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By W. B. Berwald

The United States Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Natural Gas Department of the American Gras association, has been studying actively for the past several years the problem of the flow of natural gas through high-pressure transmission lines. Numerous data on gas flow through pipe lines under many conditions of operation have been obtained by carefully conducted tests, and these data, together with all other available information, have been analyzed carefully to secure practical facts for the use of operators in designing pipe lines and determining the effects of different operating conditions on pipe-line capacities. The first procedure in initiating; this problem was to review, compile, and analyze all of the existing data on the flow of natural gas through pipe lines. Actual data applicable to pipe and operating conditions normally used in the transmission of natural gas were meager, and the several pipe line flow formulas developed by different investigators gave widely varying; results when applied to problems of pipe-line design. Therefore, further experimental work under conditions comparable to those found in transmitting natural gas was essential before any definite recommendations could be made.

Jan 1, 1931

By L. E. Cardwell

This publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 390 natural gas samples from 22 States and five foreign countries. Of this total, 385 samples were collected during calendar year 1969. The remaining five analyses are of samples collected during previous years, but releases granting permission to publish the results were not received until 1969. All samples were collected as part of a continuous survey of the free world for occurrences of helium in natural gas. This survey has been conducted in the United States by the Bureau of Mines since 1917. In late 1965, the survey was expanded to include foreign gasfields. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus which are described in Bureau of Mines Bulletins 4863 and 576.4 Eleven previous publications have presented the results of 8,660 gas analyses made by the Bureau of Mines Helium Activity prior to 1969. The first three, Bulletins 486,6 576,6 and 617,7 contain analyses and related source

Jan 1, 1970

By William H. Waggaman

The United States not only is the largest producer of phosphate rock but also manufactures and consumes greater quantities of phosphate products than any other country. New and expanding uses will increase even further the demand for this basic raw material. Only a small proportion of the total quantity of phosphate rock mined and marketed is consumed directly in a raw or unprocessed state; the vast bulk is chemically treated and converted into [ertilizer] and a wide variety of finished products that play a vital role in [r] national economy. Three fundamental methods are employed in decomposing phosphate rock. 1. Reduction by carbon at high temperatures. 2. Treatment with one or more acids. 3. Calcination or fusion with silica, sodium salts, magnesium minerals, or small quantities of phosphoric acid.

Jan 1, 1960

By Jacqueline V. Rich

The relationship between surface and ground water quality and copper mining in the Globe-Miami area is investigated in this three-year study. Methods to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or treat polluted waters are identified and evaluated. Best Management Practices are incorporated in a recommended plan to manage the area's water quality.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. B. Berwald

The United States Bureau of lanes, in cooperation with the Natural Gas Department of the American Gas Association, has been studying actively for the past several years the problem of the flow of natural gas through high-pressure transmission lines. Numerous data on gas flow through pipe lines under many conditions of operation have been obtained by carefully conducted tests, and these data, together with all other available information, have been analyzed Carefully to secure practical facts for the use of operators in designing pipe lines and determining the effects of different operating conditions on pipe-line capacities. The first procedure in initiating this problem was to review, compile, and analyze all of the existing data on the flow of natural gas through pipe lines. Actual data applicable to pipe and operating conditions normally used in the transmission of natural gas were meager, and the several pipe line flow formulas developed by different investigators gave widely varying results when applied to problems of pipe-line design. Therefore, further experimental work under conditions comparable to those found in transmitting natural gas was essential before any definite recommendations could be made. The problem, as originally planned, included flow tests on pipe lines in operation, and in each test the measured delivery vas to be compared with the delivery calculated from several common pipe line flow formulas.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. D. Ramsdell

The object of this investigation by the Federal Bureau of Mines was to evaluate the workability, recrystallization characteristics, and mechanical and physical properties of high-purity electrorefined vanadium. The low level of interstitially soluble elements in electrorefined vanadium results in a soft ductile metal which responds readily to cold working by rolling, swaging, and press-forging. Hardness, strength, and resistivity increased with an increase in impurity content, but thermal expansion was independent of impurity content. The work-hardening of vanadium occurs rapidly. Most of the hardness increase occurs in the first 15 pct. of reduction in area. When vanadium is annealed, its hardness increases to a maximum when the annealing temperature is between 200° to 400° C. A sharp decrease in hardness develops as the annealing temperature is increased. An anomaly in the hardness versus annealing temperature curve is present in the 600° to 800° C. range, while all evidence of cold-work is removed at annealing temperatures above 900° C.

