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Executive JVW REYNOLDS, Chairman SYDNEY H BALL E DEGOLYER WILLIAM H BASSETT SAMUEL A TAYLOR Finance GEORGE D BARRON, Chairman H A GUESS GEORGE OTIS SMITH Membership ] H CALLOW, Chairman GEORGE D BARRON WILBER JUDSON JOHN A CHURCH, JR H N SPICER Alternates LEWIS W FRANCIS LOUIS D HUNTOON F T RUBIDGE

Jan 1, 1923

By Michael S. Koleda

Less than two years ago, the, Congress, with broad bipartisan support, passed the Energy Security Act of 1980. A decade marked by ten- fold increases in world oil prices and two major interruptions in oil flows from the Middle East had ended. An all-out national commitment to transform America's vast tar sands, oil shale and coal resources into conventional fuels had begun. The national synfuels effort was to be public-private cooperation at a scale unmatched in peace time. Private industry would own and operate the synthetic fuels facilities. Government would reduce market uncertainties to acceptable levels. The potential government commitment was substantial. Up to $88 billion would be available through the Synthetic Fuels Corporation, principally in the form of contingent financing. Billions more would be spent through Department of Energy programs. Additional incentives for alternate energy development were contained in the Energy Tax Act of 1978. The Energy Security Act clearly specified national synthetic fuels production objectives: 500,000 barrels per day by 1987 -- 2 million barrels per day by 1992. Finally, said Congress, Uncle Sam was going to do something about rapidly rising oil prices, uncertainties of energy supply, and the resulting disruption to the U. S. economy. Simply put, the purpose of the Energy Security Act of 1980 was to provide government guarantees sufficient to get synthetic fuels projects off the private sector drawing boards and into commercial production. Because of their huge cost, technological uncertainty, and lengthy pay-out period, these projects were always second place to projects of smaller size, known technology and more rapid pay-out. The Energy Security Act was the legal expression of public policy to bring the free-market synfuels timetable into line with the faster paced political timetable in the interest of national energy security.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. B. Walker, R. Palmer, L. C. Bryner

The purpose of this investigation was to further study some of the factors affecting the air oxidation of sulfide minerals. Data obtained from laboratory studies on the effect of temperature, concentration of iron salts, pH, and other catalysts on the biological and nonbiological oxidation of sulfide minerals are presented. The oxidation of copper sulfide minerals and subsequent leaching of the soluble copper has long been a profitable operation. The chief oxidizing agent is oxygen from the air. This reaction is influenced by a number of different factors such as temperature, light, hydrogen ion concentration, oxidizing agents, and various catalysts. Sullivan1 found that copper sulfide minerals are slowly oxidized by the air and that dilute sulfuric acid and iron (111) increased their solubility. At that time it was not known that bacteria were involved in the oxidation of the sulfide minerals. It has been shown that pyrite, molybdenite, free sulfur, and the copper sulfide minerals found in the waste rock dumps in Bingham Canyon, Utah, are largely oxidized by chemosynthetic autotrophic microorganisms found in the leaching streams.2-6 Similar organisms have been isolated in other mining areas7,8 and from the effluents from coal rnines.9 The following are some of the questions that have arisen regarding the mechanisms of the reactions involved in the leaching process. How dependent is the leaching operation upon the biological reactions? How does the temperature effect the biological and non-biological reactions? How does the concentration of iron (II) and (111) effect the rate of oxidation of copper (II) sulfide? Does the iron act as a catalyst? Does activated carbon act as a catalyst on the oxidation of sulfide minerals? What effect does the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) have on the above reactions? The purpose of this paper is to report the results of laboratory studies on these problems. EXPERIMENTAL The apparatus used in this investigation was an air lift percolator described in our earlier work.' The percolator consisted essentially of an air lift which enabled the leaching solution and microorganisms to pass freely through a suspension of mineral (substrate) in Ottawa sand. The air lift served the additional purpose of maintaining an ample concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the nutrient (leaching) solution. (See Fig. 1.) The percolators were so constructed that they could be immersed in liquid constant temperature baths for temperature studies. The thermostats were controlled to +0.5°C. The reactions were all run in the dark. The percolators were charged with one to three g of mineral, dispersed in 100 g of Ottawa sand and 100 ml of nutrient or leaching solution. The sand was purified to remove traces of iron by digesting with concentrated hydrochloric acid and washng with distilled water until free from chloride. After drying, the sand was ready for use. The compressed air supply was regulated to 5 psi and bubbled through an aerator containing distilled water, which was maintained at the same temperature as the bath used. The air was filtered through cotton plugs to maintain sterile conditions. The tops of the

