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This appendix contains the list of equipment selected for the capitol cost estimate, with the respective quotations from their vendors/manufacturers. A vendor response report along with a separate equipment and motor list has been included in the first part of this appendix.

Jan 1, 1979

By K. P. Wang

The foundation of Japan's growing industrial and economic strength lies primarily in minerals, power, and technical know-how. Domestic raw material resources cannot supply domestic demand, and imports are indispensable. The Japanese are forced to acquire minerals and metals on a global basis, and their activities already have made an impact on international markets. A by-product of these efforts is the development and expansion of mines in many parts of the world to supply Japanese requirements. Japan now has a surplus capacity to produce finished products for consumption and export. Tradition-ally, domestic deficits in minerals have been met by importing crude materials. Because of the rising demand, however, the time has come when semi finished products as well as crude minerals are required. While the domestic market is the mainstay for Japan's industrial products, expanding export markets are essential for balancing trade and for providing economic prosperity and higher living standards for the Japanese people. Japan has a long history of mineral and industrial development, and the best in modern practices abroad has been adopted and modified for use under Japanese conditions of smaller enterprises, cheaper labor, and a more closely knit society. Generations of industrious workmen, technicians, and business-men have been trained in industrial occupations. Devastation of war temporarily slowed progress, but at the same time provided the opportunity for reconstruction, modernization, rationalization, and expansion. The Japanese excel in small and medium-sized operations, but they also have mastered large-scale production. Management is aggressive, practical, and strongly imbued with the concepts of effective utilization of resources. Integrated operations, diversification of facilities, intense competition among concerns in the domestic market, and close cooperation in foreign activities characterize Japanese industrial policies. Available capital has been utilized up to the limit for the establishment of mineral and other industrial facilities at home and abroad. Technology, machinery and equipment, and transport services have been exported along with venture capital, and funds have been advanced against future delivery of foreign raw materials. The Government has been restrained in regulatory functions and has provided technical services to private industry. Thus, Japan's technological foundations are secure, management practices are efficient, and government has stimulated production. The future outlook is bright for the continued rapid growth of mineral and other industries in Japan. Already supreme in Asia in per capita output and living standards, Japan steadily is gaining on the European countries. Steel production has overtaken the United Kingdom and is pressing the level in West Germany. Consumption of fuels and power is expanding at a rapid rate. Construction activities are booming. Japan has built up medium-sized non-ferrous industries. Its ability to produce the exotic metals needed in the nuclear space age is well established. Since Japan makes a great variety of mineral products, her overall posture in mineral extraction and processing is strong. Primarily as a result of intensive efforts in the mineral and other industrial fields, Japan is emerging in world markets as a serious competitor to all industrialized nations.

Jan 1, 1962

By Victor V. Verbinski

This report presents the development of a raw coal concentration sensor for hydro-transport of coal and refuse (rock) from underground mines, and the results of an international test series carried out at the Colorado School of Mines Research Institute in Golden, Colorado, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Hydraulic Transport Research Facility in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Saskatchewan Research Facility in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, and the Steinkohlenbergbauverein Test Facility in Essen, West Germany. Test results are presented for a three-component sensor and also for the more rugged two-component (all nuclear) sensor.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. B. Cunningham

Lithium in the form of metal, salts, and alloys is particularly important because of increasing industrial uses resulting partly from wartime developments. Lithium carbonate and lithium strontium nitrate, which impart a brilliant red color to a flame, are used in pyrotechnics. Lithium chloride and fluoride are used in fluxes for welding aluminum to dissolve the oxide coating on the aluminum and prevent oxidation of the molten metal. Lithium carbonate is used in ceramics in raw alkaline glazes because of its unusual fluxing properties. The use of 9 to 12 percent lithium carbonate permits a marked increase in the amounts of alumina, calcium, and silica that may be Used and results in a more stable glaze with sufficient alkalinity to produce vivid copper blues and other typically alkaline colors. Lithium stearate is used as a grease in airplane engines because of its ability to withstand wide changes in temperature. In view of its great affinity for nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, and silicon, lithium has an excellent scavenging action on molten metals. It forms stable nonmetallic compounds of low specific gravity or gases that are eliminated at pouring temperatures. Lithium is generally added to the melt in the form of a lithium-calcium alloy consisting of 50 percent of each ingredient or as an alloy of 98 percent copper and 2 percent lithium. The lithium-calcium alloy added to cast iron before pouring, acts as a scavenger and increases the fluidity of the melt. This alloy also is said to increase the corrosion-resistant properties of stainless steel alloys and to improve their polishing qualities.