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert W. Smith

The Bureau of Mines is engaged in a systematic evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of combustion gases. These studies are designed to provide basic thermodynamic information of high accuracy, facilitating the theoretical study of flame and combustion phenomena. This report is the fourth of a series4/ presenting results of the study for particular fuel-oxidant systems. These calculations have as their objective the evaluation of the constant pressure flame temperatures of methane-air, propane-air, and ethylene-air mixtures for a range of pressures.

Jan 1, 1953

By H. A. Watson

This circular, which is a revision and combination of two previous publications,3 4/ presents information on the different types of equipment that may be used to analyze mine atmospheres, with particular reference to the application and limitations of each type. Such information is frequently requested by mining companies, State mining departments, and other agencies concerned with safety in mining who wish advice regarding methods of analysis of mine atmospheres and the equipment necessary for establishing laboratories for that purpose. Since the Haldane-type apparatus is particularly applicable to the accurate determination of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and combustible gases such as methane in mine atmospheres, that apparatus and the method of operation are described in detail. The circular presents results of a critical study of the accuracy attainable with the Haldane-type apparatus in the determination of methane in concentrations of the order of 0.25 percent, by volume. Analytical procedures involved in the other methods discussed are presented in publications referenced in this circular. Information is given also on the various accessory equipment needed in a laboratory for the analysis of mine atmospheres, and suggestions on laboratory design are included. INTRODUCTION 'The analysis of mine atmospheres plays an important part in promoting safety and maintaining safe conditions in mining operations, particularly in coal mining, where the flammable gas methane presents a continuous hazard in Nome mines and may be encountered unexpectedly in others.5/ Methane has been encountered also, often unexpectedly and with disastrous results, in noncoal mines and in tunnels under

Jan 1, 1956

By FREDERICK H. WILLCOX

In the past the blast-furnace industry was under the stigma of being one of the most prolific sources of killed or seriously inj ured and permanently disabled workmen of any of the industries of the country. In the popular mind, labor at blast furnaces was little less hazardous than mining, powder making, or railroad work. This impression wasbased not so much on definite knowledge of the number actnally injured and the causes of injury as on the spectacular nature of the accidents that from time to time were described in the press. As with a mine disaster or a railroad wreck so with many furnace accidents, the number fatally injured in such accidents constitutes only a minor proportion of the workmen who suffer more or less serious injuries. However, the reader of the daily paper receives a distinct impression-of frightful and sudden disaster which is apt to be associated henceforth in his mind with work at blast furnaces. It is true that in the past this impression has not been without warrant, for from the time of the advent of Mesabi ores, taller furnaces, and faster smelting, which begain in the early nineties, the newspapers have chronicled a large number of blastfurnace disasters. Blast-furnace men have never assumed to tolerate failures in construction or defective control of furnaces. But the admitted hazards of the work are many, and the slow development of improvements in the construction and control of the furnace and its auxiliaries have occasionally given rise to a tendency to accept as a part of the day's work not only the unforeseen and difficultly controlled accidents but accidents whose recurrence might be stopped by the adoption of suitable preventive measures. In the smelting of iron, even more than in many other industries, safety is inseparably related to efficiency in production, and. the accidents strictly incident to work about the furnace are proportional in some degree to the success with which obstacles to smooth working are overcome. This relation does not hold, however, in regard .to such accidents as are incident to hand labor, falls, falling and flying objects, machinery, and the use of hand tools.

Jan 1, 1917

By P. B. Lorenz

Wettability measurements and laboratory waterflood tests were compared under a wide variety of conditions. Experiments were conducted with synthetic and natural crude oils, treated and untreated outcrop and oilfield sandstone cores, and synthetic brines with and without caustic, detergent, or phosphate additives. Measurements were made on equilibrated and unequilibrated systems at 77° and 150° F. Wettability was evaluated by the Bureau of Mines method from capillary pressure curves determined with a centrifuge. The waterflood data were fitted by empirical curves; the parameters of the curves characterize primary and subordinate production and also give the ultimate oil recovery. Results showed that wettability measurements at 77° F were useful predictors of recovery efficiency in waterflood tests run at both temperatures. Oil recovery in the early stages of waterflooding increased with increasing water wettability; however, the ultimate recovery was highest at a slightly oil-wet condition. The oil displaced at highest speed in the centrifuge was correlated with ultimate recovery in waterflood tests. Chemical additives to the brine sometimes lowered wettability and also sometimes improved waterflood recovery, but wettability and recovery were not correlated with additives present. The effect of additives on recovery in waterflooding was best seen in water-oil ratio curves.