Jan 1, 1968

By J. W. Cunningham, M. J. Stultzman

THE demand for improved materials for high-temperature service has increased during the last few years. Iron,- nickel,- and cobalt-base alloys have been investigated extensively and many alloys with outs'tanding high-temperature strength have been developed. Considerable research has been directed toward improved methods of processing these alloys. The vacuum furnace as a tool for the purification and improved control of high-temperature alloys has been studied extensively and production units are in operation. The research covered by this paper studied the effects of casting in air, vacuum, or argon upon the elevated-temperature properties of two nickel- and two cobalt-base alloys. The alloys investigated were Stellite 31, He 1049, Udimet 500, and Guy Alloy. MELTING AND CASTING PROCEDURES Two heats of each of the four alloys under investigation were melted and investment cast under the following conditions: 1) Stellite 31 was melted and investment cast in air and in vacuum, with an argon atmosphere for pouring. 2) He 1049 was melted and investment cast in air and in vacuum, with an argon atmosphere for pouring. 3) Udimet 500 was melted and investment cast in vacuum with and without additions of zirconium and boron. 4) Guy Alloy was melted and investment cast in vacuum and in argon. The heats were all melted in induction furnaces equipped with preformed magnesia crucibles of 50-lb capacity. The air-melting furnace was powered by a spark-gap converter of 40 kw capacity. The vacuum-melting furnace was powered by a motor-generator set of 100 kw capacity. The argon heat of Guy alloy was melted in the vacuum melting furnace under an argon atmosphere. Virgin materials were used for preparing all heats except the air heats of Stellite 31 and He 1049. The charge for the air heat of Stellite 31 was a commercial blend of shot. The charge for the air heat of He 1049 was Stellite 6 shot plus those virgin materials necessary to give the desired composition. All of the materials used were of the same grade used com-

Jan 1, 1960

Albin, B. R Billings, Mont. Amster, Nathan L 25 Broad St., New York, N. Y. Bache, Jules S 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Barrett, C. P6338 Harper Ave., Chicago, Ill. Baum, Frank G Hobart Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Bayless, Hon. William S Russ Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Bean, Louis H., V.P., Dwight P. Robinson & Co., Inc 125 E. 46th St., New York, N. Y. Beatty, Ross J 1106 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Benwell, Oswald F 205 Colorado National Bank, Denver, Colo. Beymer, Albert S., V.P., Keystone National Bank Pittsburgh, Pa. Bingham, Charles W 1542 Hanna Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Blumenthal, Hugo 44 Pine St., New York, N. Y. Boettcher, Charles Ideal Cement Bldg., Denver, Colo. Bowlus, Thomas H Iola, Kans. Bragg, E. B Carmel, Cal.