Jan 1, 1948

By J. M. Provost

1. Estimates have been made for eight coal beds in Marion County, but only the Pittsburgh is important from a production standpoint at this time. The Pittsburgh bed has the largest recoverable reserve, and the Sewickley is second in importance. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves thickness of 14 inches and on 1,800 short tons estimated at 3,141 million tons, as of January lion tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick in all beds, based on a minimum per acre-foot of coal in place, are 1, 1955. Of this total, 2,983 mil-Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were too meager for making an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By E. H. Skinner

An abandoned mine shaft near Omar, in Logan County, W, was permanently sealed through a cooperative agreement between the West Virginia Department of Commerce, Labor, and Environmental Resources, Division of Environmental Protection, and the US. Bureau of Mines (USBM), Abandoned Mine Lands (AML) Program. An engineered shaft seal design was developed and demonstrated that featured lightweight concrete as a key material component at a wet density of about 45 lb/ft3. A reinforced concrete cap designed for 5 psi live load was placed over the shaft seal. Applicable new concrete technologies relating to a 100-yr design life were utilized to assure future integrity of the shaft seal. Waterproofing methods were included in the shaft seal design to provide protection from ambient moisture and corrosive mine waters and to increase the long-term durability of the shaft seal. All construction methods used in the field trial are fully adaptable for the mine-reclamation contractor, The USBM research objectives were to develop a broad generic design that will be widely applicable to other adit-sealing and shaft-sealing problems throughout the mining industry.

Jan 1, 2010

By M. E. Volin

The Smuggler is one of the mines in the Aspen district, located the central part of Pitkin County, Colo. It was first examined in July 1943 by C. R. Wilfloy, former mining engineer of the Bureau of Mines at Salt Lake City, Utah, in, company with the lessees, R. D. Rohlfing of Aspen and J. W. Vanderwilt of Denver. The purpose of this examination was to sample a mineralized breccia zone that appeared continuous along the contact between the Leadville and Weber formations. These preliminary samples showed that the zone contains low but significant amounts of lead and zinc and that the minerals are partly oxidized and thus not easily concentrated. The mine was examined again in May 1946 by the senior author and William Herron, one of the present lessees of the property. This examination reviewed the previous sampling and recommended investigations by the Bureau of Mines. Sampling and drilling investigations were conducted by the Bureau from October 1946 to February 1947 and again from August 1947 to April 1948. Aspen is the center of a famous mining district that produced over $102,000,000 in silver and lead ores from 1880 to 1918, when a dispute closed down the mines (fig. 1). All of the workings below the Cowenhoven tunnel in Smuggler Mountain and the lower Durant tunnel in Aspen Mountain have been flooded since that time. The Cowenhoven portal now is caved, and Smuggler Nos. 1 and 2 tunnels are the only accessible workings in Smuggler Mountain. The only operating mine is the Midnight, situated 4 miles south of town at an altitude of 9,700 feet.

Jan 1, 1950

By M. Leva

WITH the development of new processes for the production of synthetic liquid fuels, an extensive literature search was undertaken to uncover fundamental relationships between fluid and heat flows and the operating variables of new types of converters. Examination of published correlations revealed that considerable uncertainty existed in the correlation of the operating variables of such equipment with the pressure drops which could be expected through packed and fluidized systems; correlations proposed in the literature differed from each other frequently by as much as 75 to 100 percent. Because new processes, especially more recent modifications of the original Fischer-Tropsch process, must compete with old, firmly established processes on the basis of unit product cost, the pressure-drop correlations in the literature were considered to be too inaccurate for use in calculating the energy required to pass fluids through packed beds. The following study was begun in 1946 to develop correlations that would be suitable for the design of new equipment in which fluids are brought into contact with granular materials. To arrive at general relationships, systems were chosen that did not involve chemical reactions, and a, particular effort was made to give the correlations only in terms of quantities that are ordinarily available from general process and design specifications.

Jan 1, 1951

By John L. Miller

The synthetic fluormicas may be divided on the basis of silicon content into tetrasilicic, trisilicic, and disilicic. Properties of lead and barium disilicic fluormicas were determined to characterize these two representative members of the disilicic group. Properties described include unit-cell parameters from X-ray diffraction, optical data, chemical composition, density, melting point, and mechanical and dielectric properties. Both the lead and the barium micas were typically monoclinic; neither was sufficiently cleavable to yield usable mica splittings. Both yielded polycrystalline, machinable ceramics with excellent mechanical and dielectric properties.

Jan 1, 1963

By R. R. Hornor, Geo. M. Hunt

The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the benefits and economies to be derived by the better selection , preparation, storage , preservation and utilization of mine timber , and to give some specific information on certain wood preservatives and processes suitable for mine timber preservation . The paper is based largely upon data obtained by actual experimentation and service tests conducted by the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory , Madison, Wisconsin, on wood preservation , covering a period of many years , and upon a field survey during the past summer by one of the mining engineers of the U. S. Bureau of Mines of some of the principal mining districts of Michigan , South Dakota , Montana , and Idaho , in which he made a general ' study of mine timber in metal mines , particular attention "being given to timber decay ; the conditions under which it takes place most actively ; the measures , if any , that are being used to combat it; and, finally, the advantages that might be anticipated in the use of chemically treated timber to prevent decay and thus prolong its life .