Jan 1, 1974

By Richard Quirk

This report describes methods and techniques employed by The Glidden Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, in explorating an ilmenite-bearing sand deposit in Ocean County, New Jersey, during 1960 to determine ore reserve potential and the feasibility of mining and establishing a milling plant on the property for the production of ilmenite concentrate. The property covered approximately 1,250 acres. Comprehensive sampling by water-jet drilling indicated the deposit averaged 20 feet in thickness and contained 4.5 percent heavy minerals, of which 80 to 85 percent was ilmenite and leucoxene. Average depth of the water table as determined by auger boring was 16.8 feet. Pilot plant tests indicated that circular concentrators in combination with spiral concentrators would recover at least 80 percent of the heavy mineral content of the sands. It was estimated that sufficient ore reserve tonnage had been developed to supply the company's Baltimore chemicals division, pigments department, with a suitable grade ilmenite concentrate for a period of 20 years at the present rate of pigments production. The property was designated as Lakehurst mine and plans are in progress for mining development and plant construction.

Jan 1, 1963

By K. T. Menzies

Over 1500 literature citations related to diesel exhaust sampling and analysis were obtained as a result of both computer and manual searches of nine data bases. Abstracts and hard copies of relevant citations were reviewed and those considered appropriate for evaluation were included in a bibliography. Based on the literature collected, available sampling and analysis methods for the following diesel exhaust contaminants were evaluated: CO, CO2, NO, NO2, Hydrocarbons, Particulates, PNA, S04, Oxygenates Emphasis was given to both laboratory and field methods for these species. Methods were evaluated on the basis of sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and reliability and a selected list of preferred methods was developed for each compound/ class. The selected methods were additionally evaluated through communication with current investigators. Sampling and analysis methods for all compounds except CO and CO2 were observed to have some unreliability. Recommendations were made for future research to develop, improve, and validate methods.

Jan 1, 1979

By H. L. Retcofsky

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (18CNMR) spectra of nine 2-substituted pyridines, seven 3 -substituted pyridines, and nine 4-substituted pyridines have been obtained and analyzed. Substituents included both electron-releasing groups and electron-with hawing groups. Substituent effects on the magnetic shieldings of the ring carbons, except for those in the 2-positions of 2-substituted pyridines, were found to be quite similar to the effects reported for the monosubstituted benzenes, Thus, at least to a first approximation, the two classes of compounds have similar shielding mechanisms. Shieldings of the carbon atoms in the 5-positions of 2-substituted pyridines and those in the 6-positions of 3-substituted pyridines were found to reflect electron release or withdrawal by substituent groups, The pyridinium cation and the compounds 2,2'-dipyridyl and benzonitrile were also investigated.

Jan 1, 1969

By C. R. McCann

The Bureau of Mines conducted an experimental study of conditions needed to produce flames of pulverized coal when the heat needed for ignition is sup-plied only from the flame and hot furnace refractory. An electrically heated furnace which burned about 1 pound of coal per hour was designed and fabricated. A sheath of air, surrounding the primary coal and air stream, was used to prevent entry of hot gases from recirculating combustion products. Furnace temperatures needed for ignition ranged from about 1,8300 F for an Illinois coal to 2,250° F for a Beckley seam coal. Apparent flame velocities were about 2 to 5 feet per second, increasing with volatile content of the coal and with distance from the burner mouth to the flame. The time required for ignition, approximately 0.02 to 0.07 sec, was a better measure of flame behavior than was velocity.

Jan 1, 1969

By O. S. North

As recently as the late 1920's there Were few indications that a 15-million-dollar-a-year industry would ever grow out of the mineralogic curiosity vermiculite. Today, it is an important industrial commodity, used primarily as an insulating material and lightweight aggregate, but with a wide range of other applications. The quantity of crude vermiculite produced and used in the United States increased 14-fold in the 17 years between 1935 and 1951. The vermiculite minerals are of secondary origin, formed by hydrothermal alteration of an ultrabasic igneous rock, generally pyroxenite, or by alteration of phlogopite or biotite mica or possibly other similar minerals. According to different authorities, vermiculite may originate either by direct hydrothermel means, by the weathering of biotite or phlogopite, or by a combination of these two agencies. Vermiculites frequently occur at or near the contacts of an acid intrusive rock, especially a pegmatite dike, with a basic or ultrabasic country rock.