Jan 1, 1929

PUGET SOUND LOCAL SECTION. Executive Committee. CHESTER F. LEE, Chair roan. C. R. CLAGHORN, Vice-Chairman. JOSEPH DANIELS, Secretary-Treasurer, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. W. C. BUTLER. AL K. RODGERS. On the evening of Tuesday, Sept. 2, an informal dinner was held at the University Club, Seattle, Wash., at which the Secretary of the Institute was present, and a valuable and interesting conference took place concerning the recent activities of the Institute and the relations of the Institute management to the Local Sections. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL SECTION. Executive Committee. THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Chairman SEELEY W. MUDD Vice-Chairman. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Cal. C. COLCOCK JONES. FRANK ROBBINS. Maintains headquarters at 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Members of the Institute are invited to visit these headquarters whenever they are in the city. A reception was held at the headquarters of the Section on Wednesday, Sept. 10, at 8 p.m., to meet the Secretary of the Institute and discuss Institute activities and affairs. Light refreshments were served, and about 20 members of the Section attended.

Jan 10, 1913

By J. PARKCEH CHANNING

Discussion of the paper of Lewis T. Wright, presented at the New Haven meeting, February, 1909 (Trans., xl., 492 to 495). J. PARKE CHANNING, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*):-Mr. Wright, in his introductory paragraph, says: " It is commonly believed by metallurgists that in copper-smelting, the copper in the slags, which is irreducible by continued smelting, is retained in the form of 'prills' of matte." On a recent visit to Greenwood, B. C., I was discussing with J. E. McAllister, the general manager of the British Columbia Copper Co., and the former metallurgist of the Tennessee Copper Co., this very question; and he held strongly to the idea that the copper in slag was in two forms-one portion contained in occluded matte and the other as an oxide. He believed that this same rule would apply to the silver in the slag. From my experience I am strongly inclined to agree with Mr. McAllister; and it appears quite reasonable that in furnaces treating oxidized copper-ores, and to a less degree in furnaces treating sulphide ores, there is always bound to be present a certain amount of copper oxide and silver oxide, which will behave like any base and get into the slag as such. We all know that in Arizona, in the early days, when it was customary to produce black copper, because the ores were nearly all oxidized or carbonates, and sulphur was scarce, the slags as a rule carried 2.5 per cent. of copper and seldom ran less than 1.5 per cent. of copper. The economic point was determined by the extra coke necessary to produce the reducing action. In connection with the extra saving in copper, Arthur L. Walker, now professor of metallurgy at Columbia University, and formerly general manager of the Old Dominion Copper Mining Co., at Globe, told me that with coke at $60 per ton it never paid him to make slags containing less than 2.5 per cent. of copper. *Received Oct. 8, 1909.