Feb 1, 1922

By R. A. Beall

This bulletin reviews the historical background of the cold-mold arc-melting technology, with specific references to the development that led to homogeneous zirconium ingots. Descriptions are given of modern production arc-furnaces for vacuum melting of troth exotic and conventional metals. Besides zirconium, specific data are given for production of chromium, thorium, and copper. The development of the skull-casting technique for titanium is detailed, and the application of the technique to such refractory metals as molybdenum and tungsten is described. Factors of operation of the apparatus and furnace design are considered.

Jan 1, 1968

By Ellis S. Hertzog

The relatively large amount of phosphorous occurring in many iron ores limits their usefulness aid sometimes renders them valueless under present conditions of nip-iron manufacture. A practical method for removing the phosphorus would be valuable to the iron and steel industry. Gravity concentration has been of little value as far as the removal of phosphorous is concerned, because the compounds of this element are, as a rule, disseminated very finely. Removal of the phosphorous by leaching is not a new idea and has been the subject of some investigation,3,4/ out for data :lave been published. W.R. Crane published analyse of various ore bodies in the Birmingham ham district. The hard or unleached ores a .re much higher in phosphorous than the Soft, leached ores along the outcrops. This fact indicates that as mild a leaching agent as water removes phosphorus effectively if enough time is allowed for it to react. As the forms in which phosphorous occurs in the iron ores are important in the consideration of any leaching operation, much time was expended in devising a method for determining them. According to Professor McVey, University of Alabama, the phosphorous-bearing minerals in the red iron ores of Alabama have not been positively identified by any microscopic methods.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. J. Dowd

1. The Pittsburgh bed is the most important bed in Marshall County, and virtually the entire production of coal in the county comes from this bed. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, were estimated at 3,158 million short tons as of January I, 1954. Of this total, 3,071 million short tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed except the Pittsburgh were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By P. M. Ambrose, C. Travis Anderson, Cresap Moss, R. S. Dean

"MANGANESE METALMethods of PreparationMethods of preparing the manganese metal that has been used in chemical and metallurgical investigations have passed through a cycle. Most of the investigations made before the turn of the century used Moissan's pyrophoric manganese. 5/ This material was made by electrolysis into a mercury cathode and distillation in vacuo. It was essentially a pure material, and investigations in which it was employed (with proper precautions against oxida¬tion) led to accurate results concerning the intrinsic behavior of metallic manganese.An early investigation of the properties of ""Manganese-by-Mercury"" was made by M. Guntz. 6/ He prepared manganese by electrolysis of a concentrated MnCl2 solution with a mercury cathode. The manganese amalgam was pressed through chamois and distilled in vacuo (2 to 3 cm. of mercury) at 200°0., slowly rising to 250°0. Guntz recognized especially the decreased reactivity of manganese with increased temperature of mercury distillation. The most careful and com¬prehensive study of manganese made by this method is that of Kuh 7/ whose work unfortunately was never published in an accessible journal.Royce and Kahlenberg 8/ studied the electrode potential of manganese made by this method."

Nov 1, 1939

By Ralph H. Espach

Wyoming contains many petroleum and natural-gas fields, and more than 250 geological structures have been mapped; however, only about 85 have been found (July 1938) to contain petroleum or natural gas, or both, in commercial quantities. To January 1938 approximately 434 million barrels of oil and 915 billion cubic feet of gas have been produced, and it was estimated that proved oil reserves in Wyoming amounted to 300 million barrels.' The Salt Creek field, the largest in the Rocky Mountain area, alone has produced 64 percent of the State's oil and 46 percent of its gas. This field ranked thirteenth among the producing fields of the United States in total cumulative production as of January 1, 1938. On this basis it ranks with the Kern River and Huntington Beach fields of California and the Butler County fields of Kansas. The Salt Creek field has declined in relative importance; in 1937, while still the largest oil-producing field in the State, it produced 31 percent of the oil and 11 percent of the gas extracted from all wells in Wyoming.

Jan 1, 1941

By Ellis S. Hertzog

[The relatively large amount of phosphorous occurring in many iron ores limits their usefulness mid sometimes renders them valueless under present conditions of pig-iron manufacture. A practical method for removing the phosphorus would be valuable to the iron and steel industry. Gravity concentration has been of little value as far as the removal it of phosphorous is concerned, because the compounds of this element are, as a rule, disseminated very finely. Removal of the phosphorous by leaching is not a new idea and has been the subject of some investigation,3,4/ but few data have been published. W. R. Crane published analyses of various ore bodies in the Birmingham district. The hard or unleached ores are much higher or in phosphorus than the soft, leached ores along the outcrops. Tips fact indicates that as mild a leaching agent as water removes phosphorus effectively if enough time is allowed for it to react.]