Jan 1, 1953

By W. P. Yant

This report describes result of a study of the carbon monoxide and particulate matter in the air of the Holland, Tunnel and metropolitan New York made by the Bureau of Mines (which had participated in the development

Jan 1, 1941

By A. G. Loomis

Although secondary-recovery methods have not been applied widely in California, it is apparent that increasing attention and effort must be given to this phase of recovery if the State is to maintain its high rank as a petroleum producer. Steadily increasing demands for petroleum products and decreasing rates of discovery of new oil fields and rapid depletion of existing reserves emphasize the prospect of an adverse situation of supply and demand in the not-far-distant future. If the trend of discoveries becomes more favorable or if more complete economic recovery of the oil in place can be obtained by secondary recovery, this situation can be averted. Not only are these reserves of economic importance to the petroleum industry to meet increasing market demands, but economic reclamation of such reserves is an important conservation measure, which will prolong the productive life of many fields" Accordingly, progressive operators in California are alert to the possibilities of secondary recovery and have done much to implement such operations wherever feasible. Most of the operations are of the pressure-maintenance type} in which the reservoir pressure is maintained or partly maintained by injecting natural gas to increase oil recovery. The possibilities of recovering additional oil from stripper fields by gas drive and water flooding (including water disposal) also are being tested in experimental field projects. Table 1 summarizes gas and water-injection projects in California.

Jan 1, 1952

By G. L. Oldright

In the first paper of this series (R. 1. 4333) on the cooperative work with the Eagle-Pitcher Mining & Smelting Co., changes in the nature of the sinter feed were measured by corresponding changes in the retorting temperatures necessary to distill zinc at the best rates; the firing schedules summarized such changes. In this paper, third of the series, are noted same of the changes in practice that were brought about by the need to treat more fused, glassy, and "hard" sinter, as the operators qualify it. Losses of uncondensed zinc were increased by adding zinc-bearing materials from which? the zinc was readily distillable to hard sinter requiring higher-temperatures for zinc distillation. The rates of zinc distillation were increased by grinding the fuel finer; there were few benefits and loss of dust on grinding the sinter finer, unless the fine ?coal and fine sinter were brought into contact by pelletizing, and the pellets made but little dust.

Jan 1, 1948

By D. E. Shanks

The Bureau of Mines surveyed a variety of inorganic ion-exchange materials to determine their suitability for removing valuable accessory elements and troublesome contaminants from metallurgical process and waste streams. Most of the materials, which included molecular sieves, heteropolyacid salts, and hydrous metal oxides, did not give adequate separations, did not have the necessary stability in strong acids or bases, or were not in a physical form suitable for ion-exchange use. Many of the suitable inorganic materials, especially the hydrous oxides, were capable of cation exchange with high capacity only in basic conditions, which caused hydrolysis of most of the cations tested. Multivalent anions, such as arsenate and phosphate, were easily removed from acidic solutions by hydrous oxides. Hydrous zirconia was the best material for this purpose. Multivalent anions were not easily des orbed because of compound formation; therefore, conventional ion-exchange techniques could not be employed. As an alternative approach, hydrous ferric hydroxide was used as a filter material to remove arsenate and phosphate from acid solutions. One gram of arsenic was removed from solution for each 20 g of ferric hydroxide. Ferric hydroxide is preferable to hydrous zirconia for use as a filter material because of low cost.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. R. Thoenen

This paper outlines briefly results of seismic measurements recorded in the vicinity of quarry blasting under practical operating conditions. The data cover field work done from January to the middle of August 1930, during which time records were made of 61 blasts in 19 quarries. Of the tests made, one was in biotite-gneiss, two in dolomite, two in a flintlike volcanic complex, three in gabbrodiorite, five in trap rock, and six in limestone. One quarry was in Alabama, two were in South Carolina, two in New York, four in Kentucky, five in Connecticut, and five in Massachusetts. Explosive charges ranged from 0.30 pound to 41,900 pounds, and the method of shooting varied from mud caps through hammer and wagon drill holes to churn drill holes and coyote tunnel shots.

Jan 1, 1937