Feb 1, 1911

By M. H. Yoo

Possible interactions of the perfect dislocations of six slip systems or the c dislocation with the (10i2f (ioii), {ioIi}(ioiZ), {1122}(1123), and {1121}(ii26) type twins in hcp metals have been analyzed from the crystallographic and the energetic points of view. Twenty-six distinct types of possible interactions were identified, and those selected based on crystallographic constraints were examined for their energetic feasibilities by use of the anisotropic energy factors. No long-range elastic interaction exists for a dislocation when its Burgers vector is parallel to the twin interface. Under a suitable applied stress, a screw dislocation can cross slip at the twin interface. For basal mixed dislocations in cadmium and zinc, the interaction with {1012} twins is found to be attractive, indicating that incorporation of these dislocations into the twins is energetically feasible and that twin growth will result. On the other hand, the interaction between both basal and Prism mixed dislocations and the {1012} and (1121) twins is found to be repulsive in Mg, Co, Re, Zr, Ti, Hf, and Be. This indicates that under an applied stress a local stress concentration will develop due to a dislocation pileup at the interface, which may result in a site for either the nucleation of other twins or the formation of a crack, depending on the cleavage strength. WHEN a metal undergoes plastic deformation, a certain configuration of slip dislocations will result in a state of dislocation pileup against an obstacle. The stress concentration thus developed may enhance the process of twin nucleation and also twin growth. Furthermore, once formed and dispersed in the crystal, twins can act as effective barriers against slip dislocations. The degree of such mutual influence or interrelation between slip and twinning is generally known to be pronounced in the case of hcp, metals. It is also known that deformation by twinning occurs more commonly in hexagonal metals than in cubic metals. In fact, under suitable stress states, all hexagonal metals exhibit {1012) <1011> type twinning.&apos; In addition to this common type, deformation by (1151) <1126> type twinning occurs in zirconium, titanium, and rhenium, which show remarkable ductility.&apos; The importance of twinning during general deformation to the ductility of hcp polycrystals has been briefly discussed in recent review works.2&apos;3 The purpose of this paper is to analyze the interaction between slip dislocations and twins in the hcp structure and to discuss the nucleation and growth processes of twinning and the role of twinning in the <"°" noil) o, 1/3[112O] (OOO2) 1/3[1123] Fig. l—-Slip systems in hcp structure. ductility of hexagonal metals. The problem will be discussed from the geometric and the energetic points of view in a manner similar to that of the previous work on zinc.4 Since hcp crystals deform by several slip and twin systems, numerous interactions result as possibilities. The Burgers vectors of six slip systems and the c dislocation shown in Fig. 1 and the four twin systems listed in Table I are considered here. A complete tabulation of the possible interactions is followed by discussion of those that are more likely to occur on the basis of crystallographic constraints and energetic considerations. 1) CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF TWINNING The crystallographic elements, K1, K2, n1, and n2, for the four compound twin systems are now well established.= A unit cell with the base vectors n1, and n2 is shown in Fig. 2 for each twin system. The unit cell before twinning is shown in solid line, and the corresponding unit cell after twinning is shown in dashed line. Also shown in Fig. 2 are the following crystallographic parameters: S is the plane of shear, d the interspacing of the twin habit planes K1,Ø Iis the acute angle between n1, and n 2, e is a numerical factor, and q is the number of K, lattice planes intersected by 17&apos;. These parameters can be expressed in terms of the axial ratio, y = c/a, as listed in Table 11. The macroscopic shear strain of twinning, s, and the magnitude of a "unit twin dis-l~cation,"4 bt, are also expressed in terms of y and given in Table 11. In Table 11, K1 and q1 are given in both Miller-Bravais and Miller indices. In double lattice structures, shuffling of atoms in addition to a homogeneous shear of the lattice is generally required if the original crystal structure is to be restored after twinning. The extent of current understanding on this problem of atom shuffling is per- Table I. Four Twin Systems in Hcp Structure

Jan 1, 1970

COLUMBIA SECTION STANLY A. EASTON, Chairman, FREDERIC KEFFER, Vice-Chairman, L. K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. 0. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON FRANK A. Ross The first meeting of the Columbia Section was held on March 24, as a part of the 1916 Northwest Mining Convention which was held under the -auspices of the Spokane Mining Men&apos;s Club assisted by the Spokane Chamber of Commerce, the technical program being in charge of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association assisted by the local sections of the A. I. E. E., A. S. C. E., and A. I. M. E. The program of the successive sessions was carefully arranged with view to its application to mining, and in addition to the technical program there were exhibits of ores, minerals, devices, etc., of interest to the delegates, who numbered over 500. A portion of the program was also arranged with special reference to the requirements of the prospector and miner. A reception, a banquet, a complimentary luncheon, a regular daily call&apos; of the Stock Exchange, a visit to the High Schools and to one of the substations of the Washington Water Power Company and to the Union Iron Works kept the visitors entertained, the ladies being looked after by a special committee of ladies who held open house during the entire week. Several important resolutions were passed by the Convention and one by the Columbia Section, A. 1. M. E. With Stanly A. Easton, chairman, presiding, the Columbia Section, American Institute of Mining Engineers, occupied the time between 2.00 and 5.30 p.m., March 24th, the Moorish room of the Spokane hotel being filled with members and their guests. "The Apex Law and the Mineral Surveyor" was a paper presented by F. W. Callaway and generally dis-cussed because of its local application in the Coeur d&apos;Alenes, the conclusions being reached after expensive litigation between two of the large mining operators in that district.