Jan 1, 1935

Mining men and State officials in their efforts to make mining safer are confronted from time to time with various complicated questions. In recent gears these questions have tended to increase with the use of mechanical appliances. Twenty-five years ago electricity had been used but little in mires; today there is practically no other means of transmitting power employed in American mines, except that in metal mines compressed air is used, chiefly for drilling and for operating small portable hoists. In coal mines there has been a great increase in mechanization, which tends to concentrate the work of production in small areas and to increase the local difficulties of ventilation; also, it has intensified locally the hazard from coal dust as well as firedamp in bituminous and subbituminous mines. The answers to the questions that arise are not always obvious, as is shown by the fact that even able, experienced men differ in their opinions of the best, way to overcome a particular mining hazard. The difficulty of .solving the problems is also demonstrated by the varying provisions in mine-safety rules, both in official regulations and in the rules of those mining companies that are endeavoring to do more than follow the letter of the law. Such differences of opinion as to the best way of meeting a difficult situation are often found within the same mining organization, and, similarly, varying opinions are held by different members of the Bureau of Mines staff.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. J. O'Dea

"The United States hat large reserves of titaniferous iron ores that are a potential future source of both iron and titanium. Although it is not now economically feasible to recover iron and titanium metals from these ores, they may become important in times of stress and, in some instances, already have served as a source of pigment-quality titania.The iron- and titanium-bearing constituents of the ores considered in this report are not completely separable from each other by ore-dressing methods, and chemical (or smelting) procedures must be employed. It is im¬portant, therefore, that information be available concerting their reactivities. The most important titanium-bearing constituent is ilmenite (FeTiO3), the thermodynamic properties of which were discussed in a previous publication.3/ The results of thermodynamic studies showed that both hydrogen and carbon monoxide are relatively ineffective reducing agents for the iron in limonite. On the other hand, carbon theoretically is effective at tempera¬tures above 8510C., at which. point the combined equilibrium pressures of CO and CO2 from the reactionsFeTiO3 + C = Fe+ TiO + COand200 = C+ CO2reach 1 atmosphere.This report gives results of small-scale tests of selective reduction by carbon of the iron in titaniferous iron ores, both with and without addition of sodium carbonate. It is shown that the bulk of the iron may be reduced and separated without serious reduction or loss of titanium. Three Wyoming ores, Iron Mountain, Shanton, and Taylor, wore studied. The principal factors investigated were temperature, time, carbon:ore ratio, particle size, and sodium carbon ore ratio.Two methods of investigation were employed. In the first, intimate mixtures of ore and carbon were roasted and the reduced iron and titanium evaluated by leaching with dilute sulfuric acid and analyzing the leach solution (and, in some instances, the dried residues).Twenty grams of ore were mixed thoroughly with carbon and tamped into an alundum thimble having a loosely fitting cover. The thimble and contents were placed in a test-tube end porcelain tube and heated to the desired temperature in a Globar tube furnace. The open end of the porcelain tube was connected to a bubbler containing sulfuric acid, in a manner that permitted complete shut-off of the tube when desired. This allowed removal of the tube from the furnace at the end of the roast period without exposure of the contents to the atmosphere."

Jun 1, 1946

By D. A. Hill

A survey of the literature on ELF and VLF atmospheric noise has been made. Most measurements have concentrated on the vertical electric field and the horizontal magnetic field rather than the vertical magnetic field which is of interest in transmission between horizontal loops. The limited vertical magnetic field data indicates that the vertical component is generally 10 to 20 dB below the horizontal component. Three laterally inhomogeneous earth models have been analyzed for conversion of horizontal to vertical magnetic field. The rough surface model examines surface effects, the inhomogeneous thin sheet model treats volume effects, and the buried cylinder model treats localized man-made effects. All three models predict the possibility of significant conversion from horizontal to vertical magnetic field. A thin sheet model has also been used to examine transmission from a buried magnetic dipole source. It is found that the predicted fields more nearly model the measured data than does the homogeneous half-space model.

Jan 1, 1982

By C. C. Shale

Current-voltage relationships for air at high temperature in negative corona are compared with relationships predicted by theory. Deviations are discussed. Eased on the latest theoretical concept of electron detachment from negative ions and recent findings in basic research on free electron gases, results of applied research show the existence of free electrons in air at high temperature and high field strength-to-pressure ratios.

Jan 1, 1967