is manifested through both direct effects on lung physiology as well as through an indirect modulatory effect on the release of other mediators of lung injury, in particular profibrotic cytokines such as the interleukins and tumor necrosis factor (15). Recently, exaggerated eicosanoid production by both the alveolar macrophage (AM) and the type II epithelial cell has been demonstrated to result from the exposure of these cells to several particulates, including crystalline silica (quartz) dust (5, 9, 17). These observations have led to the suggestion that eicosanoids play a major role in the etiology of pneumoconioses.Another secretory component of the pulmonary environment, surfactant, has been shown to modulate crucial AM functions, such as bactericidal activity and the recruitment of circulating immune cells (25). Indeed, an important feature of the lung's reaction to inhaled mineral dust is an increase in surfactant production, perhaps as a compensatory or protective response (1, 16). In addition, the alteration of the surface properties of mineral dust by surfactant or its components has been shown to influence the biochemical response of the AM to the dust, perhaps by altering the surface charge of the dust particle (11, 29, 32). And recently, Wallace et al. (28) have shown that the coating of mineral dust with surfactant, and its subsequent removal by lysosomal phospholipase, unmasks differences in dust cytotoxicity that are not apparent when AM are exposed to uncoated dust. Thus it appears that the inclusion of surfactant in in vitro exposure studies may be important in evaluating both the absolute levels of eicosanoid production by the normal and dust-exposed AM and the temporal relationship between dust exposure and the production of inflammatory mediators by the AM. Therefore, we characterized the effects of the surfactants dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL; the primary lipid component of natural surfactant) and Survanta (a commercially available surfactant derived from bovine lung) on basal and silica-induced AM eicosanoid production during two 24-h periods after exposure to dust particles to both allow the enzymatic removal of surfactant from the particle surface and evaluate the k"

Dec 1, 1996

By Srijit Bandyopadhyay, Aniruddha Sengupta, G. R. Reddy, Raj Banerjee

The objective of the present endeavor is to compare the performance of a pile raft system in foundation sand subjected to lateral loads. To study the behavior of pile raft system in sand a laboratory test was conducted on small scale model foundation system. The raft and pile was modeled by square concrete foundation of 250 mm x 250 mm x 15 mm in length, breadth and thickness and 25mm diameter and 250mm long circular pile located at the center of the raft. The system was tested under static lateral loads of 6.25N, 12.5N, 18.75N and 25 N respectively resting on dry Kasai River sand. A vertical surcharge pressure of 1.5kPa (10 kg) was applied on top of the model raft for each case. The results of the model tests have been simulated by a general purpose 3-D finite element software and the model has been validated with experimental results. The moments of the pile obtained from the model tests and those predicted by the numerical analyses for all the lateral loads matches reasonably well. For matching the trend of bending moments obtained from experiments, validation with theoretical results have been done with the help of Matlock and Reese (1960) approach for a single value of lateral loading. Moreover, a parametric study has been conducted with 5mX5mX0.3m raft size with 0.5m diameter and 5 meter long pile with increasing number of piles namely 2, 5 and 9 respectively to study the response in terms of moment and lateral deformation under available earthquake loadings, like Loma Prieta (1989) and Darfield Christchurch (2010). Bending moments of piles and load deformation curves for lateral loading have been studied for each case in which it is observed that the bending moments of pile significantly reduces (around 4 times) as the number of pile is increased to two, but it decreases to a nearly constant value (it saturates) as the number of pile is increased to five and nine. Moreover, the lateral deformation of piled raft system drastically reduces (around 2.4 times) for two pile system, and it saturates to a constant value with five and nine pile system. All these results indicate the constancy of stiffness irrespective of the number of piles in the piled raft.

Jan 1, 2015

By Laurent Dorel, Sebastien Maillard, Afchine Nasserian, Jean-Paul Faure

Surface quality monitoring is primarily implemented in the last steps of steel manufacturing before shipment to the end user. However, an increasing trend for also addressing this topic in the upstream stages, such as hot rolling plant, is tackled by Primetals Technologies to give steel producers the key to a global optimized yield management, and efficient “lessons learned” processes. After the last developments of SIAS Next Gen platform, including High Resolution and Near Infra-Red, some site results will be exposed on the very specific high constraints lines such as ESP Endless Strip Production and Plate Mills, and highlights the related most interesting aspects for our customers.

Oct 1, 2019