Jan 6, 1916

By D. Harker, E. Epremian

The constitution of the nickel-tungsten system has been studied by a number of investigators, the most recent of which are Ellinger and Sykes.1 On the basis of metallography, electrical resistivity and hardness measurements and some X ray diffraction work, they constructed a consitution diagram (Fig 1). Ellinger and Sykes report a0 for the alpha face-centered cubic phase (nickel saturated with tungsten) as 3.66?.‡ The gamma phase (tungsten saturated with nickel) is given as body-centered cubic, but no value of a. is recorded. At 43 pct tungsten by weight (approximately 20 at. pct) a beta phase is reported, but structure and lattice parameter are not known. Primarily on the basis of metallographic evidence, they conclude that beta is a new phase and rule out the possibility of formation of a superlattice since they- observe a new phase in the microstructure. Grube and Schlecht2 report an ordering reaction in a system similar to the Ni-W (Ni-Mo) and Harker3 has shown that NirMo forms a superlattice upon the pre-existing face-centered cubic lattice of the alpha phase. Elliniger arid Sykes observed a change in the diffraction pattern of a 4.3 pct W alloy upon aging and attributed it to the formation of a new phase. Thus, there appears to be some question as to the character of the beta phase reported by Ellinger and Sykes. The purpose of the present work is to determine precisely the structure and nature of the beta phase in the Ni-w system of X ray diffraction methods. Experimental Procedure One inch diameter ingots of 43.66 pct, 40.15 pct and 34.06 pct .tungsten by weight (19.8, 17.6 and 14.1 at. pct respectively) were melted and cast under vacuum from electrolytic nickel and pure wire filament grade tungsten. The ingots were soaked for 16 hr at 1300°C in a hydrogen atmosphere furnace, then swaged at this temperature and finally drawn to 0.020 in. diam wire. Some of the bar stock was retained in 1/2 in. diam rod for hardness and metallographic studies. Wire samples for diffraction work were sealed in evacuated quartz tubes and subjected to the various solution and aging heat treatments in a hydrogen furnace. X ray photograms were taken in a Debeye-Slierrer camera using copper K radiation filtered by nickel foil. Results X RAY DIFFRACTION The lattice parameters of the alpha and gamma phases at saturation were determined by an X ray photogram of the 19.8 at. pct W alloy after solution heat treatment at a temperature well within the alpha-gamma range above the peritectoid temperature (17 hr at 1150°C—oil quenched). The alpha phase was found to be face-centeted cubic with a. of 3.594 ± 0.001?, while the gamma phase was determined as body-centered cubic with a. of 3.158 ± 0.001?. Exactly the same phases and parameters were ohtained with the 17.6 at. pct W alloy for the same solution heat treatment. Thorough analysis was made of an X ray photogram of a 19.8 at. pct alloy sample in the quenched and aged condition (solution treated 1T hr at

Jan 1, 1950

By LUIS EAIYLNN SALAS

IF the ordinary wet method be attempted for silver-bullion containing tin, much trouble is experienced, varying with the amount of tin present. Even with a percentage as low as 0.05, the end-point is masked by a persistent turbidity, while with amounts ranging from 0.5 per cent. upward, the determination of the exact end-point is impossible, owing to the finely divided or colloidal metastannic acid resisting all efforts to cause it to settle, or to give a clear supernatant liquid. The object of the following experiments was to seek a remedy for these difficulties, and to find the conditions whereby the Gay Lussac method might be applied directly to these bullions. Material containing tin is met with frequently in bullion from Mexico or Bolivia; and tin is carried (sometimes in large quantities) in jewelers&apos; sweeps. 1. A bullion was prepared containing Ag, 74; Cu, 25; and Sn, 1 per cent. A weighed amount was treated by the humid assay-method as if it were an ordinary bullion free from tin. Ten cc. of HNO3 (1.21) was added, and the bottle was heated until all traces of red fumes had been expelled. Before heating, the solutions were moderately turbid; and after heating, the turbidity greatly increased. One hundred cc. of normal NaCl solution was added and the bottle was shaken vigorously at intervals during 30 min. The turbidity persisted. The bottle was allowed to stand over

Mar 1, 1912

By K. S. TWITCHEEL

THE different lines leading out from the vocation of a mining engineer are,&apos; perhaps, the most&apos; varied of all the professions. The expedition sent by Charles R. Crane of New York &apos;as a gift to the Imam Yahia, king of the Yemen, Arabia, was probably unique. Mr. Crane made a visit, in January,1927, to the Imam Yahia at Sanaa, capital of the Yemen. He was received with the utmost cordiality and respect, as his friend- . ship for the ,Arab world is famous; He was &apos;greatly impressed by the desire of the Imam to develop his country. The Imam stated that he had heard that there were minerals in his country and that he would like to secure engineers to advise him about them and other natural resources.. This seemed such a practical idea, and so greatly appealed to Mr. crane, that he offered to furnish an engineering &apos;expedition. Naturally the Imam gratefully accepted. This expedition was to study (as far as possible in &apos;the limited time) the natural resources of the ,Yemen, advise the Imam of what these consisted, and make suggestions regarding the most practical methods for their development. As agriculture is always such a fundamental part of a country&apos;s wealth, I first went to Indio, California, to study water-well drilling and the date industry, and eventually arrived at Hodeidah, the principal Yemen seaport, on Oct. 21, 1927.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. S. Shoemaker, F. W. McQuiston

CARLIN GOLD MINING COMPANY 1974 Operating Data to October MINE LOCATION: 40 miles from Elko, Nevada ORE DESCRIPTION: Gold with minor amounts of mercury occurring in siltstone and carboniferous limey shales. TYPE OF MINE: Open pit ORE HAULAGE TO MILL: By trucks up to a distance of 12 mi1es MILLING CAPACITY: 2500 tons per day ORE GRADE: 0.20 oz per ton oxide ore 0.25 oz per ton carbon type ore PRODUCTS: Gold bullion 993 fineness, by product quicksilver RECOVERIES: Oxide ore 887&apos;0 Carbon ore 83% POWER FOR GRINDING: 7 Kwh/T POWER, other than grinding: 14 Kwh/T WATER SUPPLY: Pumped from wells 2- 112 miles through 13,000 ft of 8" buried pipe 6 ft underground. Consumption 0.60 tons of new water per ton of mill feed. TAILINGS: By 10" woodstave pipe a distance of 2500 ft to mine waste filled dam. RUNNING TIME: 10 ft x 10 ft mill on oxide ore, 98% 7 ft x 8 ft mill on carbon ore, 937&apos;0 Principal causes of lost time, power outages and problems of feeding gaseous chlorine to carbon ore agitators. LABOR, TONSIMAN SHIFT: See detailed data sheet ILL BUILDING DESCRIPTION: Framed structural steel with sandwich type walls of marine plywood, then packaged pre - fabricated insulation and outer sheeting of galvanized corrugated steel.

Jan 1, 1975

By Daniel Bloomfield

ONE of the major problems of management is how to restore in some measure the personal relation-ship between employer and employed which, in the days of small concerns, meant better morale among employees. The complexity of industry today, the heterogeneous mass. of workers employed, many .of them new to this country and to its institutions, the inability of those whose task it is to get out production to spend much time on the problems of labor-all these and many other factors serve to make of great impor-tance the question of how to establish more satisfactory mutual good will. While there is no such thing as a sure cure for labor troubles, in spite of the fact that charlatans have been selling alleged cures to guileless employers, study and experience have brought to light methods of approach to the problems confronting management in its relation to labor that are well worth consideration. Labor problems must be approached with common sense and an open mind. Facts must be the basis of action. So it is with the question of morale in industry. What makes or breaks morale? What are the forces behind the actions of men? What is there in one man that makes him act differently from another man under similar circumstances? How are men affected by the actions of others in their own group or by the actions of those under whose supervision they work? These are questions that must be carefully studied if we are, to get at the bottom of industrial unrest. It is an easy thing to say that good will can be created by "treating men right." That involves so many things and points of view that it will hardly serve as a full answer to our problem; but it is a good starting point if we mean by right treatment the payment of wages consistent with the well being of the worker and his family as members of the community, and if we also mean the provision of sanitary, wholesome working conditions and a working schedule that does not overtax the worker physically, and mutuality-a give and take relationship. With this as a basis we can go a step farther and see what else can be done to promote better relations between management and the workers.

Jan 9, 1922

NEW YORK SECTION J. E. Johnson, Jr., Chairman Edgar Rickard, Vice Chairman. D. M. Liddell, Secretary, 7 Wall St., New York, N.Y. C. A. Bohn, Treasurer John V. N. Dorr Lewis W. Francis. The annual meeting of the New York Section was held on Wednesday, June 6, with about 40 members in attendance. The treasurer re a brief summary of-the financial statement for the year, and the secretary&apos;s report was read. These reports were ordered placed on file together with the report of the auditors for the two previous years.

Jan 8, 1917

By J. R. Finlay

BEFORE entering into the statistical part of this article, some general comments may be ln order. Each important war seems to introduce a new atmosphere and a new epoch. The Civil War led to the period of great interior development in North America, of the transcontinental railroads, and of large-scale manufactures. The first World War introduced the general use of the automobile, the building of a huge network of highways, the radio, and household engineering. Now I expect World War II also to introduce some new ways of living. Transocean aviation will become a commonplace; we shall probably have much more of an eye to our military and naval establishments and be more conscious of Eastern Hemisphere affairs instead of thinking so exclusively of the Western. Each war has also multiplied government expenditures and taxes; and to this rule the present one will certainly be no exception.

Jan 1, 1944

By Walter J. Johnson

The coals in northern Wyoming and Montana are free-burning and non-caking and range from lignite to bituminous C in rank. Strip and underground mining are employed to supply railroad, utility, industrial, and domestic fuel. The market area includes Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, North and South Dakotas, Wyoming, Montana, the Pacific Northwest, and western Canada. THE larger producing coal mines in northern Wyoming are located in the Powder River Basin lying between the Black Hills region of South Dakota, eastern Wyoming, and the Big Horn Mountains in north central Wyoming, see Fig. 1. The mines are located particularly in the area along the route of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from Gillette, Wyo., to a point approximately 15 miles northeast of Sheridan, Wyo. Fig. 2 is a graph of coal production in the state of Wyoming from 1918 to 1951. Across the Big Horn Mountains lies the Big Horn Basin, situated between the Big Horn Mountains and the Rocky Mountains proper. Mining in the Big Horn Basin is almost entirely confined to a small area known as the Gebo Field, near the town of Kirby, which is located on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. This paper will describe present operating areas, making only brief reference to the history of mining and marketing primarily because of the large area to be discussed. The coal beds presently mined in the Powder River Basin are all of Tertiary age and are of Fort Union and Wasatch formations of Paleocene and Eocene ages, see Fig. 3. The Fort Union formation, consisting of 2000 to 3200 ft of alternate sandstone, shale, and coal, is divided from oldest to youngest into the Tullock, Lebo Shale, and Tongue River members. Most of the mineable coal is in the Tongue River member, which is 500 to 800 ft thick. The Carney coal bed, varying from 7 to 20 ft in thickness, is considered the base of the Tongue River member. About 85 ft above the Carney is the Monarch bed, ranging from 18 to 42 ft in thickness. At approximately 210 ft above the Monarch is what is locally known in the Sheridan district as Dietz No. 3 bed, which varies from 12 to 30 ft in thickness. One hundred feet above the Dietz No. 3 is Dietz No. 2 bed, which is 7 to 12 ft thick. At about 100 ft above the Dietz No. 2 is Dietz No. 1 bed, 7 to 15 feet in thickness. Two hundred and fifteen feet above Dietz No. 1 is the Smith bed, approximately 5 ft thick. One hundred twenty-five feet above the Smith is the Roland bed, which is estimated to be approximately 13 ft thick. The Roland bed is considered the base of the Wasatch formation, which in the Powder River Basin is 1000 to 3500 ft thick and is composed largely of shale, sandstone, and coal. The foregoing measures are the only ones above the Tongue River member that have been mined in the Sheridan field. To the east of the Sheridan field, particularly in the area of Gillette, the Roland bed is considerably thicker and is considered the thickest and most extensive coal bed in Wyoming, reaching a maximum thickness of 106 ft. From 125 to 225 ft above the Roland lies the Arvada bed, average thickness 9 ft. Three hundred seventy-five to four hundred feet above the Arvada is the Felix bed, which reaches its maximum thickness of 30 ft near Echeta on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. East of the Powder River the bed averages more than 10 ft in thickness, but it thins in a northwesterly direction. The highest mineable coal in the Powder River field is the Healy bed, about 400 ft above the Felix bed and exposed only in the highest parts of the area where much of it has been burned along the outcrop. Where it has not been burned, the thickness at most of the outcrops is 10 to 15 ft.

Jan 1, 1954

NEW YORK SECTION J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman EDGAR RICKARD, Vice Chairman D. M. LIDDELL, Secretary, 7 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer JOHN V. N. DORR LEWIS W.. FRANCIS The following minute was unanimously passed at a meeting of the NEW YORK SECTION AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS held on the evening of June 6, 1917, two regular meetings having been adjourned by unanimous consent until this date out of respect to the memory of the late Chairman of the Section. Minute The death of our beloved fellow member DR. DAVID H. BROWNE one of the foremost metallurgists and one of the most brilliant and original thinkers in the profession of mining engineers, the chairman for the past two years of this section, has caused throughout a wide circle of

Jan 9, 1917

By Eugene A. Stephenson

NUMBER of noteworthy events in the petroleum industry may be reported for 1941, of which the most spectacular was doubtless the rise in the daily rate of crude-oil production to a peak of approximately 4,300,000 barrels. This enormous daily rate did not ensue from the furor of flush pools but represented for the most part merely a slight additional daily delivery from many wells that had previously been operated on a more restricted basis, in line with good conservation practice and also from the adroit increase in the number of days per week by the Texas Railroad Commission. Another important fact was the increase in price throughout the Mid-Continent area from the static level of $1.02 for 36°, A.P.I., crude, to $1.17 per barrel. Efforts to elevate the price above this point have met with severe opposition from the O.P.A.. as has also a similar effort by the PennsyIvania Crude Oil Producers&apos; Association, but the vastly increased costs for materials and labor may shortly give the industry the enhanced price which it has long deserved.

Jan 1, 1942

State of Louisiana, Department of Conservation, Division of Minerals, 126 New Orleans Court bldg , New Orleans, La. Dr. J. A Shaw, Director The Bureau of Scientific Research of the Minerals Division has recently issued the first of a proposed series of Geological Bulletins on the geology of Louisiana, by parishes The bulletin may be had for 25 cents postage by writing to the above address: Geological Bulletin 1, Geology of Iberia Parish (1931) Other bulletins of a more general nature have been published in the past. Bulletin 13, A brief survey of the natural resources of Louisiana (1930) (revised 1931), 14, The clays of the Shreveport area (1927), 16, The clays of Monroe area (1928), 19, The clays of Alexandria area (1929). The latest (Tenth) Biennial Report of the Department of Conservation for 1930-1931, containing a review of the natural resources of the state in the report of the Division of Minerals, may be obtained on payment of 25 cents for postage

Jan 1, 1933